- The document discusses the simple past and present perfect tenses in Turkish.
- In Turkish, the "Di'li Geçmiş Zaman" tense covers both the simple past and present perfect tenses in English.
- This tense uses the time morpheme "[Dİ]" which has eight allomorphs that are added to verb roots and stems according to vowel harmony rules.
English verbs that are both treansitive and intransitive and their Tukish equ...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
Some English verbs are both transitive and intransitive in English, which causes difficulty in teaching and learning them as a second language. I think this document will be helpful.
English verbs that are both treansitive and intransitive and their Tukish equ...Our Sad Loss, 1930-2018
Some English verbs are both transitive and intransitive in English, which causes difficulty in teaching and learning them as a second language. I think this document will be helpful.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES IN TURKISH
2
SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
(Dİ’li Geçmiş Zaman)
Both The Simple Past and The Present Perfect Tenses of the English
Language are expressed in “Di’li Geçmiş Zaman” in Turkish. In other words,
the Turkish “Di’li Geçmiş Zaman” (The Simple Past Tense) covers these two
English tenses. The time morpheme of this tense is [Dİ], which has eight
allomorphs: ♫ [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu]. One of these allomorphs is used
attached to verb roots, stems or verb frames in accordance with the Turkish
vowel and consonant harmony rules. The verbs ending with vowels and
voiced consonants are followed by the allomorphs written in bold face;
and the verbs followed by unvoiced consonants are written in regular type.
The subject allomorphs are as follows:
ben ♫ [im, ım, üm, um]
sen ♫ [in, ın, ün, un]
o [Ø]
biz ♫ [ik, ık, ük, uk]
siz ♫ [iniz, ınız, ünüz, unuz]
onlar [Ø] or ♫ [ler, lar]
Naturally, as all the allomorphs of the [Dİ] morpheme ♫ [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı,
tü, tu] end with vowels, and the subject allomorphs ♫ [“im, ım, üm, um”;
“in, ın, ün, un”; “ik, ık, ük, uk”; “iniz, ınız, ünüz, unuz”] start with vowels,
the first vowels of the personal allomorphs coincide with the allomorphs of
the morpheme [Dİ] and combine such as in “di-im (dim)”, “dı-ım" (dım), “dü-
üm" (düm), “du-um" (dum), “ti-im (tim)”, "tı-ım" (tım), "tü-üm" (tüm), "tu-um"
(tum); "di-in" (din), "ti-in" (tin), "ti-ik" (tik), "di-iniz" (di*niz), "ti-iniz" (ti*niz).
Simple Past Tense Positive:
İki saat önce iş-im-i bitir-di-im.
(i*ki / sa*at / ön*ce / i*şi*mi / bi*tir*dim)
I finished my work two hours ago.
İş-im-i bitir-di-im.
(ben / i*şi*mi / bi*tir*dim)
I have finished my work. (My work is ready now.)
Onlar geçen hafta sinema-/y/a git-ti.
(on*lar / ge*çen / haf*ta / si*ne*ma*ya / git*ti)
They went to the cinema last week.
3. SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES IN TURKISH
3
Onlar sinema-/y/a git-ti.
(on*lar / si*ne*ma*ya / git*ti)
They have gone to the cinema.
(They are at the cinema, or on the way to the cinema.)
O kitap-ı geçen sene oku-du-um.
(o / ki*ta*bı / ge*çen / se*ne / o*ku*dum)
I read that book last year.
Kitap-ı oku-du-um.
(ki*ta*bı / o*ku*dum)
I have read the book. (I have finished reading it.)
Biz-e inan-ma-dı-ınız.
(bi*ze / i*nan*ma*dı*nız)
You didn't believe us.
Bulaşıklar yıkan-dı bile.
(bu*la*şık*lar / yı*kan*dı / bi*le)
The dishes have already been washed. (Passive)
Negative:
The negation allomorphs ♫ [me, ma] are put after verb roots, stems or verb
frames, and then they are followed by the ♫ [di, dı] time allomorphs, which
are followed by the subject allomorphs respectively. The other time allo-
morphs that are used in positive forms ♫ [dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu] are not used
here as a result of the ♫ [me, ma] negation allomorphs:
Fatma’-/y/ı pazar-dan beri gör-me-di-im.
(fat*ma*yı / pa*zar*dan / be*ri / gör*me*dim)
I haven’t seen Fatma since Sunday.
Fatma’-/y/ı bir hafta-dır gör-me-di-im.
(fat*ma*yı / bir / haf*ta*dır / gör*me*dim)
I haven’t seen Fatma for a week.
Fatma’-/y/ı geçen hafta gör-me-di-im. (liaison)
(fat*ma*yı / ge*çe*naf*ta / gör*me*dim)
I didn’t see Fatma last week.
Daha ev ödev-im-i yap-ma-dı-ım. (Liaison)
(da*ha / e*vö*de*vi*mi / yap*ma*dım)
I haven’t done my homework yet.
4. SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES IN TURKISH
4
Dün bu oda-/y/ı temizle-me-di-ler.
(dün / u / o*da*yı / te*miz*le*me*di*ler)
They didn’t clean this room yesterday.
Bu oda-/y/ı üç gün-dür temizle-me-di-ler.
(bu / o*da*yı / üç / gün*dür / te*miz*le*me*di*ler)
They haven’t cleaned this room for three days
Geçen hafta futbol oyna-ma-dı-ık.
(ge*çen / haf*ta / fut*bol / oy*na*ma*dık)
We didn't play football last week.
Kayıp çocuk daha bulun-ma-dı.
(ka*yıp / ço*cuk / da*ha / bu*lun*ma*dı)
The lost child hasn’t been found yet. (Passive)
Positive question:
The question allomorphs ♫ [mi, mı, mü, mu], which are separately written,
are used either after the verbs, or they may be used after the stressed
words in sentences:
Ahmet mi okul-a otobüs-le git-ti?
(ah*met↝/ mi / o*ku*la / o*to*büs*le / git*ti)
Has Ahmet gone to school by bus?
Ahmet okul-a otobüs-le mi git-ti?
(ah*met / o*ku*la / o*to*büs↝le / mi / git*ti)
Has Ahmet gone to school by bus?
Ahmet otobüs-le okul-a mı git-ti?
(ah*met / o*to*büs*le∼ /o*ku*la↝ / mı / git*ti)
Has Ahmet gone to school by bus?
Ahmet okul-a git-ti mi?
(ah*met / o*ku*la / git*ti / mi)
Has Ahmet gone to school? (All of the sentences are “yes-no” questions.)
If the last syllable in a sentence is used with a rising intonation (↝), the
sentence means, “I am surprised to hear it”, or “I could not hear you well”. If
it is used with a falling intonation, the question is a “yes-no” question.
Mektuplar-ı at-tı-ın mı?
(mek*tup*la*rı / at*tın↝ / mı )
Have you posted the letters?
5. SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES IN TURKISH
5
Pazar günü futbol maç-ı-/n/a git-ti-in mi?
(pa*zar / gü*nü / fut*bol / ma*çı*na / git*tin↝ / mi)
Did you go to the football match on Sunday?
Pazar günü futbol maç-ı-/n/a mı git-ti-in?
(pa*zar / gü*nü / fut*bol / ma*çı*na↝ /mı / git*tin↝) (I am surprised.)
Did you go to the football match on Sunday?
Köpek-i yıka-dı-ınız mı?
(kö*pe*ği / yı*ka*dı*nız↝ / mı )
Have you washed the doğ?
Araba-/y/ı mı yıka-dı-ınız?
(a*ra*ba*yı↝/ mı / yı*ka*dı*nız↝) (I am surprised.)
Have you washed the car? (I didn’t want you to wash the car; you should
have washed the dog instead.)
Çiçekler-i sula-dı-ın mı?
(çi*çek*le*ri / su*la*dın↝ / mı)
Have you watered the flowers?
Patatesler-i soy-du-un mu?
(pa*ta*tes*le*ri / soy*dun↝ / mu)
Have you peeled the potatoes?
In the negative question form, the ♫ [me, ma] allomorphs are attached to
the verbs first, and then the ♫ [di, dı] time allomorphs (the others are not
used as a result of the ♫ [me, ma] allomorphs) are used, and finally, the
above-mentioned personal allomorphs follow them. The ♫ [mi, mı] question
allomorphs are separately written. They are words because they are sepa-
rately written; they are allomorphs because they follow the vowel harmony
rules:
Pazar gün-ü futbol oyna-ma-dı-ınız mı?
(pa*zar / gü*nü / fut*bol / oy*na↝*ma*dı*nız / mı)
Didn’t you play football on Sunday? (negative question)
Ahmet daha ev-e gel-me-di mi?
(ah*met / da*ha / e*ve / gel↝*me*di / mi)
Hasn’t Ahmet come home yet?
Aynı yanlış-lık-ı tekrar yap-ma-dı-ın mı?
(ay*nı / yan*lış*lı*ğı / tek*rar / yap↝*ma*dın / mı)
Haven’t you made the same mistake again?
6. SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT TENSES IN TURKISH
6
The verb “git” and the same “di’li” past tense are also used in place of
“have (has) been to”:
Ben birkaç kez Londra’/y/a git-ti-im.
(ben / bir*kaç / kez / lon*dra*ya / git*tim)
I have been to London several times.
Ben hiç Tokyo’-/y/a git-me-di-im.
(ben / hiç / tok*yo*ya / git*me*dim)
I have never been to Tokyo.
Sen hiç Paris’-e git-ti-in mi?
(sen / hiç / pa*ri*se / git*tin↝ / mi)
Have you ever been to Paris?
Bugün nere-/y/e git-ti-in?
(bu / gün / ne↝re*ye / git*tin↝)
Where have you been today?
In Turkish, The Simple Present is also used in place of “have (has) had”:
Bu araba-/y/a ben beş yıl-dır sahip-im.
( bu / a*ra*ba*ya / ben / beş / yıl*dır / sa:*hi*bim)
I have had this car for five years.
Bu araba-/y/a ne kadar zaman-dır sahip-/s/in?
(bu / a*ra*ba*ya / ne↝ / ka*dar / za*man*dır / sa:*hip*sin↝)
How long have you had this car?