This document provides information on different types of adjective clauses and how to use them properly. It discusses adjective clause pronouns used as subjects and objects, as well as expressions like whose, where, when, and quantities. Guidelines are given for punctuation of adjective clauses. In general, adjective clauses add additional information to modify and identify nouns, and pronouns like who, whom, which, and that are commonly used as subjects or objects within the clause.

1. Adjetives clauses

2. Adjective clause pronouns used as the subject I thanked the woman. Shehelped me. I thanked the woman who helped me. I thanked the woman that helped me. I thanked the woman: is the independent clause. Who/ That helped me: are the adjective clause, whish modifies the noun WOMAN. Who and That are the subjects of an adjective clause. (a) And (b) have the same meaning.

3. The book is mine. Itis on the table. The book whish is on the table is mine. The book that is on the table is mine. Who> used for people. Whish> used for things. That > used for both. Incorrect: THE BOOK IS MINE THAT IS ON THE TABLE.

4. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A VERB Themanwas Mr. Jones. I sawhim. Themanwho(m) I sawwas Mr. Jones. Themanthat I sawwas Mr. Jones. Themanѳ I sawwas Mr. Jones. In (a) whoisusuallyusedinstead of whom, especially in speaking. Whomisgenerallyusedonly in very formal English. Incorrect: THE MAN WHO(M) I SAW HIM WAS MR. JONES. THE MAN THAT I SAW HIM WAS MR. JONES. THE MAN I SAW HIM WAS MR. JONES. Thepronounhim Mustbe removed. Itisunnecessary becausewho(m), That,orѳfuctions as theobject of theverb Saw.

5. Themoviewasn`tverygood. Wesawitlastnight. d) Themoviewhichwesawlastnightwasn`tverygood. e) Themoviethatwesawlastnightwasn`tverygood. f) Themovieѳwesawlastnightwasn`tverygood. In (c) and (f): anobjectpronounisoftenomittedfromanadjectiveclause. (a subjectpronoun, however, maynotbeomitted.)

6. Objectiveclausepronounused as theobject of a preposition. In very formal English, thepreposition comes at thebeginning of theobjectiveclause. Sheisthewoman. I toldyouabouther. Sheisthewomanaboutwhom I toldyouabout. Sheisthewomanwho(m) I toldyouabout. SheisthewomanthatI toldyouabout. Sheisthewomanѳ I toldyouabout. Usually in everydayusage, thepreposition comes afterthesubject and verb of theadjectiveclause.

7. Themusicwasgood.Welistenedtoitlastnight. Themusictowhishwelistenedlastnightwasgood. Themusicwhishwelistenedtolastnightwasgood. Themusicthatwelistenedtolastnightwasgood. Themusicѳwelistenedtolastnightwasgood. Incorrect: Themusictothatwe listen lastnightwasgood.

8. Usual patterns of adjectiveclauses. Usual: I likethepeoplewholivenextto me. Less usual: I likethepeoplethatlivenextto me. Usual: I likebooksthathavegoodplots. Less usual: I likebookswhichhavegoodplots. Usual: I likedthepeopleѳI meetlastnight. Usual: I likedthebookѳ I readlastweek.

9. In (a): As a subjectpronoun, whois more commonthanthat. In (b) : As a subjectpronoun, thatis more commonthanwhich. In (c) and (d): Objectpronoun are commonlyomittedspecially in speaking.

10. Using WHOSE I knowtheman. Hisbicyclewasstolen. I knowthemanwhosebicyclewasstolen. Thestudentwriteswell. I readhercomposition. Thestudentwhosecomposition I readwriteswell. Mr. Cart has a painting. Itsvalueis inestimable. Mr. Cart has a paintingwhosevalueis inestimable.

11. Whoseisusedto show possession. Itcarriesthesamemeaning as otherpossessivepronounsused as adjectives: his, her, its, and their. Likehis, herits, and their, whoseisconnectedto a noun: Hisbicycle - whosebicycle. Hercomposition- whosecomposition. Whosecannotbeomitted Whoseusuallymodifiespeople, butitmayalsobeusedtomodifythings, as in (c).

12. Usingwhere in adjectiveclauses. Thebuildingisveryold. He livesthere ( in thatbuilding). Thebuildingwhere he livesisveryold. Thebuildingin whichhe livesisveryold. Thebuildingwhich he livesin isveryold. Thebuildingthat he livesin isveryold. Thebuildingø he livesin isveryold.

13. Whereisused in anadjectiveclausetomodify a place (city, country, room, house, etc.). Ifwhereisused, a prepositionisNOTincluded in theadjectiveclause, as in (a). Ifwhereisnotused, theprepositionmustbeincluded, as in (b).

14. Usingwhen in a adjectiveclause I`llneverforgettheday. I metyouthen ( onthatday). I`llneverforgetthedaywhen I metyou. I`llneverforgetthedayonwhichI metyou. I`llneverforgetthedaythat I metyou. I`llneverforgetthedayø I metyou. Whenisused in anadjectiveclausetomodify a noun of time ( year, day, time, century, etc.).

15. Usingadjectiveclausestomodifypronouns Adjectives can modifyindefinitepronouns (someone, everybody.).objectpronouns (who(m), that, which) are usuallyomitted in theadjectiveclause. Thereissomeone (whom) I wantyoutomeet. Everything he saidwaspurenonsense. Anybodywhowantsto come iswelcome. Paula wastheonlyoneI knew at theparty. Scholarships are availableforthosewhoneedfinancialassistance. Adjectiveclauses can modifytheone(s) and those.

16. INCORRECT: I whoam a student at thisschool come from a country in Asia. ItisIwho am responsable. Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.

17. Punctuatingadjectiveclauses General guidelinesforthepunctuationclauses: Do not use commasiftheadjectiveclauseisnecessarytoidentifythenounitmodifies. Use commasiftheadjectiveclausesimplygivesadditionalinformation and isnotnecessary ti identifythenounitmodifies. TheprofessorwhoteachesChemistry 101 isanexcellentlecturer. Professor Wilson,whoteachesChemistry 101,isanexcellentlecturer.

18. In (a) no commas are used. Theadjectiveclauseisnecessarytoidentifywhichprofessorismeant. In (b)commas are used. Theadjectiveclauseisnotnecessarytoidentifyprofessor Wilson. Wealreadyknowwho he is : he has a name. Theadjectiveclausesimplygivesadditionalinformation.

19. Hawaii,whichconsists of eight principal islands,is a favoritevacation spot. Mrs. Smith,whois a retiredteacher,doesvolunteerwork at the hospital. Theman{whom, that, ø} I metteacheschemistry. Mr. Lee,whom I metyesterday,teacheschemistry.

20. Usingexpressions of quantity in adjectiveclauses In a clase are 20 srudents. Mosr of themare fromtheFar East. In my classthey are 20 students, most of whom are from Asia. Ha gaveseveralreasons. Only a few of themwerevalid. He gaveseveralreasons, only a fewifwhichwerevalid. TheteachersdiscussedJim. One of hisproblemswaspoorstudyhabits. TheteachersdiscussedJim, oneifwhoseproblemswaspoorstudyhabits.

21. Anadjectiveclausemaycontainanexpression of quantitywithof: someof, many of, most of, none of, rwo of, half of, both of, neither of, each of, all of, a few of, little of, a number of, etc. Theexpression of quantity procedes thepronoun. Onlywhom, which, and whose are used in thepattern.

22. Usingnoun + of which Wehaveanantiquetable. The top of it has jade inlay. Wehaveanantiquetable, the top of wich has jade inlay. Anadjectiveclausemayinclude a noun + of whish (the top of which)

23. Usingwhichtomodify a wholesentence Tom was late. Thatsurprised me. Tom was late,whichsurprised me. Theelevatorisout of order. Thisistoobad. Te elevatorisout of order,whichistoobad.

24. Thepronounthat and this can refertothe idea of a wholesentencewhich comes before. Similary, anadjectiveclausewithwhichmaymodifythewholesentence. Usingwhichtomodify a wholesentenceis informal and occursmostfrecuently in spokenEnglish.