Contrastive list of some english and turkish verbs

1. 2015
CONTRASTIVE LIST
OF
THE ENGLISH AND
TURKISH VERBS
YÜKSEL GÖKNEL
YYY ygoknel@outlook.com
Y G O K N E L @ O U T L O O K . C O M

2. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
2
BOTH TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE ENGLISH VERBS
Some English verbs are both transitive and intransitive. There are few verbs
used in this fashion in Turkish. Therefore, those who are studying English or
Turkish as a second language face some difficulties in learning them. In the
following list, you can find frequently used English verbs that are used both
transitively and intransitively. The Turkish equivalents of such verbs and how
their allomorphs change are given in the examples below.
Note: There is only the indefinite article “bir” in Turkish which corresponds
to the indefinite English articles “a” or “an”. No articles like “the” are used in
Turkish when common nouns are in the subject positions. The absence of
this article before a common noun indicates that the noun is definite.
However, when the object pronouns, nominal phrases, even proper nouns
are used in the object positions, they are attached to the [i, ı, ü, u]
allomorphs to show that they are definite. If a common noun is used in the
object position, the “bir” (a or an) is used before a common noun if the noun
is indefinite. If it is definite, one of the [i, ı, ü, u] allomorphs is attached to a
common noun according to vowel harmony rules. For instance:
The bird flew away. [The work ended. The students arrived. The baby slept.]
Kuş uçup gitti. [İş bitti. Öğrenciler geldi. Bebek uyudu.]
Jack saw me. [me, you, him, her, it, us, them]
Jack ben-i gördü. [ben-i, sen-i, o-/n/u, biz-i, siz-i, onlar-ı]
Jack saw Mary. [Jane, George, Ayşe, Hasan, Mustafa]
Jack Mary-/y/i gördü. [Jayn-i, George-u, Ayşe-/y/i, Hasan-ı, Mustafa-/y/ı]
Mary’s dog bit Jack.
Mary-/n/in köpeği Jack-i ısırdı.
In Turkish, successive identical vowels “a-a”, “e-e”, “u-u”, ü-ü”, “ı-ı”, “i-
i” that follow each other combine and verbalize as single vowels, and the
single underlined consonants detach from their syllables and attach to the
first vowels of the following allomorphs during the syllabication process.
You can see the syllabication of the Turkish example sentences written in
parentheses below the example sentences:
Note:
The blue underlines show the subjects, but the subj allomorphs are blue.
The black underlines show the objects, noun clauses, and nouns.
The red underlines show the verbs.
The green underlines show the prepositions, adverbs, adverbial
phrases or clauses.
The purple underlines show the adjectives and the noun modifiers.
Follow the example sentences:
Yumurta-lar kayna-ıyor. ( Double underlined vowels drop in speech.)
(yu*mur*ta*lar / kay*nı*yor ↷)
The eggs are boiling. (Turkish and English verbs are intransitive.)

3. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
3
Fatma yumurta kayna-at-ıyor. (Transitive) (Successive vowels “a-a” combine.)
(fat*ma / yu*mur*ta / kay*na*tı*yor ↷)
Fatma is boiling eggs. (Transitive)
In the first Turkish sentence above, the intransitive verb “kayna” has
changed into “kayna-at” (kay*nat) transitive verb frame to take the object
“yumurta”. However, the English verb “boil” has not changed. This shows us
that the English verb “boil” can be used both transitively and intransitively. In
the following sentences, the explanations in parentheses are about the
Turkish sentences.
When pronouns, proper nouns, common nouns, noun compounds, nominal
phrases or clauses are used as subjects in sentences, their functions are
always nominal. Therefore, they are written in black letters. However, they
are all blue underlined in order to show that they are subjects.
Ateş yan-ıyor. (Intransitive)
(a*teş / ya*nı*yor ↷)
The fire is burning.
Ateş parmak-lar-ı-/n/ı yak-ar. (Transitive)
(a*teş / par*mak*la*rı*nı / ya*kar ↷)
Fire burns your fingers.
Dükkân-lar saat yedi-de kapan-ır. (Reflexive)
(dük*kân*lar / sa*at / ye*di*de / ka*pa*nır ↷ )
Shops close at seven. (They close themselves.)
Onlar dükkân-lar-ı yedi-de kapat-ır-lar. (Transitive)
(on*lar / dük*kân*la*rı / sa*at / ye*di*de / ka*pa*tır*lar ↷)
They close the shops at seven.
Note: When the Turkish common and proper nouns are used as objects,
they are suffixed by the [i, ı, ü, u] allomorphs. However, when the English
common nouns are used as definite objects, they are used with the article
“the”. Proper nouns do not take the article “the” in English.
Dükkân-lar saat yedi-de kapat-ıl-ır. (Passive)
(dük*kân*lar / sa*at / ye*di*de / ka*pa*tı*lır ↷)
Shops are closed at seven.
Renk-ler sonbahar-da değiş-ir. (Intransitive)
(renk*ler / son*ba*har*da / de*ği*şir ↷)
Colors change in the autumn.
(O) giysi-ler-i-/n/i değiştir-iyor. (Transitive.)
(o ~/ giy*si*le*ri*ni / de*ğiş*ti*ri*yor ↷)
He is changing his clothes.
Şimdi mutfak-ta yemek pişir-iyor. (Turkish verb is transitive.)
(şim*di / mut*fak*ta / ye*mek / pi*şi*ri*yor ↷)
She is cooking in the kitchen now. (English verb is intransitive.)

4. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
4
O, balık pişir-iyor. (Transitive)
(o / ba*lık / pi*şi*ri*yor ↷)
She is cooking fish.
Yemek piş-ti. (Intransitive)
(ye*mek / piş*ti ↷)
The meal has cooked.
Meyve-ler olgun-laş-ın.ca ağaç-lar-dan düş-er. (Intransitive)
(mey*ve*ler / ol*gun*la*şın*ca / a*ğaç*lar*dan / dü*şer ↷)
Fruits drop from trees when they ripen.
Kalem-i-/n/i düşür-dü. (Transitive)
(ka*le*mi*ni / dü*şür*dü ↷)
She dropped her pencil.
Bazı nehir-ler yaz-ın kuru-ur. (Intransitive)
(ba*zı / ne*hir*ler / ya*zın / ku*rur ↷)
Some rivers dry up in the summer.
El-ler-in-i ben-im havlu-um-da kurula-ma. (Transitive)
(el*le*ri*ni / be*nim / hav*lum*da l ku*ru*la*ma ↷)
Don’t dry your hands on my towel. (Transitive)
Savaş son-a er-di. (“Son-a er” = “end”) (Intransitive)
(sa*vaş / so*na / er*di ↷)
The war ended.
Savaş-ı son-a erdir-di-ler. (Transitive)
(sa*va*şı / so*na / er*dir*di*ler ↷)
They ended the war.
Bir bomba patla-dı. (Intransitive)
(bir / bom*ba / pat*la*dı ↷)
A bomb exploded.
Bir bomba patlat-tı-lar. (Transitive)
(bir / bom*ba / pat*lat*tı*lar ↷)
They exploded a bomb.
İnekler tarla-da beslen-iyor-lar. (Reflexive)
(i*nek*ler / tar*la*da / bes*le*ni*yor*lar ↷)
The cows are feeding (grazing) in the field. (Intransitive)
Köpek-im-i her sabah besle-er-im. (Transitive)
(kö*pe*ği*mi / her / sa*bah / bes*le*rim ↷)
I feed my dog every morning.
Sokak-lar kış-ın çamur-la dol-ar. (Intransitive)
(so*kak*lar / kı*şın / ça*mur*la / do*lar ↷)
The streets fill up with mud in winter.

5. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
5
Kalem-im-i siyah mürekkep-le doldur. (Transitive)
(ka*le*mi*mi / si*yah / mü*rek*kep*le / dol*dur ↷)
Fill my pen with black ink.
İş henüz bit-me-di. (Intransitive)
(iş / he*nüz / bit*me*di ↷)
The work hasn’t finished yet.
İş-im-i henüz bitir-me-di-im. (Transitive)
(i*şi*mi / he*nüz / bi*tir*me*dim ↷)
I haven’t finished my work yet.
Kuş-lar hava-da uç-ar. (Intransitive)
(kuş*lar / ha*va*da / u*çar ↷)
Birds fly in the sky.
Çocuk-lar uçurtma uçur-uyor-lar. (Transitive)
(ço*cuk*lar / u*çurt*ma / u*çu*ru*yor*lar ↷)
The boys are flying kites.
Patates-ler kızar-ıyor. (Intransitive)
(pa*ta*tes*ler / kı*za*rı*yor ↷)
The potatoes are frying.
O, balık kızart-ıyor. (Transitive)
(o~ / ba*lık / kı*zar*tı*yor ↷)
She is frying fish.
Pamuk Adana’da yetiş-ir. (Intransitive)
(pa*muk / a*da*na*da / ye*ti*şir ↷)
Cotton grows in Adana.
Adana’da pamuk yetiştir-ir-ler. (Transitive)
(a*da*na*da / pa*muk / ye*tiş*ti*rir*ler ↷)
They grow cotton in Adana.
Kapı-/n/ın arka-/s/ı-/n/a saklan-ıyor. (Reflexive)
(ka*pı*nın / ar*ka*sı*na / sak*la*nı*yor ↷)
He is hiding behind the door. (He is hiding himself.)
Mektuplar-ı-/n/ı sakla-ar. (Transitive)
(mek*tup*la*rı*nı / sak*lar ↷)
She hides her letters.
Zorluk-lar-ımız art-ıyor. (Intransitive)
(zor*luk*la*rı*mız / ar*tı*yor ↷)
Our difficulties are increasing.
Hız-ın-ı artır-ma. (Transitive)
(hı*zı*nı / ar*tır*ma ↷)
Don’t increase your speed.

6. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
6
Çiçek-ler sabah-leyin aç-ar. (Intransitive)
(çi*çek*ler / sa*bah*le*yin / a*çar ↷)
Flowers open in the morning.
Sabah-leyin pencereler-i aç-ar-ız. (Transitive)
(sa*bah*le*yin / pen*ce*re*le*ri / a*ça*rız ↷)
We open the windows in the morning. (The verb "aç" is used both
transitively and intransitively in Turkish as it is used in English.)
At-lar yarış-ıyor. (Intransitive)
(at*lar / ya*rı*şı*yor ↷)
The horses are racing.
At-lar-ı yarıştır-ıyor-lar. (Transitive)
(at*la*rı / ya*rış*tı*rı*yor*lar ↷)
They are racing the horses.
Elma-lar sıcak hava-da olgunlaş-ır. (Intransitive)
(el*ma*lar / sı*cak / ha*va*da / ol*gun*la*şır ↷)
Apples ripen in warm weather.
Note: "Ol" is a verb root, "ol-gun" is an adjective stem, "ol-gun-laş" is an
intransitive verb frame, "ol-gun-laş-tır" is a transitive verb frame.
Sıcak hava elma-lar-ı olgunlaştır-ır. (Transitive)
(sı*cak / ha*va / el*ma*la*rı / ol*gun*laş*tı*rır ↷)
Warm weather ripens the apples.
Zil çal-ıyor. (Intransitive)
(zil / ça*lı*yor ↷)
The bell is ringing.
Zil-i çal. (Transitive)
(zi*li / çal ↷)
Ring the bell.
("Çal" and "ring" verbs are used both transitively and intransitively in Turkish
and English.)
Bazen kaya-lar tepe-ler-den aşağı yuvarlan-ır. (Intransitive)
(ba:*zen / ka*ya*lar / te*pe*ler*den / a*şa*ğı / yu*var*la*nır ↷)
Sometimes rocks roll down the hills.
Bazı kimse-ler tepe-den aşağı kayalar-ı yuvarla-ıyor-lar. (Transitive)
(ba:*zı / kim*se*ler / te*pe*den / a*şa*ğı / ka*ya*la*rı / yu*var*lı*yor*lar ↷)
Some people are rolling rocks down the hill.
Bazı kız-lar nehir-de yüz-üyor. (Intransitive)
(ba:*zı / kız*lar / ne*hir*de / yü*zü*yor ↷)
Some girls are swimming in the river.

7. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
7
Çocuk-lar model kayık-lar-ı-/n/ı yüzdür-üyor. (Transitive)
(ço*cuk*lar / mo*del / ka*yık*la*rı*nı / yüz*dü*rü*yor ↷)
The children are sailing their modal boats.
Yer sarsıl-ıyor. (Reflexive)
(yer / sar*sı*lı*yor ↷)
The ground is shaking. (Intransitive)
İlaç-ı iç-me-den önce şişe-/y/i çalkala (sars). (Transitive)
(i*la*cı / iç*me*den / ön*ce / şi*şe*yi / çal*ka*la ↷)
Shake the bottle before you take the medicine.
İkinci Dünya Savaşı/n/-da birçok gemi bat-tı. (Intransitive)
(i*kin*ci / dün*ya: / sa*va*şın*da / bir*çok / ge*mi / bat*tı ↷)
A lot of ships sank during The Second World War.
İkinci Dünya Savaşı/n/-da birçok gemi batır-dı-lar. (Transitive)
(i*kin*ci / dün*ya: / sa*va*şın*da / bir*çok / ge*mi / ba*tır*dı*lar ↷)
They sank a lot of ships during The Second World War.
Gömlek-im-e çay dökül-dü. (Reflexive)
(göm*le*ği*me / çay / dö*kül*dü ↷)
Tea spilled on my shirt.
Seyhan Nehri Akdeniz-e dökül-ür. (Reflexive)
(sey*han / neh*ri / ak*de*ni*ze / dö*kü*lür ↷)
The Seyhan River pours into the Mediterranean Sea. (Intransitive)
Limonata-/y/ı yer-e dök-tü-üm. (Transitive)
(li*mo*na*ta*yı / ye*re / dök*tüm ↷)
I have spilled (spilt) the lemonade on the floor.
Araba-lar dur-du. (Intransitive)
(a*ra*ba*lar / dur*du ↷)
The cars stopped.
Polis araba-lar-ı durdur-du. (Transitive)
(po*lis / a*ra*ba*la*rı / dur*dur*du ↷)
The police officer stopped the cars.
Tekerlek-ler dön-üyor. (Intransitive)
(te*ker*lek*ler / dö*nü*yor ↷)
The wheels are turning.
Motor tekerlekler-i döndür-ür. (Transitive)
(mo*tor / te*ker*lek*le*ri / dön*dü*rür ↷)
The engine turns the wheels.
Parmak-ı-/n/a bir iğne bat-tı. (Intransitive)
(par*ma*ğı*na / bir / iğ*ne / bat*tı ↷)
A needle stuck in her finger.

8. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
8
Parmak-ı-/n/a bir iğne batır-dı. (Transitive)
(par*ma*ğı*na / bir / iğ*ne / ba*tır*dı ↷)
She stuck a needle into her finger.
Bu pul iyi yapış-ma-ıyor. (Intransitive)
(bu / pul / i*yi / ya*pış*mı*yor ↷)
This stamp doesn’t stick well.
TURKISH VERBS THAT ARE FORMED BY INDEFINITE OBJECTS
FOLLOWED BY MAIN VERBS
O ben-im-le alay etti. O ben-i affetti. O biz-i deli etti
subj adverbial indef obj trans verb subj def obj verb subj def obj indef obj verb
“ET”
acele et (a*ce*le / et) (hurry), alay et (a*la*yet) (make fun), affet (af*fet)
(forgive), armağan et (ar*ma*ga*net) (present), baş et (ba*şet) (manage),
beraat et (be*ra*a*tet) (be acquitted), beyan et (be*ya:*net) (declare), dava
et (da:*va: / et) (litigate), davet et (da:*ve*tet) (invite), dahil et (da:*hi*let)
(include), daktilo et (dak*ti*lo / et) (type), dans et (dan*set) (dance), deli et
(de*li / et) (make someone mad), dert et (der* det) (occupy oneself with
problems), devam et (de*va:*met) (continue), dikkat et (dik*ka*tet) (be
careful), dua et (du*a: / et) (pray), elde et (el*de / et) (obtain), gayret et
(gay*re*tet) (try hard), göç et (gö*çet) (migrate), haberdar et (ha*ber*da:-
*ret) (inform), hakaret et (ha*ka:*re*tet) (insult), hapset (hap*set) (impri-
son), hareket et (ha*re*ke*tet) (act, behave, start), hata et (ha*ta: / et)
(make a mistake), hayâl et (ha*yâ:*let) (dream, imagine), hazmet (haz*-
met) (digest), hizmet et (hiz*me*tet) (serve, assist), idare et (i*da:*re* / et)
(manage, control), iftira et (if*ti*ra: / et) (slander), ihanet et (i*ha:*ne*tet)
(betray), ikram et (ik*ra:*met) (offer someone to eat or drink something),
ihlâl et (ih*lâ:*let) (violate), ikna et (ik*na: / et) (convince, persuade), ihraç
et (ih*ra:*cet) (export, expel), ikaz et (i:*ka:*zet) (warn), ima et (i:*ma: / et)
(imply), imza et (im*za: / et) (sign), imâl et (i:*mâ:*let) (manufacture), inat et
(i*na*tet) (persist), intihar et (in*ti*ha:*ret) (commit suicide), iptal et (ip*ta:-
*let) (cancel), ikna et (ik*na: / et) (convince), isabet et (i*sa:*be*tet) (hit the
mark), israf et (is*ra:*fet) (vaste), istifa et (is*ti*fa: / et) (resign), istifade et
(is*ti*fa:*de / et) (benefit from), istirahat et (is*ti*ra*ha*tet) (have a rest), ita-
at et (i*ta:*a*tet) (obey), ithâl et (it*hâ:*let) (import), itiraf et (i:*ti*ra:*fet)
(confess), iyi et (i*yi / et) (cure, do the right thing), iyilik et (i*yi*li*ket) (do a
favor), kabalık et (ka*ba*lı*ket) (be rude), kabul et (ka*bu:*let) (accept), kâr
et (kâ:*ret) (profit), kavga et (kav*ga /et) (fight, quarrel), kontrol et
(kon*tro*let) (check), koordine et (ko*or*di*ne / et) (coordinate), küfür et
(küf*ret) (swear), mecbur et (mec*bu:*ret) (oblige), meşgul et (meş*gu:-
*let) (occupy someone), memnun et (mem*nu:*net) (make someone hap-
py), muhafaza et (mu*ha:*fa*za / et) (keep, preserve), mutlu et (mut*lu / et)
(make happy), nefret et (nef*re*tet) (hate), niyet et (ni*ye*tet) (intend), ön-
derlik et (ön*der*li*ket) (lead), razı et (ra:*zı / et) (persuade), rica et (ri*ca: /
et) (request), sabret (sab*ret) (be patient), sakat et (sa*ka*tet) (make phy-

9. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
9
sically disabled), seyret (sey*ret) (watch, observe), sohbet et (soh*be*tet)
(chat, talk), söz et (sö*zet) (talk about), tamir et (ta:*mi:*ret) (repair, mend,
fix), tahsil et (tah*si:*let) (be educated), takip et (ta:*ki:*bet) (follow), taklit
et (tak*li:*det) (imitate), rahatsız et (ra*hat*sı*zet) (disturb), sitem et (si*te*-
met) (reproach), takdir et (tak*di*ret) (appreciate), tasarruf et (ta*sar*ru*fet)
(economize on), tasavvur et (ta*sav*vu*ret) (fancy, imagine), tasvir et
(tas*vi:*ret) (describe), tavsiye et (tav*si*ye / et) (recommend), tedavi et
(te*da:*vi: / et) (cure), teklif et (tek*li:*fet) (offer), telefon et (te*le*fo*net)
(telephone, make a telephone call, ring up), tembellik et (tem*bel*li*ket)
(act or behave lazily), tembih et (tem*bi:*het) (warn), tercüme et (ter*cü*-
me / et) (translate), tekrar et (tek*ra:*ret) (repeat), tenkit et (ten*ki:*det)
(criticize), tercih et (ter*ci:*het) (prefer), terk et (ter*ket) (abandon, leave,
desert), tesadüf et (te*sa:*dü*fet) (meet by chance, come across), temsil et
(tem*sil / et) (represent), tertip et (ter*ti:*ped) (organize), teslim et (tes*li:*-
met) (deliver, hand over), teşebbüs et (te*şeb*bü*set) (attempt), teşekkür
et (te*şek*kü*ret) (thank), teşvik et (teş*vi:*ket) (encourage), tıraş et (tı*ra*-
şet) (shave), yardım et (yar*dı*met) (help)
When the above "et" verbs are attached to the allomorphs of [ER], [İYOR],
or [ECEK], which all begin with vowels, the /t/ consonants change into the
voiced /d/; but when they are attached to the allomorphs of [Dİ] and [MİŞ],
which begin with consonants, they do not change. For instance:
acele ed-er, acele ed-iyor, acele ed-ecek, acele et-ti, acele et-miş, teklif
et-ti, teklif et-miş, istifa et-ti, istifa et-miş, tercüme et-ti, tercüme et-miş.
If the [me] negation allomorph is used, the stress goes onto the verb “et”:
alay et-me (a*lay / et*me) (a*la*yet*me), af et me (af*fet*me), armağan et-
me (ar*ma*ğa*net*me), yardım et-me (yar*dı*met*me), terk et-me (ter*-
ket*me) (Liaisons)
“YAP”
alışveriş yap (do shopping), arama yap (carry out a search), büyü yap
(cast a spell on someone), çay yap, kahve yap (make tea or coffee), cümle
yap (make a sentence), elinden geleni yap (do your best), ev işi yap (do
housework), giriş yap (enter), hazırlık yap (get ready), hesap yap
(calculate), iş yap (do work, do business), işbirliği yap (work together),
iyilik yap (do a favour), kaza: yap (have an accident), konuşma yap (make
a speech), makyaj yap (do one’s make up), ödev yap (do homework),
rejim yap (go on a diet), rol yap (rol / yap) (pretend), şaka yap (make a
joke, kid), tatil yap (have a holiday, vacation), tica:ret yap (trade), toplantı
yap (hold a meeting), yanlışlık yap (make a mistake), yatağı yap (make the
bed), yemek yap (cook, do the cooking), yorum yap (comment on
something).
“OL”
abone ol (a*bo*ne / ol) (subscribe), destek ol (des*te*kol) (support, back
up), dost ol (dos*tol) (make friends), gerçek ol (ger*çe*kol) (come true),
kayıt ol (kay*dol) (enroll), razı ol (ra:*zı / ol) (be willing, consent), sahip ol

10. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
10
(sa:*hi*bol) (possess), şahit ol (şa:*hi*tol) (witness), şehit ol (şe*hi:*dol)
(die while fighting for Islam or his country), teslim ol (tes*li:*mol)
(surrender), üye ol (ü*ye / ol) (be a member), dürüst ol (dü*rüs*tol) (be
honest), kahrol (be depressed), mal ol (ma:*lol) (cost), ait ol (a:*it*tol)
(belong), bağlı ol (bağ*lı / ol) (depend on), var ol (va:*rol) (exist), sahip ol
(sa:*hi*pol) (have), borçlu ol (borç*lu / ol) (owe).
In addition to the verbs above, there are some other verbs that are used
following indefinite objects. They are as follows:
başarı sağla (succeed), cinayet işle (commit a murder), günah-a gir (gü*-
na:*ha / gir) (commit a sin), ilerleme kaydet (make a progress), suç işle
(commit a crime), ün kazan (be famous), yarış-a gir (take part in a race),
ödünç ver (ö*dünç / ver) (lend), şarkı söyle (şar*kı / söy*le) (sing), satın al
(sa*tı*nal) (buy), söz ver (söz / ver) (promise), yalan söyle (ya*lan / söy*le)
(lie), göz-den geçir (göz*den / ge*çir) (review), intikam al (in*ti*kam / al)
(revenge), yanıt ver (ya*nıt / ver) (respond), orta-dan kaybol (or*ta*dan /
kay*bol) (vanish), satın al (sa*tı*nal) (buy), selam ver (se*lam / ver) (sa-
lute), özür dile (ö*zür / di*le) (apologise), ödün ver (ö*dün / ver) (concede),
karar ver (ka*rar / ver) (decide), kopya çek (kop*ya / çek) (cheat in the ex-
amination), izin ver (i*zin / ver) (allow), haber ver (ha*ber / ver) (inform),
söz ver (söz / ver) (promise), önlem al (ön*le*mal) (take measures).
DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS
There are two kinds of objects in English; direct objects and indirect objects.
However in Turkish, there are only direct objects. Indirect objects of the Eng-
lish language are expressed either in [e] or [a] allomorph, or in prepositional
phrases such as “ben-im için”, “biz-im için”, “annem için”, etc, both of which
have adverbial functions.
My father bought me a bicycle. My father bought a bicycle for me.
According to English grammars, in the sentences above, there are two kinds
of indirect objects; “me” and “for me”, the second of which is a prepositional
phrase describing for whom the bicycle was bought. Here, the pronoun
“me” is the object of the preposition “for”. The “me” indirect object and “for
me” prepositional phrase are both defined as indirect objects in English
grammars. In my opinion, “for me” is a prepositional phrase functioning as
an adverbial phrase in the sentence above. Additionally, if someone asks
what the first “me” means, the answer to this question will be “for me”.
Therefore, both “me” and “for me” have adverbial functions that may be
defined as adverbs instead of indirect objects.
Compare the following Turkish sentences with the English ones:
Jack Mary-/y/e bir demet çiçek aldı. Jack Mary için bir demet çiçek aldı.
Jack bought Mary a bunch of flowers. Jack bought a bunch of flowers for Mary.
In short, we can say that there are not any indirect objects in Turkish; there
are adverbials instead.

11. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
11
ENGLISH TRANSITIVE and TURKISH INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Generally if an English verb is transitive, the Turkish verb is also transitive; if an
English verb is intransitive, so is the Turkish verb.
However, there are some common transitive verbs in English whose Turkish
equivalents are intransitive. Some of them are as follows:
“leave” and “ayrıl”
Jack left home at 8. (“leave” is a transitive verb and “home” is its direct object.)
Jack ev-den sekiz-de ayrıl-dı. (“ayrıl” is an intransitive verb; “ev-den” is an adverb.)
“consult” and “danış”
Consult a lawyer. (“consult” is a transitive verb; “a lawyer” is its direct object.
Bir avukat-a danış. (“danış” is an intransitive verb; “bir avukat-a” is an adverb.)
“trust” and “güven”
I trust you. (“trust” is a transitive verb; “you” is its object.)
Sana güven-iyor-um. (“güven” is an intransitive verb; “sana” is an adverb.)
“like” and “hoşlan”
I like classical music. (“like” is a transitive verb; “classical music” is its object.)
Klasik müzik-ten hoşlan-ır-ım. (“hoşlan” is an intransitive verb; “klasik müzik-ten” is
an adverb.)
“avoid” and “kaçın”
He avoided talk-ing. (“avoid” is a transitive verb; “talk-ing” is a nominal gerund.)
Yanlışlık yap-mak-tan kaçın-dı. (“kaçın” is an intransitive verb; “yap-mak-tan” is an
adverb.)
“cost” and “mal ol”
Travel-ing by air costs a lot of money. (“cost” is a transitive verb; “a lot of money” is
its object.)
Uçak-la seyahat et-mek, çok para-/y/a mal ol-ur. (“mal ol” is an intransitive verb;
“çok para-/y/a” is an adverb.)
“hate” and “nefret et”
I hate wait-ing. (“hate” is a transitive verb; “wait-ing” is its nominal gerund object.)
Bekle-mek-ten nefret et-er-im. (“nefret et” is an intransitive verb; “bekle-mek-
ten” is an adverb.)
“attack” and “saldır”
The enemy attacked us. (“attack” is a transitive verb; “us” is its object.)
Düşman biz-e saldır-dı. (“saldır” is an intransitive verb; “biz-e” is an adverb.)
“promise” and “söz ver”
She promised to marry me. (“promise” is a transitive verb; “to marry” is its
infinitive object; and “marry” is also a transitive verb; “me” is its object.

12. CONTRASTIVE LIST OF THE ENGLISH AND TURKISH VERBS
12
Benim-le evlen-me-/y/e söz verdi. (“söz ver” is an intransitive verb; “evlen-
me-/y/e” is an adverb.)
“climb” and “tırman”
They climbed Mount Everest. (“climb” is a transitive verb; “Mount Everest” is its object.)
Onlar Everest Tepesi-/n/e tırman-dı-lar. (“tırman” is an intransitive verb; ”Everest
Tepesi-/n/e” is an adverb.)
“approach” and “yaklaş”
We approached the city. (“approach” is a transitive verb; “the city” is its object.
Şehir-e yaklaş-tı-ık. (“yaklaş” is an intransitive verb; “şehir-e” is an adverb.)
“help” and “yarım et”
He helped us. (“help” is a transitive verb; “us” is its object.)
O biz-e yardım et-ti. (“yardım et” is an intransitive verb; “biz-e” is an adverb.)