The document discusses how India is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, extreme weather events, and sea level rise. These changes threaten India's agriculture, water resources, coastal regions, and population health. However, India's per capita carbon emissions are relatively low compared to other countries historically responsible for higher emissions. Moving forward, India aims to grow its economy in a more sustainable manner.
This document discusses climate change issues in India. It provides background on global warming trends and greenhouse gas emissions. It then examines the impacts of climate change through case studies on agriculture in Kullu Valley and threats to the Ganges river. Coastal villages in Orissa have been affected by cyclones and sea level rise. The document also outlines India's climate initiatives and policies around renewable energy and energy efficiency. Per capita carbon dioxide emissions are highest in the US and Europe compared to global averages.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change in India including:
1. Rising global temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change. Carbon dioxide levels have risen significantly since 1958.
2. Climate change is impacting different parts of India - drought in Rajasthan, sea level rise along the coasts of Mumbai and Gujarat, coral bleaching in Kerala.
3. Case studies show impacts on agriculture - apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh has moved uphill by 30km due to changes in snowfall and temperature.
This document summarizes the key issues around climate change in India. It discusses that the average global temperature has risen 0.74°C in the last 100 years due to increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It outlines several impacts India has faced from climate change, such as droughts, sea level rise affecting coastlines, glacial retreat in the Himalayas threatening water supply, and damage to agriculture. The document also reviews some of India's national initiatives to address climate change through renewable energy programs and emissions reduction plans.
Climate Changes @ India.. Take a look.. Care for it.. Go Green.. !!rashmin_cby
The document discusses India's contributions to and impacts from climate change. It notes that while India currently has low per capita emissions due to poverty, its growing economy fueled by fossil fuels could make it a major emitter. Rising temperatures are projected to severely impact India's agriculture and water resources. However, India also has opportunities to transition to renewable energy and more efficient development that considers climate change.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change in India including:
1. Rising global temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change. Carbon dioxide levels have risen significantly since 1958.
2. Climate change is impacting different parts of India - drought in Rajasthan, sea level rise along the coasts of Mumbai and Gujarat, coral bleaching in Kerala.
3. Case studies show impacts on agriculture - apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh has shifted uphill by 30km over 50 years due to less snowfall. The Gangotri glacier is shrinking, reducing water levels in the Ganga river. Coastal villages in Odisha have been submerged due to sea level rise and cyclones
Climate change is having significant impacts on India, which is ranked as the fourth most affected country. India's greenhouse gas emissions are the third largest in the world, mainly from coal use. Rising temperatures are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat and threatening water resources. This is exacerbating droughts and floods while also displacing coastal communities through sea level rise. Climate change poses severe risks to India's economy, agriculture, and population health by increasing heat waves and air pollution. The government is pursuing policies like boosting renewable energy and reforestation to mitigate and adapt to these climate change impacts.
Climate change impacts in nepal and its futureprajwal1974ad
Climate change is expected to have significant impacts in Nepal:
- Temperatures are increasing faster than the global average, with winters warming more than summers. Extreme weather events will become more common.
- Agriculture, which many depend on for livelihood, will be negatively impacted. Staple crops like rice, wheat and maize are expected to see decreased yields.
- Glacial retreat and increased glacial lake outburst floods pose catastrophic flooding risks. The frequency and size of such events are increasing.
- Other impacts include increased water-borne diseases, altered ecosystems affecting livelihoods, and substantial expected economic losses.
- Adaptation is a priority given Nepal's high vulnerability and existing low
11.effects of unsustainable use of biomass energy for cooking and strategies ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the effects of unsustainable biomass energy use for cooking in developing countries. Biomass is harvested unsustainably and energy conversion technologies are inefficient. This results in serious health and environmental consequences. Indoor air pollution from biomass cooking causes over 1.5 million premature deaths annually, disproportionately affecting women and children. Improving biomass sustainability and efficiency, promoting modern fuels, and developing local sustainable energy capacity are discussed as strategies to reduce negative impacts. Current energy approaches in developing countries are often unsustainable and hinder development, especially for rural populations.
This document discusses climate change issues in India. It provides background on global warming trends and greenhouse gas emissions. It then examines the impacts of climate change through case studies on agriculture in Kullu Valley and threats to the Ganges river. Coastal villages in Orissa have been affected by cyclones and sea level rise. The document also outlines India's climate initiatives and policies around renewable energy and energy efficiency. Per capita carbon dioxide emissions are highest in the US and Europe compared to global averages.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change in India including:
1. Rising global temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change. Carbon dioxide levels have risen significantly since 1958.
2. Climate change is impacting different parts of India - drought in Rajasthan, sea level rise along the coasts of Mumbai and Gujarat, coral bleaching in Kerala.
3. Case studies show impacts on agriculture - apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh has moved uphill by 30km due to changes in snowfall and temperature.
This document summarizes the key issues around climate change in India. It discusses that the average global temperature has risen 0.74°C in the last 100 years due to increased greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It outlines several impacts India has faced from climate change, such as droughts, sea level rise affecting coastlines, glacial retreat in the Himalayas threatening water supply, and damage to agriculture. The document also reviews some of India's national initiatives to address climate change through renewable energy programs and emissions reduction plans.
Climate Changes @ India.. Take a look.. Care for it.. Go Green.. !!rashmin_cby
The document discusses India's contributions to and impacts from climate change. It notes that while India currently has low per capita emissions due to poverty, its growing economy fueled by fossil fuels could make it a major emitter. Rising temperatures are projected to severely impact India's agriculture and water resources. However, India also has opportunities to transition to renewable energy and more efficient development that considers climate change.
The document discusses several topics related to climate change in India including:
1. Rising global temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions are causing climate change. Carbon dioxide levels have risen significantly since 1958.
2. Climate change is impacting different parts of India - drought in Rajasthan, sea level rise along the coasts of Mumbai and Gujarat, coral bleaching in Kerala.
3. Case studies show impacts on agriculture - apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh has shifted uphill by 30km over 50 years due to less snowfall. The Gangotri glacier is shrinking, reducing water levels in the Ganga river. Coastal villages in Odisha have been submerged due to sea level rise and cyclones
Climate change is having significant impacts on India, which is ranked as the fourth most affected country. India's greenhouse gas emissions are the third largest in the world, mainly from coal use. Rising temperatures are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat and threatening water resources. This is exacerbating droughts and floods while also displacing coastal communities through sea level rise. Climate change poses severe risks to India's economy, agriculture, and population health by increasing heat waves and air pollution. The government is pursuing policies like boosting renewable energy and reforestation to mitigate and adapt to these climate change impacts.
Climate change impacts in nepal and its futureprajwal1974ad
Climate change is expected to have significant impacts in Nepal:
- Temperatures are increasing faster than the global average, with winters warming more than summers. Extreme weather events will become more common.
- Agriculture, which many depend on for livelihood, will be negatively impacted. Staple crops like rice, wheat and maize are expected to see decreased yields.
- Glacial retreat and increased glacial lake outburst floods pose catastrophic flooding risks. The frequency and size of such events are increasing.
- Other impacts include increased water-borne diseases, altered ecosystems affecting livelihoods, and substantial expected economic losses.
- Adaptation is a priority given Nepal's high vulnerability and existing low
11.effects of unsustainable use of biomass energy for cooking and strategies ...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the effects of unsustainable biomass energy use for cooking in developing countries. Biomass is harvested unsustainably and energy conversion technologies are inefficient. This results in serious health and environmental consequences. Indoor air pollution from biomass cooking causes over 1.5 million premature deaths annually, disproportionately affecting women and children. Improving biomass sustainability and efficiency, promoting modern fuels, and developing local sustainable energy capacity are discussed as strategies to reduce negative impacts. Current energy approaches in developing countries are often unsustainable and hinder development, especially for rural populations.
Climate change is having significant impacts in Nepal. Temperatures have risen by 0.06°C from 1977-2000, with greater increases at higher altitudes and in winter. Projections estimate rises of 1.4°C by 2030, 2.8°C by 2060, and 4.7°C by 2090. Precipitation trends are less certain but include more intense rainfall and variable river flows. Glaciers are retreating rapidly, increasing glacial lake outburst flood risks. Agriculture, water resources, forests, biodiversity, livestock, and health are all being affected. Nepal has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action and Local Adaptation Plans of Action framework to help communities assess vulnerabilities
The document discusses climate change and the energy sector. It provides information on:
1) The greenhouse effect and how human activities are increasing greenhouse gas levels and global warming.
2) Key greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and their sources. Human activities like fossil fuel use are the main driver of rising CO2 levels.
3) Climate change is already affecting factors like temperature, sea levels, and glaciers. Impacts are projected for areas like agriculture, water resources, and human health.
4) International agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce emissions but countries have different commitments. The EU ETS is a carbon market program to lower emissions cost-effectively.
The document discusses climate change and its impacts in Nepal. It provides an overview of weather and climate, the greenhouse effect and global warming, and how the climate is changing due to human activities. Some key impacts in Nepal include melting Himalayan glaciers and more frequent landslides and floods. The document also outlines approaches to mitigating and adapting to climate change through initiatives like renewable energy and disaster preparedness. Nepal has taken steps domestically and through international agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol to address climate change.
The document discusses climate change impacts in the Nepal Himalaya region. It notes that climate change is affecting temperature and rainfall patterns, causing glaciers to melt at faster rates. This is negatively impacting local communities who rely on natural resources for livelihoods. Case studies from the Annapurna Conservation Area show how community-based adaptation efforts, such as alternative energy programs and agriculture diversification, are helping to build resilience. The document calls for raising awareness of climate impacts in the Himalayas on a global scale.
This document summarizes the effects of global climate change on food grain production in Nepal. It finds that climate change is causing higher temperatures and more erratic rainfall patterns that are negatively impacting agricultural productivity. Droughts and floods have significantly reduced rice, maize, wheat, and other crop yields in recent years. While higher carbon dioxide levels and temperatures may slightly increase yields at higher altitudes, climate change poses serious risks to Nepal's food security overall by threatening the livelihoods of farmers and reducing stability in food production. The document recommends strategies to enhance crop resilience and agricultural practices to help Nepal adapt to the challenges presented by climate change.
Impact of climate change on glaciers_Dr. S.S.Randhawa,State Centre on Climate...India Water Portal
What is climate change and will be its effect the Himalayan glaciers? A look at what are the reasons for concerns, will it lead to more extreme weather events and what the future climate will be like.
Approach for development of a national response to climate change from public...DrSidharth Mishra
This document outlines steps for developing a national response to climate change from a public health perspective in India. It discusses defining climate change and key indicators. It then covers the global response and scenarios in countries like China, Brazil, and the US. For India specifically, it discusses the current status as a contributor to climate change and drivers for action. Key domains that a national response strategy should address are identified. Steps proposed include researching impacts and vulnerabilities, developing early warning systems, and creating emergency response plans. The document also discusses opportunities and some limitations to current approaches in India.
The document discusses the threat of climate change and provides quotes from numerous experts and organizations emphasizing that climate change poses one of the greatest threats facing humanity. It then provides further information on the impacts and evidence of climate change, including increasing temperatures worldwide and in India specifically, melting glaciers and ice, effects on animals like polar bears, and changes to forests and wetlands.
Energy conservation in India faces challenges in bridging the large gap between energy supply and demand. While India has significantly increased installed power capacity since independence, demand continues to outpace supply, resulting in shortages. Conservation can help address this issue by reducing consumption and acting as a new source of energy. Key areas for conservation include improving power factor in industries, optimizing plant load factors, insulating furnaces and vessels, and promoting renewable sources like solar and wind power. However, changing energy usage behaviors and adopting new technologies also presents challenges.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for renewable energy in developing nations in the context of climate change. It outlines how developing nations face significant impacts from climate change but have limited ability to mitigate impacts or transition to renewable energy due to financial and technical constraints. However, renewable energy represents an opportunity for inclusive sustainable growth. The document discusses policy, technological, financial, and management issues developing nations face in promoting renewable energy projects and calls for international support to address these challenges.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLIES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 level students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional works and suggested websites.
Agriculture contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Land clearing for agriculture releases carbon dioxide as forests are more efficient carbon sinks than farmland. Agricultural activities such as tilling soil, rice cultivation, and livestock also produce methane through microbial processes under low-oxygen conditions. The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers leads to nitrous oxide emissions from soil. Deforestation, especially in tropical regions like Brazil and Indonesia, for agriculture removes carbon sinks and releases stored carbon through burning.
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture through increased temperatures, changing weather patterns, and extreme weather events. Conventional farming practices like tillage, chemical fertilizers, and factory farming contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Transitioning to sustainable agriculture practices like permaculture, grazing, composting, and cover crops can help mitigate climate change while increasing soil health and fertility. Individual actions and policy changes are both needed to transform food systems and address the global problem of climate change.
Climate change affects ecosystems through increased greenhouse gases like CO2. Forests normally sequester carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, but deforestation releases stored carbon as CO2. Rising CO2 and temperatures impact coral reefs by increasing ocean acidification and causing coral bleaching. This damages coral's ability to build calcium carbonate skeletons and stresses symbiotic algae. Climate change therefore has wide-ranging ecological, economic, and social consequences for forests, coastlines, and communities that depend on healthy coral reefs.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change in Nepal and potential mitigation initiatives. Some key points:
- Nepal is experiencing rising temperatures, with averages rising 0.6°C annually and higher in the Himalayas.
- This is causing glaciers and snow to melt more rapidly, reducing water availability and damaging agriculture and food security. Disease incidence is also rising.
- To mitigate these impacts, Nepal is promoting renewable energy, reducing emissions from deforestation, and mainstreaming climate change into policies. However, more efforts are needed to increase access to low-carbon energy and mobilize financing for climate actions.
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in India. Rising temperatures are shortening crop growing periods and reducing yields of wheat, rice, maize, and other crops. Higher temperatures combined with increased CO2 levels can decrease crop nutrition. Climate change is also worsening soil health, affecting livestock and fish production, and increasing pest and disease pressures. Projections indicate continued temperature rises and more extreme weather, posing severe threats to Indian agriculture and food security over the coming decades.
Climate change and energy production have a close relationship, as climate change affects energy production and energy production contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. The document discusses how Pakistan's energy sector is vulnerable to climate change impacts like decreased hydropower generation due to less water availability. It recommends that Pakistan increase use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, adopt newer less-emitting technologies, and improve energy efficiency to mitigate climate change impacts on its energy sector.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
K.Sudhakar presents information on energy and environmental issues in India and possible solutions. Demand for energy is outpacing supply capacity while air and water pollution are causing environmental problems. Harnessing renewable energy through technologies like algal biomass could help address these issues sustainably. Research at NIT-Tiruchirappalli's Centre for Energy and Environmental Science and Technology is exploring using algae to sequester carbon dioxide from power plant flue gases and convert it into biofuels through photosynthesis. Such approaches may help create an energy system powered by the sun.
Indian Facts On Climate Change ConsolidatedVijay Thakkar
The document discusses India's contributions to and impacts from climate change. It notes that while India currently has low per capita emissions due to poverty, its growing economy fueled by fossil fuels could make it a major emitter. Rising temperatures are projected to severely impact agriculture, with some studies finding yields may drop 5-10% per 1 degree Celsius increase. Climate change is also exacerbating water scarcity and increasing extreme weather like droughts and floods in India. However, the document outlines opportunities for India to transition to renewable energy and more efficient development to combat these challenges.
Climate change is having significant impacts in Nepal. Temperatures have risen by 0.06°C from 1977-2000, with greater increases at higher altitudes and in winter. Projections estimate rises of 1.4°C by 2030, 2.8°C by 2060, and 4.7°C by 2090. Precipitation trends are less certain but include more intense rainfall and variable river flows. Glaciers are retreating rapidly, increasing glacial lake outburst flood risks. Agriculture, water resources, forests, biodiversity, livestock, and health are all being affected. Nepal has developed the National Adaptation Programme of Action and Local Adaptation Plans of Action framework to help communities assess vulnerabilities
The document discusses climate change and the energy sector. It provides information on:
1) The greenhouse effect and how human activities are increasing greenhouse gas levels and global warming.
2) Key greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and their sources. Human activities like fossil fuel use are the main driver of rising CO2 levels.
3) Climate change is already affecting factors like temperature, sea levels, and glaciers. Impacts are projected for areas like agriculture, water resources, and human health.
4) International agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce emissions but countries have different commitments. The EU ETS is a carbon market program to lower emissions cost-effectively.
The document discusses climate change and its impacts in Nepal. It provides an overview of weather and climate, the greenhouse effect and global warming, and how the climate is changing due to human activities. Some key impacts in Nepal include melting Himalayan glaciers and more frequent landslides and floods. The document also outlines approaches to mitigating and adapting to climate change through initiatives like renewable energy and disaster preparedness. Nepal has taken steps domestically and through international agreements like the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol to address climate change.
The document discusses climate change impacts in the Nepal Himalaya region. It notes that climate change is affecting temperature and rainfall patterns, causing glaciers to melt at faster rates. This is negatively impacting local communities who rely on natural resources for livelihoods. Case studies from the Annapurna Conservation Area show how community-based adaptation efforts, such as alternative energy programs and agriculture diversification, are helping to build resilience. The document calls for raising awareness of climate impacts in the Himalayas on a global scale.
This document summarizes the effects of global climate change on food grain production in Nepal. It finds that climate change is causing higher temperatures and more erratic rainfall patterns that are negatively impacting agricultural productivity. Droughts and floods have significantly reduced rice, maize, wheat, and other crop yields in recent years. While higher carbon dioxide levels and temperatures may slightly increase yields at higher altitudes, climate change poses serious risks to Nepal's food security overall by threatening the livelihoods of farmers and reducing stability in food production. The document recommends strategies to enhance crop resilience and agricultural practices to help Nepal adapt to the challenges presented by climate change.
Impact of climate change on glaciers_Dr. S.S.Randhawa,State Centre on Climate...India Water Portal
What is climate change and will be its effect the Himalayan glaciers? A look at what are the reasons for concerns, will it lead to more extreme weather events and what the future climate will be like.
Approach for development of a national response to climate change from public...DrSidharth Mishra
This document outlines steps for developing a national response to climate change from a public health perspective in India. It discusses defining climate change and key indicators. It then covers the global response and scenarios in countries like China, Brazil, and the US. For India specifically, it discusses the current status as a contributor to climate change and drivers for action. Key domains that a national response strategy should address are identified. Steps proposed include researching impacts and vulnerabilities, developing early warning systems, and creating emergency response plans. The document also discusses opportunities and some limitations to current approaches in India.
The document discusses the threat of climate change and provides quotes from numerous experts and organizations emphasizing that climate change poses one of the greatest threats facing humanity. It then provides further information on the impacts and evidence of climate change, including increasing temperatures worldwide and in India specifically, melting glaciers and ice, effects on animals like polar bears, and changes to forests and wetlands.
Energy conservation in India faces challenges in bridging the large gap between energy supply and demand. While India has significantly increased installed power capacity since independence, demand continues to outpace supply, resulting in shortages. Conservation can help address this issue by reducing consumption and acting as a new source of energy. Key areas for conservation include improving power factor in industries, optimizing plant load factors, insulating furnaces and vessels, and promoting renewable sources like solar and wind power. However, changing energy usage behaviors and adopting new technologies also presents challenges.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for renewable energy in developing nations in the context of climate change. It outlines how developing nations face significant impacts from climate change but have limited ability to mitigate impacts or transition to renewable energy due to financial and technical constraints. However, renewable energy represents an opportunity for inclusive sustainable growth. The document discusses policy, technological, financial, and management issues developing nations face in promoting renewable energy projects and calls for international support to address these challenges.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SUPPLIES. Presentation suitable for Cambridge A2 level students. It contains: key terms and definitions, topic summary, additional works and suggested websites.
Agriculture contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Land clearing for agriculture releases carbon dioxide as forests are more efficient carbon sinks than farmland. Agricultural activities such as tilling soil, rice cultivation, and livestock also produce methane through microbial processes under low-oxygen conditions. The use of nitrogen-based fertilizers leads to nitrous oxide emissions from soil. Deforestation, especially in tropical regions like Brazil and Indonesia, for agriculture removes carbon sinks and releases stored carbon through burning.
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture through increased temperatures, changing weather patterns, and extreme weather events. Conventional farming practices like tillage, chemical fertilizers, and factory farming contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Transitioning to sustainable agriculture practices like permaculture, grazing, composting, and cover crops can help mitigate climate change while increasing soil health and fertility. Individual actions and policy changes are both needed to transform food systems and address the global problem of climate change.
Climate change affects ecosystems through increased greenhouse gases like CO2. Forests normally sequester carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, but deforestation releases stored carbon as CO2. Rising CO2 and temperatures impact coral reefs by increasing ocean acidification and causing coral bleaching. This damages coral's ability to build calcium carbonate skeletons and stresses symbiotic algae. Climate change therefore has wide-ranging ecological, economic, and social consequences for forests, coastlines, and communities that depend on healthy coral reefs.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change in Nepal and potential mitigation initiatives. Some key points:
- Nepal is experiencing rising temperatures, with averages rising 0.6°C annually and higher in the Himalayas.
- This is causing glaciers and snow to melt more rapidly, reducing water availability and damaging agriculture and food security. Disease incidence is also rising.
- To mitigate these impacts, Nepal is promoting renewable energy, reducing emissions from deforestation, and mainstreaming climate change into policies. However, more efforts are needed to increase access to low-carbon energy and mobilize financing for climate actions.
Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in India. Rising temperatures are shortening crop growing periods and reducing yields of wheat, rice, maize, and other crops. Higher temperatures combined with increased CO2 levels can decrease crop nutrition. Climate change is also worsening soil health, affecting livestock and fish production, and increasing pest and disease pressures. Projections indicate continued temperature rises and more extreme weather, posing severe threats to Indian agriculture and food security over the coming decades.
Climate change and energy production have a close relationship, as climate change affects energy production and energy production contributes to climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. The document discusses how Pakistan's energy sector is vulnerable to climate change impacts like decreased hydropower generation due to less water availability. It recommends that Pakistan increase use of renewable energy sources like solar and wind, adopt newer less-emitting technologies, and improve energy efficiency to mitigate climate change impacts on its energy sector.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
K.Sudhakar presents information on energy and environmental issues in India and possible solutions. Demand for energy is outpacing supply capacity while air and water pollution are causing environmental problems. Harnessing renewable energy through technologies like algal biomass could help address these issues sustainably. Research at NIT-Tiruchirappalli's Centre for Energy and Environmental Science and Technology is exploring using algae to sequester carbon dioxide from power plant flue gases and convert it into biofuels through photosynthesis. Such approaches may help create an energy system powered by the sun.
Indian Facts On Climate Change ConsolidatedVijay Thakkar
The document discusses India's contributions to and impacts from climate change. It notes that while India currently has low per capita emissions due to poverty, its growing economy fueled by fossil fuels could make it a major emitter. Rising temperatures are projected to severely impact agriculture, with some studies finding yields may drop 5-10% per 1 degree Celsius increase. Climate change is also exacerbating water scarcity and increasing extreme weather like droughts and floods in India. However, the document outlines opportunities for India to transition to renewable energy and more efficient development to combat these challenges.
The document discusses the causes and impacts of climate change. It outlines that increasing greenhouse gases from human activities are causing the global climate to change. This will result in variations in weather patterns and extreme events like floods and droughts. Bangladesh is highly vulnerable due to its geography, population density, poverty, and reliance on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture. Impacts include reduced crop production, land loss from sea level rise, damage to water resources, health impacts, effects on biodiversity and ecosystems. National efforts are needed for adaptation and mitigation.
Climate change & its impact on our water resources_ Schools India Water Porta...India Water Portal
Climate change is causing changes around the world like receding glaciers and ice shelves. Greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere are rising and causing the Earth's temperature to increase. Burning fossil fuels for energy and transportation, deforestation, agriculture, and waste are major contributors to increasing greenhouse gases. Rising global temperatures will lead to changes in precipitation patterns, sea level rise, and more extreme weather that threaten water resources and could displace millions of people. Solutions include transitioning to renewable energy, green buildings, afforestation, water conservation, and spreading awareness.
Recent Advanced on Climate change and Human Health RAVIKANTAMISHRA
This document provides an overview of climate change and its impacts on human health in Nepal. It discusses observed climate changes including increasing global temperatures and precipitation. Climate change is negatively impacting water resources, agriculture, livestock, forests and biodiversity in Nepal. Water resources are particularly vulnerable, with glacial retreat threatening water supply. Agriculture is at risk from unreliable rainfall and flooding. Livestock are sensitive to rising temperatures and altered grazing lands. The document outlines several health impacts of climate change that Nepal may experience.
Global warming is the increase in average temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions. Temperatures have risen 0.74°C in the last 100 years. Rising CO2 levels and greenhouse gases are enhancing the greenhouse effect and trapping more heat. The impacts of climate change include shifting agricultural patterns, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, and more frequent extreme weather. To slow warming, actions are needed like transitioning to renewable energy, reducing energy consumption, improving efficiency, and carbon sequestration through afforestation.
Climate change, global warming and its consequencesVreshgouda Vru
Global warming is caused by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, especially CO2, trapping heat in the lower atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs, HFCs, PFCs and sulfur hexafluoride. GHG concentrations have increased substantially since the industrial revolution due to human activities like fossil fuel burning. If emissions continue rising, global temperatures are projected to increase 1-2°C by 2050, causing sea level rise, more extreme weather, and effects on ecosystems, agriculture, societies and economies around the world. India is particularly vulnerable due to increased flooding, droughts, cyclones and impacts on coastal areas.
Climate change & global warming consequensesVreshgouda Vru
Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations, especially CO2, trapping heat in the lower atmosphere. The main greenhouse gases are CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, CFCs, HFCs, PFCs and sulfur hexafluoride. GHG concentrations have increased substantially since the industrial revolution due to human activities like fossil fuel burning. If emissions continue rising, global temperatures are projected to increase 1-2°C by 2050, causing sea level rise, more extreme weather, and effects on ecosystems, agriculture, human health and settlements worldwide and in India.
The document discusses climate change science and the role of youth. It provides an overview of the causes and impacts of climate change, including increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. It also summarizes observed and projected climate trends in Nepal, such as increasing temperatures, more heavy rainfall events, and glacial retreat in the Himalayas. The role of youth in understanding and responding to climate change through adaptation efforts is emphasized.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on agriculture in India and strategies to mitigate these impacts. It notes that agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change due to factors like rainfall dependency and degradation of soils. Key impacts include reduced yields of crops like sorghum, maize and groundnut due to increased temperatures and changed rainfall patterns. Adaptation strategies discussed include using drought and heat tolerant crop varieties, conservation agriculture techniques like mulching, and watershed management.
Global warming is causing the average temperature of the Earth to rise, resulting in climate change. Increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, like burning fossil fuels, are trapping more heat in the atmosphere. This document reviews several impacts of global warming on the environment, including effects on agriculture, water resources, temperature, and precipitation. Rising temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns are posing challenges for food production and water availability. Many regions are facing issues like water scarcity, drought, and degraded water quality. Climate change is also expected to spread diseases and damage ecosystems. Adaptation efforts are needed to help communities cope with the environmental changes caused by global warming.
This document discusses climate change issues in India. It provides background on global warming trends, greenhouse gases and their rising levels. It then outlines some key impacts of climate change seen in India, such as droughts, sea level rise affecting coastlines, and effects on agriculture, forests and biodiversity. Specific case studies show impacts like the shifting of apple cultivation zones in Himachal Pradesh and shrinking glaciers affecting the Ganges river. The document also mentions India's initiatives to address climate change through its National Action Plan and international agreements.
This document discusses climate change issues in India. It provides background on global warming trends, greenhouse gases and their rising levels. It then outlines some key impacts of climate change seen in India, such as droughts, sea level rise affecting coastlines, and effects on agriculture, forests and biodiversity. Specific case studies show impacts like the shifting of apple cultivation zones in Himachal Pradesh and the drying of glaciers threatening Ganga river flows. The document also reviews some of India's policy initiatives to address climate change through its National Action Plan and participation in global agreements.
This document summarizes a presentation on climate change and health effects. It discusses the causes of global warming including greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. It outlines several health impacts of climate change such as changing disease patterns, food and water insecurity, extreme weather events, and effects on human settlements. It also discusses adaptation and mitigation strategies to address health risks, including strengthening health systems and surveillance, improving infrastructure, and transitioning to more sustainable energy sources. The presentation emphasizes the need for cross-sectoral approaches and accounting for health in climate change planning.
Impact of Climate Change on AgricultureDevegowda S R
Climate change is causing rising global temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns. This is impacting agriculture in India in several ways:
1) Cereal production is projected to decrease by 10-40% by 2100 due to rising temperatures, with wheat production decreasing by 4-5 million tons for every 1C rise in temperature.
2) Increased droughts and floods will make agricultural production more variable from year to year.
3) Rising sea levels could cause loss of land for agriculture and flooding in coastal areas.
This document summarizes a presentation on climate change and health effects. It discusses the causes of global warming including greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. It outlines several health impacts of climate change such as changing disease patterns, food and water insecurity, effects of extreme weather events, and health risks from adaptation and mitigation activities. It emphasizes that climate change exacerbates existing health inequities. The document recommends both continuing existing public health measures but also implementing new strategies to better adapt to climate change health risks.
Concise Oxford Dictionary defines Resilience as recoiling; springing back; resuming its original shape after bending, stretching, compression etc. With five components of crop production - space, water, energy, light, nutrients- limiting, there are biotic and abiotic stresses on crops to perform at thresh hold inputs yielding optimum output. Droughts and floods, extreme cold and heat waves, forest fires, landslides and mudslips, icestorms, duststorms, hailstorms, thunder clouds associated with lightening and sea level rise are throwing new challenges to farmers and farming. This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops, mushrooms and aromatic plants. The emphasis was so far on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on aquatic and lower plants. The aquatic plants- fresh water, brackish water, marine- were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese, Japanese and S.E. Asian nations. Halophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit and spice values. Eighty thousand plants are reported to be of possible use, about 30,000 plants are found edible in nature and approximately 7,000 plants are cultivated by mankind at one time or another, of which 158 plants are grown by man at some point of time. Among these, 30 crops provide world’s food and only 10 crops supply 75% of the world’s food budget. Out of these only three crops-rice, wheat, maize provide 60% of the world’s food requirement.This dangerously narrow level of food base prompts to widen the base of grains, vegetables, fruits, spices, industrial crops medicinal plants, mushrooms, plantation crops, pulses, fibre crops, oil seeds and aromatic plants.The emphasis so far was more on terrestrial plants, forest plants and lesser on lower plants like lichens, micro algae, fungi and bryophytes. The aquatic plants-fresh, brackish, marine water were not much explored for edible use except by Chinese and Japanese.The food base of people in South East Asia is partly on cacti (dragon fruit), micro-algae (azola) and several leaf vegetables unlike in India.Halophytes, bryophytes, ferns and sea weeds are so far climate resilient and require lesser fresh water and energy. The Indo-Burmese Centre of origin (Hindustan centre including North East) is abode of several plants of possible vegetable, fruit, industrial, energy and spicy value. The projected climate resilient crops are edible chasmophytes, brahmakamal, tropical tuber crops, herbs like broad dhaniya (Burmese coriander) and black caraway, kale, ornamental gingers, speciality mushrooms and leafy vegetables of Mizoram unexploited and underutilized in the main land.
Lecture-4 Climate Change Effect and Strategic Initiatives of BangladeshShankor Paul
The document summarizes a lecture on climate change effects and strategic initiatives in Bangladesh. It defines climate change and the greenhouse effect process. It describes the major causes of global warming such as carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and deforestation. Effects include rising sea levels, more floods and cyclones in Bangladesh. Climate change vulnerabilities vary across regions like coastal, floodplain and hilly areas. Government policies encourage clean energy and the country has signed agreements on climate change. Strategic initiatives include adaptation programs, a climate change cell, and a $100 million annual fund.
Introduction of climatechangeinindia-210918112730.pdfRAJESHKUMAR428748
Climate change is having significant impacts on India, which is ranked as the fourth most affected country. India's greenhouse gas emissions are the third largest in the world, mainly from coal use. Rising temperatures are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat and threatening water resources. This is exacerbating droughts and floods while also displacing coastal communities through sea level rise. Climate change poses severe risks to India's economy, agriculture, and population health by increasing heat waves and air pollution. The government is pursuing policies like boosting renewable energy and reforestation to mitigate and adapt to these climate change impacts.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdfTechgropse Pvt.Ltd.
In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
16. The fraction of CO 2 remaining in the air, after emission by fossil fuel burning, declines rapidly at first, but 1/3 remains in the air after a century and 1/5 after a millennium ( Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7 , 2287-2312, 2007). CO2 stays in the air for a long time
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18. National power demand changes over the course of a day: POWER USAGE Data: UK National Power Usage 14-21/10/2009 Source: The National Grid Demand is highest during the evening – this is peak load. Average demand is much lower – this is base load.
19. Coal is a dominant provider of baseload power Source: CEA (2008), IEA 2007 Total GigaWatts of Installed Power Capacity Majority of our increase is planned to come from coal 70%+ coal based 49% coal based 54%
20. India’s Solar Energy Potential Source: NASA Atmospheric Science Data Center (2008) Kilowatt-hours per square meter per day
21. Proposed solar programs will reduce carbon emissions by 23 million metric tons per year by 2030.
27. Northwestern Himalayas have become 1.4°C warmer in the last 100 years, a far higher level of warming than the 0.5°C – 1.1°C for the rest of the globe
28. Indian glaciers have already started melting…. 1936 2006 Pindari Glacier, Himalayas
32. The Himalayan glaciers are very important to humans because… They are the source of 7 major Asian rivers. They provide water to 40% of the world’s population Photo: Nikhil Devasar/Sanctuary Photolibrary
33. The melting of the Himalayan glaciers will adversely impact rivers systems in two ways: 1. First increase the volume of water in rivers, leading to widespread flooding 2. Then a drying out of the rivers as the glaciers completely disappear.
34. Larger glaciers are melting all over the world. When ice melts off of the Antarctic or Greenland, it results in rising sea levels . Photo: Roger J. Braithwaite, University of Manchester School of Geology
35. We are already seeing the beginning… The Sunderbans mangroves have decreased by 20% in the last 40 years… Photo: Dr. Anish Andheria/Sanctuary Photolibrary
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38. Orissa Between 1950 and 1990 there has been an increase in temperature of 1°C Between 1993 and 2006 there has been an increase in temperature of 0.12°C In March and April 2009 over 70 people died on account of sunstroke 1991 to 2000 has been the warmest decade in the last 140 years for India West Bengal Temperatures reached 49°C in the Purulia district, four degrees above normal for the time of year In Kolkatta the maximum temperature shot to 41°C, five degrees above normal for the time of year Nine people died this summer on account of sunstroke Mumbai Water consumption increased by 20% owing to the unusual heat wave this summer Mumbai is supplied 3,350 mld, but the sudden increase in water consumption has taken demand closer to the 5000 mld mark
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40. But these changes are unpredictable. Sometimes it means droughts even during monsoons.
44. For the first time in history, India’s coasts are seeing Super Cyclones. Bay of Bengal NARGIS, April 2008 – Category 4 Arabian Sea GONU, June 2007 – Category 5
45. Projected changes in agricultural productivity in 2080 due to climate change, incorporating the effects of carbon Source: Peterson Institute / UNEP / GRID-Arendal, 2007 Climate Change and Food Security
46. These storms are causing massive destruction. Super Cyclone Sidr CATEGORY 5 November 15, 2007 US $ 4.4 billion in damages 12 lakh tonnes of rice paddy devastated- this accounts for 40% of the country’s output 8.9 Million environmental refugees left homeless
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48. Agriculture is the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. “ Around 46 % of the India’s geographical area is used for Agricultural Activities.” Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 16.6% of the GDP in 2007 and employed 60% of the country's population. Agriculture: core to employment & security
51. Animals and fauna across India predicted to disappear rapidly Effect of fragmentation, forest degradation and climate change on mean species abundance of India. 2030 2008 Source: GIST India, NEAA (2008) RED means 0% species present
61. The average Indian produces very little carbon dioxide compared with International levels Total Greenhouse Emissions (per person)
62. Historical picture shows an even greater divide in responsibility Source: James Hansen, 2008, ‘Tipping Points Near’
63. Human development indicators correlate strongly with increased electricity consumption India USA Greece Italy Japan Norway Iceland South Africa UK Electricity consumption (annual kw hrs/person, 2004) Human Development Index (2007)
64. But beyond a certain level, energy usage does not correlate with further development Electricity consumption (annual kw hrs/person, 2004) Human Development Index (2007) Band of non-achievement India USA Greece Italy Japan Norway Iceland South Africa UK Cold/Dark/ Low density Warm/ High Density
65. India can push for a more efficient electricity target… India Electricity consumption (annual kw hrs/person, 2004) Human Development Index (2007) … but that is still over 5 times current Indian Consumption levels Can India get here?
66. Why is Ind i a currently a low carbon economy ?
71. Or is it because over 400 million Indians are living in the dark?
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73. The Power To Change "Speed is irrelevant if you are going in the wrong direction." “ There is a sufficiency in the world for man's need but not for man's greed”
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77. Global Target for Per Capita Emissions 5.5t World Average 2005 2 t World Average 2050 A Global Challenge- Cut Emissions By 66%
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80. Getting to 2 Tonnes – Some Low Hanging Fruit Source: Mckinsey (2009)
81. Many initiatives can be incorporated into our development rather than retrofitted Source: Mckinsey (2009)
84. Urbanization in India: A chance to incorporate latest thinking Source: UNICEF % of Indian population living in urban areas India is one of the least urbanized countries in the world
85. Green Buildings WORLDWIDE, BUILDINGS ACCOUNT FOR… 17% 25% 33% 40% fresh water withdrawals wood harvest CO 2 emissions material & energy use Source: U.S Green Building Council, 2008 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MATERIAL USE SITE LOCATION & PLANNING ENERGY EFFICIENCY WATER MANAGEMENT
86. Private vehicles in India account for 67.6% of motorized vehicles in India. They carry 37% of the commuters and take up 67.1% of the road width. Buses are 24.4% of the vehicles, 61% of the commuters and 38% of the road width. CO2 emissions from cars has increased by 73% and from two wheelers by 61% in Delhi alone Chance to build proper public transport in our new cities from the start Source: Down To Earth Magazine, 2008 (CSE Publication)
87. Use regulation to manage vehicle emissions Source: ICCT (2008) Indian average Diesel cars 38 mpg Indian average Petrol cars 34 mpg
94. If you have to use a car, make it an efficient one Maruti is first Indian car company to publish its fuel efficiency standards Rated Fuel Economy of Maruti Suzuki Vehicles, 2009 Model Segment Fuel Km/L L/100km mpg US M800 A1 gasoline 16.1 6.2 37.9 Omni C gasoline 16.9 5.9 39.8 VERSA C gasoline 12.7 7.9 29.9 Alto A2 gasoline 18.1 5.5 42.6 Zen Estilo A2 gasoline 17.3 5.8 40.7 Wagon R A2 gasoline 17 5.9 40 A Star A2 gasoline 19.6 5.1 46.1 Swift diesel A2 diesel 21 4.8 49.4 Swift gasoline A2 gasoline 15.9 6.3 37.4 Dzire gasoline A3 gasoline 15.9 6.3 37.4 Dzire diesel A3 diesel 21 4.8 49.4 SX4 A3 gasoline 15 6.7 35.3 Gypsy MUV gasoline 11.3 8.6 26.6 Grand Vitara MUV gasoline 11.2 8.9 26.3
101. How do you calculate your carbon footprint? www.no2co2.in
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Editor's Notes
This slide series has images of the Sun and the Earth with a schematic treatment of solar rays coming down and (some of the) heat filtering back up through the atmosphere to Space. As sunlight warms the earth, a good deal of the heat that arrives in these rays then escapes back out to outer space through the atmosphere. Still, the atmosphere captures some of the heat. If the atmosphere “thickens” through the addition of increased levels of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane), more heat will be held in by the atmosphere, much like throwing a thicker blanket on the bed will retain more heat.
For many years the amount of greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere has kept the temperatures of the planet within a range that is comfortable for humans and other living creatures. Compare this balance in temperature to two other planets: Mars has very little atmosphere, retains little heat and is very cold temperatures while Venus has large amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and is much too hot for humans.
This slide is showing the Sun shining energy rays down to the Earth and red upward arrows indicating how much heat remains in the atmosphere and how much of it drifts back to space. Solar energy contains visible radiation. Basically, the Earth’s surface absorbs most of the visible solar radiation and re-sends much of it as infrared radiation back up to the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, absorb this infrared radiation, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. This is how the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if these infrared radiation absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.
Human beings, their industries, transportation and settlements are now sizable and numerous enough to be capable of altering the chemistry of the Earth’s atmosphere. The primary source of the increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide since the pre-industrial period results from fossil fuel use, with land-use change providing another significant, but smaller, contribution. Here we see smokestacks spewing smoke and vapor. Again, many people hold the longstanding but false assumption that the Earth is too vast to harm through human activity and even if real environmental harms is done the Earth would recover quickly. In reality, scientists find that the earth’s atmosphere is so thin that we have been changing its chemical composition though human activities. In 2007, the United Nations peak scientific body on climate change the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change said: “We conclude that warming caused by human activities has likely had a discernible impact on the global level on many physical and biological systems.” (IPCC AR4 press conference, Brussels.) Background: Other quotes from IPCC’s 4AR report could be woven into the discussion at this point. Either of these statements are relevant and can be sourced to 4AR It is very likely (more than 90%) that greenhouse gas increase caused most of the warming since the mid 20 th century - It is extremely unlikely (less than 5%) that warming caused by natural variability – human activities – at least 5 times greater than due to solar output change.
Slides 11-14: Indian Examples Talking Points : Human beings, their industries, transportation and settlements are now sizeable and numerous enough to be capable of altering the chemistry of the Earth’s atmosphere. Background: A smoke stack in Mumbai. We can alter the basic molecular components of the Earths’ atmosphere and specifically are doing so with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, incombustible gas. It goes into the atmosphere during plant respiration, organic fuel combustion, and decomposition of organic material. CO2 is the most important of the greenhouse gases because of its abundance.
Talking Point: Deforestation is responsible for nearly 26% of India’s greenhouse emissions.
Talking Points: Our lifestyles require polluting forms of transportation. The number of cars in India have drastically increased in the last few decades, and we do not have proper urban systems in place to handle this new traffic. Our lack of investment in the scale of public transport needed has lead to increased pollution levels that could have easily been mitigated. Source: These pictures come from the Sanctuary Asia Photo Library. Data is sourced from CSE, the Planning Commission, and TERI.
This slide schematically shows the atmosphere thickening as a result of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases.
This slide schematically shows that the thicker atmosphere (thickened by higher amounts of greenhouse gas) holds more heat onto the Earth’s surface, as reflected in the red upward arrows.
In June (2009), in the US, the White House released a report which explained that the effects of climate change are already been felt. Temperatures are climbing, sea levels and rising and rainfall is increasing. The United Nations is warning that tens of millions of people living in the worlds biggest cities are highly exposed to “mega disaster.” Report lead author Dr Jerry Melillo said: “It is clear that climate change is happening now. The observed climate changes we report are not opinions to be debated; they are facts to be dealt with.’ Jane Lubchenco is the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said on the day of the report launch “I really believe this report is a game changer, I think that much of the foot dragging in addressing climate change is a reflection of the perception that climate change is way down the road, it's in the future. And this report demonstrates, provides the concrete scientific information that says unequivocally that climate change is happening now.” Source http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/default.php
This graph simply explains what the likely scenarios are. It is based on recent information from the UK’s Met Office. The graph explains simply what will happen, globally, under four climate change abatement models which are on the table The red arrow shows the projected temperature rise (the figure to the left) and percentage emissions will increase by - if no action is taken The yellow arrow shows the projected temperature rise (the figure to the left) and percentage emissions will increase by - if action is delayed until 2030 The blue arrow shows the projected temperature rise (the figure to the left) and percentage emissions will increase by - if action starts at 2010, but slowly The green arrow shows the projected temperature rise (the figure to the left) and percentage emissions will increase by - if rapid action starts at 2010 To stay close to a two degree Celsius we need to implement the model represented by the green arrow, specifically – early but rapid decline of carbon emissions globally beginning in 2010. How do we do this? Mr Gore and the following slides will explain. (… and that is to et an ambitious target and lobby our leaders ensure the Copenhagen COP is the forum to ensure the world quickly moves away from fossil fuels and embraces a renewable future ….) (The Met Office in an abbreviation for Meteorological Office. It is the UK’s national weather services and is a subsidiary of the Ministry of Defence. It provides a range of critical services globally. It is the U Weather has international responsibilities for the provision of services.)
The Asia Pacific Summit trained people from Australia, Bangladesh, China, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, the United Kingdom, the USA and Yemen. This map above indicates what most of these countries in Asia and Oceania contribute, in terms of emissions, the global climate crisis. As an example - the average Australian produces 27 tonnes of carbon a year – that is one person – producing an amount of carbon pollution, most of that is attributed to the electricity we consume and buy. Note to speakers: If it helps you explain to your audiences – here are two examples of what one tonne of carbon “is” in practical terms - A transatlantic return flight from London to New York will emit more than a tonne of carbon per passenger. - Leaving ten twin fluorescent light fittings on for eight hours a day will produce one tonne of carbon a year. - Reducing the heating temperature in an office by just 1°C can save 30 tonnes of carbon a year. source:www.carbonmap.co.uk Source guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/global/interactive/2008/dec/09/climatechange-carbonemissions
Carbon pollution does not recognise national boundaries. Everything that we do, buy and produce effects the quantity of carbon and other gases which are constantly manufactured and released into the atmosphere. This is a table of the amount of carbon pollution each of our regions produce and contribute to the global problem, and where we stand in order of rank globally as an emitter. Understanding the root cause of the problem is the primary step to solving the crisis. Each of our regions have different contributing factors which, if addressed, will largely solve the crisis and help us work together and achieve a low carbon future and enjoy prosperity. For Australia it is the dependence on burning coal as the main source of cheap electricity, in Indonesia it is deforestation. In China it is processes involved in industry and it is a similar story in India. But as you can tell already – all of these issues are all of our problem – we all benefit from cheap manufacturing, Australia exports its coal, the forests of PNG and Indonesia are being cut down by multi national companies and are used in products which are sold all over the world.
The table above is a snapshot of what governments in the Asia Pacific region has decided to do about reducing their carbon pollution. Above the white line are the immediate short term targets by the countries which have been agreed. Below the line are the maximum longer term agreements in place. What we each do as countries individually is relevant, but mostly not enough – and not integrated. India and China have an action plan, as does Indonesia. Australia is struggling to agree a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme and the Philippines has a voluntary reduction goal in place. While all this stop – start policy planning is happening with various degrees of success at a government level – the thing we need to understand and spell out very clearly is … that mother nature does not do bail outs. Look at what is happening right now in your region ….. It can be hard to keep abreast of all the changes happening in our region. And to make it more difficult to keep track of, some regions have intentions but no agreed policy on what is called the abatement and mitigation of climate change.
Important to note that India is ranked 5 th world wide, even with a much lower number that USA and China. The point here is installed does not necessarily mean it is being efficiently used.
Description: This graph shows the intensity of sun that each part of the Earth receives. As you can see, India is quite red, especially in the Rajasthan region. Talking Point: We are proud to say that the National Action Plan that the government published in June 2008 pushed strongly for solar energy research and development. Currently we have good subsidies in place to promote solar thermal heating, which are panels placed on top of buildings to heat water so you do not need a geyser. Many new housing complexes that are coming up in suburbs of cities require solar thermal heating from the developers. On a more mass scale there is investments being promised by a host of Indian companies. Signet Solar hopes to invest $ 2 billion over 10 years to set up 3 Indian plants to reach 1 gW production. TATA BP solar will invest 100 million on R&D and solar power generation. A Reliance 1 GW solar PV manufactoring plant for $3 billion is currently in planning stages.
With advanced industry development and high levels of energy efficiency, concentrated solar power could meet up to 7% of the world’s power needs by 2030 and fully one quarter by 2050* Large scale commercially viable concentrating solar power in areas best suited (ie with the most sun) specifically Australia, parts of India, China as well as the Middle East, Northern Africa and southern Europe – will employ as a many as 2 million people and produce a combined solar power capacity if more than 830 GW - by 2050. It would create more than $US14.4 billion investment in 2010 and save more than 148 million tonnes of carbon pollution annually by 2020, rising to 2.1 billion in 2050. The principle exists and is operational in California. In March a Californian start up company eSolar announced a licence deal for its solar power technology for the construction of up to 1 gigawatt of solar farms in India over the next decade. The Indian government is currently trailing a feed in tariff for solar power of up to 10 rupees per kWh (kilo watt hour). This is Desertec's sketch of a possible infrastructure for sustainable power supply to Europe and the Mediterranean. MENA refers to the "Middle East and North Africa," and "Concentrating Solar Power" refers to solar thermal energy. This is just one of the viable options available to replace the burning of fossil fuels and to radically reduce the globes carbon pollution. Source: *Concentrating Solar Power Global outlook 09 3 rd joint report from IEA, Estela & Greenpeace report A consortium of German firms is planning a massive solar energy project in the North Africa desert. The aim is to provide electricity for German households. The venture is expected to cost 400 billion euros (552 billion dollars) and start providing the first electricity in 10 years. Some 15 firms and institutions have expressed interest ion joining the consortium, among them Siemens, Deutsche Bank, insurer Munich Re, and utilities giants RWE and E.ON. It has been reported that the main players will meet in July 13 and continue to seek support for solar power stations in Sahara for plants would supply power to Europe, Africa.
Slide 1: Indian Climate Change Story Talking Point: The Climate Project is an international organisaton made up of over 2,500 personally trained individuals under Al Gore. It has chapters in the UK, Australia, Canada, Spain and since March of 2009, India. In India we have over 100 civic leaders who have been trained, and are committed to spreading the message of Climate Change in our country. However, because Mr. Gore’s presentation is geared to developed nations, we have had to change the approach to climate change education at home. Instead we focus on the India-specific issues as well as developmental needs of the country. Apollo 17 Photo taken 7 December, 1972
Talking Point: We are going to highlight the five main symptoms of Climate Change. These are happening all over the world, but we will show Indian examples of them.
Description: Photos of the Pindari Glacier in the Himalayas. Talking Point: This photo shows how much of it has disappeared in the last sixty years.
SOURCE: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/gangotri4.jpg Description: Sattelite image which depicts rate of recession of Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas. Background: The Himalayan Glaciers, which regulate the water supply to the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Mekong, Thanlwin, Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are believed to be retreating at a rate of 10 to 15 metres (33-49 feet) each year. (BBC News) The Gangotri is especially troubling because it is the main glacier that feeds the Ganges River. This is why scientists say that the Ganges could dry up as early as 2035. According to bodies such as TERI and the IPCC, there is a very good chance that after 2035, the Gangotri Glacier would have receded to a point that it will no longer be able to feed the Ganges.
Description: Snow Leopard in the Himalayas
Talking Point: We have our own “polar bear” scenario in India. The Himalayas are home to a rich biodiversity and strong ecosystem. The rapid rate at which the glaciers are melting means that we are destroying their habitat and species loss is drastically on the rise. Do we need to start calling the snow leopard a rock leopard?
Description: Ariel view of Himalayan range. Talking Point: This is a very scary reality because in India and most of South Asia, we depend on the Himalayas. Their snow peak mountaintops control our weather patterns, and their glaciers feed our rivers which are the lifeline of our country. It is also our only last source of fresh water as groundwater levels are depleting even faster than the glaciers.
Source: The Ganges River data comes from the 2007 UN Report on Climate Change Issues.
Talking point: There is a difference between sea based ice and land based ice. Greenland and Antarctica have meters of ice over them which rest on the land, so they are examples of land-based ice. When this ice melts off into the oceans it adds to the sea levels and causes them to rise. If Greenland were to melt (which is highly likely in the next century) we could have sea levels rise to as much as 7 meters.
Description: Indian Wetlands. Talking Point: Satellite imagery shows scientists that there is a decrease of 20% in Sunderban mangroves in the last 40 years. According to a WWF India report, islands are disappearing at rapid rates. In 2000 there were 102 islands, but in 2002 there were only 100. Some parts of the Sunderbans have lost up to 2.5 km of their lands to the sea. On average, islands have lost 48% of their land. WWF India reports that the sea levels in West Bengal are rising at 5 mm per year.
Talking Point: An important factor that is significantly affecting the corals is ocean acidity. Because carbon dioxide is a soluble gas, it is rapidly absorbed by seawater, and anthropogenic carbon dioxide has accumulated in the world's oceans. The limestone or calcium carbonate, structures of coral reefs are constructed by coral animals from the calcium and carbonate dissolved in seawater. The increasing acidity of the ocean is reducing the amount of carbonate available in seawater, and it of concern that these changes in the chemistry of the ocean are reducing coral cover. Climate change and ocean acidity have some grave irreversible impacts on the reefs. One of the most direct effects is that the rate of coral mortality greatly increases. Based on surveys in the 1960s and early 1970s and recent studies of relatively “pristine” reefs, it appears that historically, coral cover has reduced by 50-60%. It also affects the reproductive ability of the corals. Due to this, the population of reefs significantly decreases over a period of time. (In addition to this, the loss of zooxanthellae causes a drastic reduction in the productivity of the coral since zooxanthellae controls primary production.) This makes the corals weaker as they are less calcified than usual and this in turn reduces its chances of survival. If temperatures continue to rise then the future of the coral reefs looks very bleak. Even under moderate greenhouse scenarios, present and future increases in sea temperature are likely to have severe effects on the world’s coral reefs within 20-30 years. Most coral reef systems are predicted to experiencing near-annual bleaching events by the year 2040. Some coral reefs (e.g. Caribbean, South-east Asian) may even reach this point by 2020.
Talking Point: We are going to highlight the five main symptoms of Climate Change. These are happening all over the world, but we will show Indian examples of them.
Description: Data from a report done by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune, which studied rainfall patterns in India from 1813-2006, most of this decrease in rainfall began in the mid-1960s. Talking Point: It is also important to note that significant portions of the country felt an increase in rainfall in the last 50 years. This goes to show that although the overall trend is in rainfall reduction, what the graph really shows is a shift in rainfall patterns. If you break this graph up into the monsoon months (June-September) and then reassess rainfall patterns you will find a movement of the monsoon towards beginning sooner (increase in June rainfall in 55% of the country) while the other three months suffer decrease in rainfall trends (with July being at 85%, August at 58% and September at 69% of the country effected).
Description: A photo taken by Sanctuary Asia photo contest awardee Sudipto Das. A hungry boy is sitting on cracked earth- a common sight in many parts of our country now. Talking Point: Due to lack of rains, Maharashtra declared a drought situation on July 9 th 2000. By mid-monsoon season only 20% of the dams were full. Farmers were going bankrupt and committing suicide. Andra Pradhesh also suffers badly from drought, as do many of our northern states. This is because warmer temperatures lead to more evaporation of water from the land.
Description: A hungry famer who has lost his land. Talking Point: Although this trend is nothing novel (the 1990s saw a huge surge in farmer suicides), the amount of indebted households in India have risen as changing weather patterns adding to the challenge of the farmers. These shifts are due to our warming Earth, to such a drastic effect that experts from Yale and World Bank predict up to 17% reduction in farming income just because of climate change.
Description: Satellite images of Super Cyclones that have been hitting the Bay of Bengal in the last few years. These never existed before, so Super Cyclone is a new terminology for the region! Talking Point: The new phenomena of Super Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal pose a huge threat to the security of the mangroves, according to WWF India.
The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report concluded that the poorest countries would be hardest hit, with reductions in crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions due to decreased water availability, and new or changed insect pest incidence. In Africa and Latin America many rain-fed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected. Primary Source: Cline, W. R. 2007. Global Warming and Agriculture: Impact Estimates by Country. Washington D.C., USA: Peterson Institute. Secondary Source: UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Projected agriculture in 2080 due to climate change, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library , http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/projected-agriculture-in-2080-due-to-climate-change (Accessed 9 September 2008)
Source: This information is from DTE Aug 16 addition. Refugee data is from FAO/GIEWS Global Watch 21 st Dec 2007. It is sourced from the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh. Talking Point: Super Cyclone Sidr hit the Bay of Bengal on November 15, 2007. It is the second among 3 super cyclones to hit the Bay of Bengal which is a record as super cyclones never existed here before. These are a very costly and destructive new phenomenon for the residents living there as well. Background: The devastation it has caused was long lasting because it destroyed future yields of crops as well from the Boro Paddy crop. The 12 lakh tonnes which were completely destroyed are from the Aman paddy crop.
Talking Point: We are going to highlight the five main symptoms of Climate Change. These are happening all over the world, but we will show Indian examples of them.
UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Freshwater availability: groundwater and river flow, UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library , http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/freshwater-availability-groundwater-and-river-flow (Accessed 8 September 2008). India will face an acute shortage of fresh water - including rainwater and groundwater - in the next 35 to 40 years, says a new Planning Commission study. Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and other states Water tables falling by 1-3 meters per year in some parts. In some states extraction is double the recharge. In thePunjab, India's breadbasket, water table falling by nearly 1 meter per year.
Description: This is a slide that was created by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. It has been presented by our Chairperson, Pavan Sukhdev at some of his lectures. The data is also used for his GIST organisation analysis reports. Talking Point: This shows how quickly we will lose our flora and fauna in India due to our lack of respect for the environment. It literally looks as though India will be bleeding soon.
Talking Point: We are going to highlight the five main symptoms of Climate Change. These are happening all over the world, but we will show Indian examples of them.
The transmission of many infectious diseases is affected by climatic factors. Infective agents and their vector organisms are sensitive to factors such as temperature, surface water, humidity, wind, soil moisture, and changes in and forest distribution. This applies particularly to vector-borne diseases (VBD) like malaria. It is therefore projected that climate change and altered weather patters would affect the range (both altitude and latitude), intensity, and seasonality of many vector-borne and other infectioius diseases. In general, increased warmth and moisture would enhance transmission of VBDs. Source: UNEP These organisms are sensitive to temperature, rainfall patterns, and are therefore potentially sensitive to changes in climate. Many vector-borne diseases that are likely to be affected by climate change have been ranked by WHO as the most important tropical diseases in the world. The human impact of these diseases is enormous. They affect productivity and cause a vicious spiral of poverty and disability. The distribution and seasonality of many of these diseases may be influenced by climate change. Increases in temperature would tend to accelerate vector life cycles and would also decrease the incubation period of the parasite or virus. Bhutan and Nepal, both of which have reported Dengue for the first time. Aedes Egypti, the dengue causing mosquito, was previously found normally at a height of 500 metres above sea level. Of late, these have been sighted at an altitude of 2200 meters in Darjeeling and 4000 meters in Nepal. Chikungunya, which resurfaced in India after 31 years in 2006, has been reported for the first time from Italy.
Description: Down To Earth Magazine August 16 Issue. The data was sourced from Municipal Corporation Greater Mumbai Annual Report. Talking Point: The issues with unsafe drinking water have reached such levels that even the wealthy cannot hide from them. Contamination of municipal water is mainly due to the fact that the pipes are over 100 years old and easily allow sewage to seep in. Climate change plays a role because the current sewage system is definitely not able to handle the heavier monsoon rainfalls and leads to further pollution of the pipes. The World Health Organization believes that dehydration and diarrhea kills 1.8 million people every year. The WHO is also reporting that climate change induced stress to water supplies has lead to 2.4% of the deaths from water-borne diseases.
Estimate deaths per million for 2000 from indoor smoke from solid fuels
Source: Government of India (2008) National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation measures: Drought Proofing Crop Improvement Water Harvesting and Conservation Forestry - afforestation programme Coastal Regions - Zoning restrictions, consturcution of infrastructure and cyclone shelters. Planting mangroves and trees Health - control of vector borne diseases and provision of medical relief Risk Financing - Crop Insurance Scheme - insure crop failure, Credit Support Mechanism - extend credit to farmers during crop failure Disaster Managment
Description: Graph on green house gas emissions per person. Talking Point: As we mentioned before we have a much lower impact on the environment per person. This shows all the greenhouse gases that we contribute. Beyond carbon they include methane and others. If we are just looking at carbon though, we call it our “carbon footprint.” Meaning, how much does our lifestyle impact our atmosphere in terms of quantity of carbon dioxide emissions it results in.
By 2030 we need to move to the red point.
Talking Point: Any ideas?
Talking Point: True we have good train and bus public transport systems in place. But are they adequate for our population? Is it something that is practical and convenient for all?
Description: Rag Picker at Dharavi Slums. Talking Point: India has one of the highest rates of recycling in the world. If you visit Dharavi slums you will see how advanced the business is, with each neighborhood taking on a different material to recycle. However, is this a humane way of dealing with our waste?
Description: Gulabjamun in front of soaking vegetables. Talking Point: Vegetarianism is a main part of the Indian diet. We do know that meat eaters have a much higher carbon footprint due to the land needs of grazing the animal and other transportation-related impacts from the industry. Cows also let out a lot of methane which contributes to greenhouse gas levels. However, as India’s wealth increases we are moving more towards a non veg diet. What is more important to note is that Indians tend to source their vegetable produce locally rather than have it shipped from other parts of the country. This is a key in keeping our impact low.
Description: Woman washing dishes from a single tub of water. Talking Point: Do we conserve water because it is in our culture to do so? Or rather because we don’t have enough water to go around? Water scarcity is one of the biggest problems in India right now, and it is only going to get worse.
Description: A tiny light in the corner symbolizes the absence of substantial energy. Talking Point: The reality is that we are hiding behind our poor. How can many sectors of our society waste or over-consume electricity or water if they do not have access to it? If we go back to the graph and measure the carbon footprint of the person in this room it will be somewhere closer to Russia or even Europe. Any of us who travel abroad frequently would go over US levels as well! Our lifestyles have little to do with the number. It is the high rates of abject poverty in our country who make us look green.
Description: Great quotes from Mahatma Gandhi which sum up everything that we have been doing over the last century.
The consensus within the scientific community is that in order to avoid catastrophic impacts of climate change we need to keep the earth’s average temperature rise within 2 degrees celsius. In order for us to achieve this target, our global emissions in 2050 should be 50% of our 1990 emissions. In per capita terms, this amounts to approximately 2 tonnes per person
Hague Negotiations broke down and the Bush administration explicitly rejected the protocol shortly after. Bonn US did not participate in the negotiations but acted as observers Emissions trading; Joint Implementation; and the Clean Development Mechanism - which allow industrialized countries to fund emissions reduction activities in developing countries as an alternative to domestic emission reductions. Credit was agreed to for broad activities that absorb carbon from the atmosphere or store it. Discussed broad outlines of consequences for failing to meet emissions targets. Three new funds were agreed upon to provide assistance for needs associated with climate change
“ India has already declared that even as it pursues its social and economic development objectives, it will not allow its per capita GHG emissions to exceed the average per capita emissions of the developed countries. This effectively puts a cap on our emissions, which will be lower if our developed country partners choose to be more ambitious in reducing their own emissions.” - shyam Saran For instance, let us consider the Obama administration’s proposed target to reduce US’s emissions by 80% by 2050. This target will amount to a per capita reduction from 20 tonnes (at present) to 4 tonnes per year (by 2050). India can then state, in line with its targets that it will always keep its per capita emissions below 4 tonnes pending further iteration by the US.
Description: According to the UNICEF, the average annual rate of urbanization in India (1990-2006) is 2.6 %. Talking Point: For the first time in our history, India will become a predominantly urbanized country. We have many tier II and tier III cities that are just being built up, and this can be a great opportunity for us. If we develop sustainable practices like proper infrastructure, expansive public transport systems, and green architecture, we can ensure that our cities will have a much lower impact on the environment than other developed nations’.
Description: This data has come from CSE. This focuses on Public Transport. Talking Point: We are overloading our cities with traffic congestion. All our new cities should focus on public transport systems as they are being built. Otherwise we are (literally) not going anywhere!
SPEAKER NOTES & TOP-8 FAQs: Biofuel production has been a controversial topic because of concerns about forest destruction and competition with food production. But there are ways to do it right, and produce significant social & environmental benefits One sustainable approach is highlighted in the following case study from CleanStar, an award-winning social enterprise working on promoting biofuel production from “earth to engine”, with a focus on grassroots technology applications [focus on Inputs] CleanStar’s approach focuses on leveraging existing resources in rural areas that are not used to their full potential , to plant a mix of oilseed-bearing trees [focus on processing & oil] Once mature, these BioFuel trees start producing seeds that are rich in oil. Crushing these seeds in a simple oil press extracts the oil, which is then filtered and stored. This oil is more viscous than Diesel, but can be used directly in modified Diesel engines by mixing in a tiny amount of fuel additives. The process of modifying engines is relatively straightforward and inexpensive using the patented technology supplied by CleanStar. After modification, the genset or vehicle is a “flex-fuel” system that can run 100% on tree oil or 100% on diesel, or any combination thereof depending on fuel availability. [focus on processing & seedcake] The material l eftover after crushing seeds, the “seedcake”, and other waste biomass from the trees is processed into low-carbon substitutes for Coal, Natural Gas, and Fertilizer 7. CleanStar’s approach has several advantages over low-carbon energy production systems: [run through green callout boxes starting from left top, highlighting: ] It creates many new jobs in rural areas (unlike solar, wind, etc.) Avoids competition with food production (by using idle land) Promotes better Natural Resource Mgmt Avoids mono culture by using many species Is more productive than soya oil [continue with right top] Reduces carbon emissions by 85% compared to Diesel IMMEDIATELY after switch Engine conversion allow use of EXISTING vehicles (don’t need expensive new hybrid/electric/hydrogen vehicles), and by-passes need to set up large centralised factories to convert plant oil into BioDiesel (can have local energy production & consumption) generates many useful by-products CleanStar has developed and tested this model in central Maharashtra (Beed district) and is now scaling it up with partners across India, southern Africa and Latin America. ___________________________ FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS [A.] HOW MUCH DOES IT COST / WHAT ARE THE ECONOMICS? In India (where fossil diesel is heavily subsidized) this model is generally cost-neutral in comparison to Diesel (excluding any subsidies, carbon value, etc.). In the long term, we expect oil to be available more cheaply than diesel, providing a cost savings to people who switch to green fuel. Much depends on site-specific factors that affect production, processing, and energy distribution costs. Some of CleanStar’s projects anticipate as high as 26% Internal Rate of Return to financiers of a fully integrated (earth-to-engine) project, however this is over 10-year period. [B.] WHAT TYPES OF TREES ARE USED? There are over 300 oil-producing tree species in India alone, and many more worldwide. The accumulation of oils in seeds is a natural survival mechanism that has evolved to enable tree seeds to germinate and grow in very harsh, infertile conditions. Some trees grow faster and better than others, and produce a greater amount of seeds that are also easier to harvest and crush into oil. In India, such trees include Pongamia pinnata (Karanj in Hindi), Jatropha curcas, Moringa, Mahua, and Neem. [C.] HOW LONG DO THE TREES TAKE TO PRODUCE SEEDS? Anywhere from 3-6 years depending on the tree, although Jatropha is a little faster, producing seeds within 2nd year of planting. [D.] ISN’T JATROPHA POISONOUS/CARCINOGENIC? Many of these trees contain unpleasant tasting substances in their leaves and seeds to make them unpalatable to cattle – this is how the trees have managed to survive and grow in harsh conditions where every plant is a potential target for hungry goats & humans. This is a defence mechanism that has evolved naturally. It does not pose any danger to the soil, other plants, or to humans and cattle as long as they don’t eat tree products (unlikely as taste is really bitter). Much more dangerous things are cultivated on commercial scale in rural India, e.g. Castor, whose seeds contains Ricin, one of the most toxic substances found in nature... There is no scientific evidence to suggest any cancer-causing properties in any of these trees (unlike diesel, which is known to have carcinogens – see disclaimers at any refilling station). In many parts of the world, many of these trees have traditional medicinal uses. [E.] WON’T USE OF STRAIGHT OIL DAMAGE NEWER DIESEL ENGINES? Yes, direct use of plant oil in UNMODIFIED engines normally causes all sorts of problems. CleanStar’s approach gets around these problems by using additives and a conversion kit. This patented technology solution has been used in over 500 systems in the UK for the last 3 years, passing very rigorous tests for performance, engine damage, and emissions levels. CleanStar has made this advanced technology available & affordable for application in developing countries for the first time. [F.] HOW IS CLEANSTAR’s APPROACH DIFFERENT FROM ‘JATROPHA BIODIESEL’? (1) It doesn’t promote cultivation of just Jatropha, but rather a mix of trees at the same time (2) It doesn’t produce “Biodiesel”, but rather uses the raw material of biodiesel (the “tree oil”) directly as a fuel. [G.] WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OVER BIODIESEL? This solution is simpler , cheaper and greener than biodiesel: (1) No need for a big, expensive, centralised biodiesel refinery that typically adds 10-15% cost to finished product and shifts value chain power from small-scale growers to big industrialists (2) Lower overall carbon footprint: oil does not have to be trucked to/from the factory, and energy loss in processing into biodiesel is avoided. (3) Cleaner to make: biodiesel processing requires the use of several chemicals (methanol) and catalysts (4) Higher energy content: per liter, raw oil has more energy than biodiesel, which is manifested in slightly higher mileage [H.] WHERE CAN THIS MODEL BE REPLICATED? Most of the semi-arid tropical developing countries in the world, where: - suitable land exists (land is too degraded for food production, but not too rocky/saline/sloping to be completely uncultivable) - some rainwater supply is available (not a total desert) - labor is available (not completely abandoned places) - climate is not too cold (continuous frost will kill the trees) Many places fit the description: - Much of central & southern India (particularly rainshadow areas) - East & South-Eastern Africa (e.g. Kenya, Tanz, Moz) - West Africa (lower Sahel) - Central America, and northern South America (below 1500 m altitude) - Deforested/degraded lands in South East Asia - Warmer parts of China - Parts of Northern Australia (deforested, over-grazed land) - and many micro-climatic zones around the world
Today approx 1.6t In 2030 approx 5 t Green – approx 3 t
Dedicated Railway Freight Corridors A tonne-km of goods traffic carried by trucks use four times as much diesel as when it is moved by rails even when railways run on diesel. In 2006-07 the total goods movement by road and rail was 1250 billion tonne kilometers (btkm). The railways share has come down from more than 80 % in the 1950s to around 38-40 percent around which it has stabilized over the past few years. By 2020 our freight movement would be around 3000btkm. If railways share increases by 10 percentage points, then 300 btkm of freight traffic would move from road to rails. The amount of diesel saved per year would be 6 to 10 million tonnes. This would mean a reduction of 18 to 30 million tonnes of CO2 emissions per year. Efficiency of Coal Based Power Plants On September 30 th 2009 India’s installed capacity of coal based power plants was 80000 MW out of a total capacity of 152000 MW. The energy efficiency of coal use is around 30.5 per cent. The state of the art plants in Germany run with efficiency of 46 %. Since the ambient air temperature in India is higher than in Germany, we cannot get the same efficiency, but we can surely get around 40%. We can ensure that all our new plants attain an efficiency of at least 38%. We will need to add at least 80000 MW, if not more, of coal based power plants by 2020. This will give us an average efficiency of coal use in power plants of about 34.5 % as the new plants would generate more than the old ones. This will reduce our coal consumption by more than 70 million tonnes per year and our CO2 emissions by more than 110 million tonnes per year. Improve Four Wheel Vehicles’ Fuel Efficiency In 2006 there were in India around 17 million four wheel motor vehicles, cars, buses and trucks. The fuel consumption of these vehicles was around 30 mt. The number of vehicles is growing rapidly and by 2020 if the acceleration continues we may have around 70 million vehicles. Consuming at the same rate and efficiency, the fuel consumption would be more than 125 mt in 2020. A 20 percent increase in efficiency will save 25 mt of petrol and diesel and reduce emissions of CO2 by 75 mt. Increase Number of Buses In 2008 a little more than 100000 buses served some 1150 million people in India providing public transport. Some 500 billion passenger kilo metres (pkm) were provided by these buses, which consumed some 1.85 mt of diesel. With a projected population of about 1400 million in 2020 and the same bus/person ratio we can expect 125000 buses consuming 2.25 mt of diesel and serving 600 billion pkm. Doubling the availability of buses per person we can attract more people to travel by bus rather than private vehicles. If we can double the travel by bus to 1200 billion pkm, and if we assume that travel by private vehicle would consume 0.025 litres per pkm, the net saving of petroleum products (petrol saved – additional diesel consumed by buses) would be 19 mt per year and reduction in emission of CO2 of some 55 mt per year. 50 Million Solar Water Heaters Pillai and Bannerjee of IIT –B has estimated a saving of 1300 kwhr per year with a water heater of 2 square meters collector area. 50 million water heaters will save 65 billion units of electricity per year at the consumer end and some 95 billion units of generation. This will save some 65 mt of coal per year. The saving in CO2 emissions would be around 100 mt per year. India can offer to take these commitments provided we are compensated for the additional expenditure involved and provided the Annex 1 countries accept deep cuts. By deep cuts I mean 30% reduction by 2020, 50 % by 2030 and 80% by 2050 over their 1990 emissions.
Talking Point: CERE case study. One of the successful models of solar energy and alternative energy is the Barefoot College in Tilonia, Rajasthan. The entire college campus is totally self-sufficient with a 40 kilowatt solar energy unit meeting all its energy needs. The College was established to train rural, illiterate youth and women as barefoot solar engineers in order to introduce solar technology to their villages. The College has trained 392 rural youth and women from across the country as barefoot solar engineers and to-date Barefoot Solar Engineers have done yeoman service for India such as installing solar photovoltaic (SPV) home lighting systems in 350 villages and hamlets covering a total number of 12000 households, electrifying 300 adult education centres and 870 schools across the country, manufacturing and maintaining 3530 solar lanterns, providing three hours of light in the bleakest winter to 1530 families in 28 remote and inaccessible villages in Ladakh through 40 KWs of solar panels and saving approximately hundred thousand litres of kerosene in Leh and Kargil districts through solar energy initiatives. The Barefoot College has rightly won many awards, including the Ashden Award, for practicing and promoting the use of solar energy. Other examples of energy conservation in schools are the presentation convent in Delhi and Rishi valley school in Andhra Pradesh.
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CAR Avoid cars or buy a small car; drive sensibly LIVING ROOM Switch to CFL bulbs. They use 75% less energy and last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs 2. Switch off computer monitor 3. Switch off appliances instead of leaving them on standby mode. 4. Switch off lights when not needed 5. Use indoor plants to offset your carbon dioxide. 6. Stop using incandescent bubs 7. Watch TV with your family and not alone! Kitchen 1. Allow hot food to cool before putting it in the fridge 2. Use the gas flame appropriately 3. Thaw before you heat/cook food 4. Partialy thaw food before cooking 5. Buy local food Bathroom Save water - use a smaller flush or put something heavy inside your flush. 2. Turn off the geyser and/or get solar water heater 3. Take a bucket bath Bedroom 1. Use natural fabrics 2. Using a ceiling fan will allow you to set the thermostat higher because they cool the room 3. Use minimal lighting, as it also brings down the temperature of the room 4. Don’t use the AC, if you do, set it at a higher temperature. On cool evenings leave your windows open instead of switching on the AC.
Areca Palm: Works well in the day time Great for living areas One needs about 4 shoulder high plants/person Needs to be put outdoors once every 3-4 months The leaves of the plant need to be wiped everyday in Delhi and perhaps once a month in a cleaner city The soil used should be of vermi manure or use hydroponics Mother-in-law’s Tongue Converts CO2 into O2 at night One requires about 6-8 such waist high plants per person in the bedroom Leaves need to be wiped in the same way as the Areca Palm The soil used should be of vermi manure or use hydroponics Money Plant Excellent for removing Formaldehyde and other VOC’s Best grown using hydroponics
Also, compared to other buildings in Delhi, the incidence of eye irritation reduced by 52%, lower respiratory symptoms by 34%, headaches by 24%, upper respiratory symptoms by 20%, lung impairment by 10-12% and Asthma by 9%. As a result of fewer sick days — employee productivity also increased Source: Study published on September 8, 2008 by The Govt. of India, Central Pollution Control Board and Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
Talking Point: Educators are a crucial role in this because you influence children.