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Climate Change Issues
         in India

                  By
         Dr.C.Thomson Jacob,
       Senior Programme Officer,
ENVIS Centre, Department of Environment.
                            Environment
Global Warming

• Global warming is the increase in the average measured
  temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans
  since the mid-20th        century, and its projected
  continuation.



• The average global air temperature near the Earth's
  surface increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during
  the 100 years ending in 2005.




 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Greenhouse effect




103 Watt per m3




                   343 Watt per m3
                                        240 Watt per m3

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Co2 Concentration in 2007




The 2007 rise in global carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is tied with 2005 as
the third highest since atmospheric measurements began in 1958. The red line
shows the trend together with seasonal variations. The black line indicates the
trend that emerges when the seasonal cycle has been removed. (Credit: NOAA)
Greenhouse gases

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
                                     Natural
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)             Manmade
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Source: Kyoto Protocol- Annexure A
Rising levels of greenhouse gases




        Source: Dr L Gohar and Prof K Shine, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Reading



Source: Stern Review
Energy utilisation




                18%                            11%
                                                         9%
     5%
    3%

                                                               11%
                                                          4%

                        39%



Fridge    TV   Fan    Computer   AC   Heater/Geyser   Appliances     Light
Energy
               India
Productio
  n
   COAL
   RE
 TN vs India




                TN
Impacts of Climate Change


                                Forests


                                          Biodiversity

Impact of rise in temperature
of 1.8oC to 4oC
                                           Agriculture



                                  Coastlines
Climate Change Impact in India
•   Rajasthan- Drought
•   Rann of Kutch – sea level rise
•   Mumbai-Salt water intrusion
•   Kerala –Productivity of Forest
•   Tamil Nadu-Coral bleaching
•   Ganges – Sedimentation problem
•   Sunderbans-Sea level raise
•   Northwest India-reduction In rice yield
Case study:1 Impact on Agriculture
  Effect   on apple cultivation
• Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh
   Experienced a number of crop failures in the
  last 15 years

• Apple belt has moved 30 kilometers
  [northwards] over the last 50 years

• Apple growers, says attributed poor
  production to reduced snowfall and its
  changed timing.
Source: Journal of Ecological Anthropology Vol. 10 2006
•   Shift in Agriculture
•   Apple cultivation is affected in Kullu Valley
•   Apple belt has moved 30 KM nothwards
•   Forest resources were removed
2. Ganga under threat from warming

• Himalayan source of the Ganga is drying up
  at a rate of 40 yards a year, nearly twice as
  fast as two decades ago, and that some of
  these glaciers might disappear by 2030.
• In the dry summer months, the Gangotri
  glacier provides up to 70 percent of the water
  of the Ganga.
• According to a UN climate report, the
  shrinking glaciers also threaten Asia’s supply
  of fresh water.
Source: New Indian Express
Source: New Indian Express
3. Impact on Coastal Orissa
• The Satavaya region, once a cluster of
  seven villages.
• Only two out of the seven villages exists the
  other five villages have been submerged.
• The Coastal villages have been affected by
  cyclone and floods killing more than 30,000
  people.
• The sea has ingressed to about 1.5 km into
  Satavaya and 2.5 km into Kanakpur.
  Satavaya has also lost 56% of its mangrove
  vegetation.
Global Impacts

• The largest glacier on Mount Kenya has
  lost 92% of its mass

• Sea levels have risen by 10 - 25 cm

• The thickness of sea ice in the arctic has
  decreased by 40%.
• The Common Murre has advanced
  breeding by 24 days per decade over the
  past 50 years in response to higher
  temperatures.
• The Baltimore oriole is shifting northward
  and may soon disappear entirely from the
  Baltimore area.
• Polar bear populations are coming under
  threat as food becomes harder to hunt.
India’s Initiatives
• Signed UNFCC on 10th June 1992

• India ratified the Kyoto protocol

• India has a National Action Plan on Climate Change
   –   National Solar Mission
   –   National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
   –   National Mission on Sustainable Habitat
   –   National Water Mission
   –   National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem
   –   National Mission for a “ Green India”
   –   National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
   –   National Mission on Strategic Mission on Climate Change
India’s Initiatives

• India has a well developed policy,
  legislative regulatory & programmatic
  regime
• For promotion of Energy efficiency,
  renewable energy, nuclear power, fuel
  switching, energy pricing reform
  addressing GHG emission
Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons)


    Country                  in metric tons

    USA                             20.01
    Europe                          9.40
    Japan                           9.87
    China                           3.60
    Russia                          11.71
    India                           1.02
    World average                   4.25
The impacts of climate change are not evenly
distributed – the poorest countries and people
will suffer earliest and most. And if and when
   the damages appear it will be too late to
 reverse the process. Thus we are forced to
             look a long way ahead.
THANK YOU

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Global

  • 1. Climate Change Issues in India By Dr.C.Thomson Jacob, Senior Programme Officer, ENVIS Centre, Department of Environment. Environment
  • 2. Global Warming • Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century, and its projected continuation. • The average global air temperature near the Earth's surface increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 100 years ending in 2005. Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  • 3. Greenhouse effect 103 Watt per m3 343 Watt per m3 240 Watt per m3 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  • 4. Co2 Concentration in 2007 The 2007 rise in global carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations is tied with 2005 as the third highest since atmospheric measurements began in 1958. The red line shows the trend together with seasonal variations. The black line indicates the trend that emerges when the seasonal cycle has been removed. (Credit: NOAA)
  • 5. Greenhouse gases • Carbon dioxide (CO2) Natural • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous oxide (N2O) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Manmade • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Source: Kyoto Protocol- Annexure A
  • 6. Rising levels of greenhouse gases Source: Dr L Gohar and Prof K Shine, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Reading Source: Stern Review
  • 7. Energy utilisation 18% 11% 9% 5% 3% 11% 4% 39% Fridge TV Fan Computer AC Heater/Geyser Appliances Light
  • 8. Energy India Productio n COAL RE TN vs India TN
  • 9. Impacts of Climate Change Forests Biodiversity Impact of rise in temperature of 1.8oC to 4oC Agriculture Coastlines
  • 10. Climate Change Impact in India • Rajasthan- Drought • Rann of Kutch – sea level rise • Mumbai-Salt water intrusion • Kerala –Productivity of Forest • Tamil Nadu-Coral bleaching • Ganges – Sedimentation problem • Sunderbans-Sea level raise • Northwest India-reduction In rice yield
  • 11. Case study:1 Impact on Agriculture Effect on apple cultivation • Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh Experienced a number of crop failures in the last 15 years • Apple belt has moved 30 kilometers [northwards] over the last 50 years • Apple growers, says attributed poor production to reduced snowfall and its changed timing.
  • 12. Source: Journal of Ecological Anthropology Vol. 10 2006
  • 13. Shift in Agriculture • Apple cultivation is affected in Kullu Valley • Apple belt has moved 30 KM nothwards • Forest resources were removed
  • 14. 2. Ganga under threat from warming • Himalayan source of the Ganga is drying up at a rate of 40 yards a year, nearly twice as fast as two decades ago, and that some of these glaciers might disappear by 2030. • In the dry summer months, the Gangotri glacier provides up to 70 percent of the water of the Ganga. • According to a UN climate report, the shrinking glaciers also threaten Asia’s supply of fresh water. Source: New Indian Express
  • 16. 3. Impact on Coastal Orissa • The Satavaya region, once a cluster of seven villages. • Only two out of the seven villages exists the other five villages have been submerged. • The Coastal villages have been affected by cyclone and floods killing more than 30,000 people. • The sea has ingressed to about 1.5 km into Satavaya and 2.5 km into Kanakpur. Satavaya has also lost 56% of its mangrove vegetation.
  • 17. Global Impacts • The largest glacier on Mount Kenya has lost 92% of its mass • Sea levels have risen by 10 - 25 cm • The thickness of sea ice in the arctic has decreased by 40%.
  • 18. • The Common Murre has advanced breeding by 24 days per decade over the past 50 years in response to higher temperatures.
  • 19. • The Baltimore oriole is shifting northward and may soon disappear entirely from the Baltimore area.
  • 20. • Polar bear populations are coming under threat as food becomes harder to hunt.
  • 21. India’s Initiatives • Signed UNFCC on 10th June 1992 • India ratified the Kyoto protocol • India has a National Action Plan on Climate Change – National Solar Mission – National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency – National Mission on Sustainable Habitat – National Water Mission – National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem – National Mission for a “ Green India” – National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – National Mission on Strategic Mission on Climate Change
  • 22. India’s Initiatives • India has a well developed policy, legislative regulatory & programmatic regime • For promotion of Energy efficiency, renewable energy, nuclear power, fuel switching, energy pricing reform addressing GHG emission
  • 23. Per-capita Carbon –dioxide emission (Metric Tons) Country in metric tons USA 20.01 Europe 9.40 Japan 9.87 China 3.60 Russia 11.71 India 1.02 World average 4.25
  • 24. The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed – the poorest countries and people will suffer earliest and most. And if and when the damages appear it will be too late to reverse the process. Thus we are forced to look a long way ahead.