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Climate change and health effects
1. Climate change and health
Effects
Speakers
Dr Amol Nath
Capt. Dr Naveen Phuyal
2.
3.
4.
5. Climate change and health
Effects
Moderator Speakers
Surg. Capt. Dinesh Sharma Dr Amol
Capt. Naveen
6. Scheme of Presentation
Global warming – Overview
Causes of Global warming
Health Effects of Global warming
Adaptation & Mitigation Activities
7. The Cassandra Effect
One who foresees, on available
evidence, a likely disaster; yet judges
that this can’t be prevented – and, that
anyway, others won’t believe the
forecast.
13. Some Natural Disasters In Recent Years
In India And Effects
• India, like other countries in the world, have had
natural disasters but its recurrence has enhanced in
the new millennium.
Tsunami (December 2004)– affected Andaman & Nicobar,
Pondicherry, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh loss of Agri crops, cattle
wealth, housing and livelihood.
Mumbai Floods (26th July 2005) –city got paralyzed and
floods in Maharashtra
14. Some Natural Disasters In Recent Years
In India And Effects
Surat Flood (2006) – Estimated loss of Rs.22,000 crore. City’s
infrastructure affected, individual losses and crops like
sugarcane (Rs4,000 crore) were lost.
Heavy rains in 2007 in Rajasthan with flooding and
consequent breakout of diseases, loss of crops and cattle
wealth.
Bihar (2008) – Koshi river overflow caused flooding in large
area of Bihar & UP
Current drought in Maharashtra state
16. Global Warming
‘The rise in the surface air
temperature, referred to as the
global temperature, brought about
by the enhanced greenhouse effect,
which is induced by emissions of
greenhouse gases into the air.’
• The Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) reported that
the 20th century saw an increase in
global average surface temperature
of approximately 0.7 °C
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
19. Difference
GLOBAL
WARMING
is the increase of the
Earth’s average
surface temperature
due to a build-up of
greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
is a broader term
that refers to long-
term changes in
climate, including
average temperature
and precipitation.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
24. The Sun’s energy passes through the car’s
windshield.
This energy (heat) is trapped inside the car
and cannot pass back through the
windshield, causing the inside of the car to
warm up.
Greenhouse Effect: The Fundamentals
27. Selected Greenhouse Gases
Water vapour:
•Water vapour is the most important greenhouse gas, but
human activity doesn’t have much direct impact on its amount in
the atmosphere.
•Increased evapouration leads to a greater concentration of
water vapour in the lower atmosphere capable of absorbing
long-wave radiation and emitting it downward
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
28. Selected Greenhouse Gases
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Anthropogenic increase: 37%
Average atmospheric residence time: 500 years
• Methane (CH4)
Anthropogenic increase: 145%
Average atmospheric residence time: 7-10 years
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Anthropogenic increase: 15%
Average atmospheric residence time: 140-190 years
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
30. CO2 Significant greenhouse pollutant
Humans have increased carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere
by more than 37% since the Industrial Revolution. - NOAA 2008
Currently the level of carbon dioxide in atmosphere is highest
(385 ppm) in last 8,00,000 years. - Prof. Thomas Blunier, Univ. of
Copenhagen; Monaco Declaration 2008.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
31. Methane from rice paddies, animal ranching,
garbage in landfills and mining operations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
32. Nitrous oxide from fertilizers and
other chemicals
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
33.
34. Global Contributors to
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Leading sources of greenhouse gas emissions are combustion of
fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas
More than 60% of the annual global industrial carbon dioxide
emissions come from industrialized countries, accounting for 20%
of the world’s population
U.S. per capita emissions of carbon are over 20 times higher
than India, 12 times higher than Brazil, and 7 times higher than
China
These per capita rates expected to change significantly as China,
India, and other countries continue to develop economically
Global carbon dioxide emissions are projected to increase by at
least 50% over the next 25 years under current conditions
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
35. IPCC 2007: Human Impact is Evident
Carbon dioxide concentration over the past 1000 years
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
36. Global Population Estimates
• A vicious circle for our times
More people use more energy;
More energy means more emissions;
More people want affluence;
More affluence means more gadgets;
More gadgets need yet more energy;
Which produces yet more emissions
37.
38. The consequences
• The world is getting hotter
(very slowly 0.1°C per decade)
• Sea levels are rising
(very slowly 3mm/yr)
• Snow cover is decreasing
Source-IPCC, WG1, Figure SPM.3, 2007
39. The last 10 years are all in the top 15
warmest years on record
World Metrological Organization, Report on Climate Change,2010
41. Ice cover 23% smaller than
previous minimum; 39% smaller
than average
Ice 53% thinner in region of
North Pole between 2001 and
2007 (NOAA Report Card 2008)
In September 2007, an area the
size of Florida (69,000 square
miles) melted (NSIDC 2007)
Melting Sea Ice
42. Arctic sea ice coverage is decreasing..
Less sea ice means less reflection of the sun’s energy; More
exposure of dark coloured ocean means more absorption of
the sun’s heat; These combined effects warm the Arctic,
helping to melt more sea ice – another vicious circle
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
43. The Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer by 2040
(U.S National Center for Atmospheric Research, 2006)
“Society can still minimize the impacts on Arctic ice.”
( Dr. Marika Holland, National Center for Atmospheric Research)
2000
2040
44. •More than half of the world's population now lives
within 60km of the sea.
•Most vulnerable regions: Nile delta in Egypt, the
Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh, many small
islands, such as the Maldives, the Marshall Islands
Sea-level Rise Projections :
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
45. Sea-level Rise Projections
• Ganges River delta and 1m
sea level rise in
Bangladesh-13 million will
be displaced and 16% of
rice production will be lost.
• Similar 1 m sea level rise in
China will displace 72
million people.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), Fourth Assessment Report(AR4),2007
50. Health inequalities between rich and poor
• Climate change will have greatest effect on those
who have the least access to world’s resources and
who have contributed least to its cause.
The rich world:
more expensive,
inconvenient,
uncomfortable, disrupted
and colorless,
more unpleasant and
unpredictable.
Poor will
die
51. Why suffering more for the poor?
The health systems are :
• Disorganized
• Inefficient
• Under-resourced
“The toxic combination of bad policies, economics, and
politics – people do not enjoy the good health that is
biologically possible.
52. Is fossil fuel to be blamed?
Fossil fuel has contributed to development and huge
improvement in global health and development in the past
100 yrs.
Developed world and richer part of developing world -
doubled their longetivity, reduced poverty, increased
education and enhanced their security.
Luxury emissions vs survival emissions
53.
54. Effect of climate change on health
• Changing pattern of the
disease
• Water and food insecurity
• Vulnerable shelter and
human settlements
• Extreme climatic events
• Population growth and
migration
55. • The heat waves
• Heat related stress and heat stroke
• Heat island effect
• Vector borne diseases and Rodent borne diseases
• Cancers
• Vectors access areas previously free from diseases
Changing patterns of disease
56. Changing patterns of disease
Schistosomiasis
Fascioliasis
Alveolar echinococcosis
leishmaniasis
Lyme borreliosis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Hantavirus infections
Dilution effect in Lyme, West
Nile and hantavirus diseases
57. Changing patterns of disease
• Cholera outbreaks-
increased planktons growth
• Floods also promote
outbreaks of
cryptosporidiosis
• Increased rainfall and
flooding -leptospirosis
outbreak.
58. Food insecurity
• Chronic and acute child malnutrition, low birth
weights, and suboptimal breastfeeding.
• Climate change will compound existing food insecurity.
• Hunger, illness, and death due to under nutrition are
set to worsen as climate change affects crops, forestry,
livestock, fisheries, aquaculture, and water systems.
• Rising food prices.
59. Water and sanitation
• Lack of access to clean water and
sanitation
• Biological or chemical contamination
• Increased incidence of water-borne
and vector-borne diseases
• Changing rainfall and temperature
• More intense droughts and floods
• Water scarcity might result in greater
conflict between and within countries
and communities
60. Shelter and human settlements
• Need for secure emergency shelter for those
displaced or affected
• Human settlements prepared for the future
climate-changed environment
• Disease and injury
61. Shelter and human settlements
• Vulnerability for the poorest and most
powerless- no opportunities to adapt
• Energy security
• Concern to many governments -potential
source of international tension and conflict
62. Extreme events
• Major disasters -directly linked.
• Associated health problems( Indirect)
loss or contamination of potable water
leading to disease, destruction of crops
resulting in food shortages, poor nutrition,
and malnutrition.
63. Extreme events
• In the long term-after a disaster- depression and
anxiety
• Extreme meteorological phenomena, including heat
waves and cold waves, floods, droughts, and
windstorms
• Most meteorological extreme events is expected to
continue to rise
• Hot conditions, heat waves, and heavy precipitation
events will continue to become more frequent
64. Population and migration
Population growth - shelter, food, and water scarcity.
Population growth also puts additional stress on already weak
health systems.
Exacerbates vulnerability to the adverse health effects of climate
change.
65. • Population growth -increase pressure and
competition for scarce resources
• Rising sea levels, which result from oceanic
thermal expansion and ice-cap melting, will be
a major contributing factor to population
displacement.
66. • Climate change might be one of many factors
influencing violence, but where conflict occurs
between migrant and host populations, it is a
result of national identity clashes rather than
of migration.
68. Health effects of adaptation activities
• Activities carried out in order to adapt to climate change
can in some cases lead to additional health risks.
1. Construction of dams for water storage
2. Irrigation of land
3. Wastewater for agricultural irrigation
• Need for an integrated risk assessment during the
development of new policies at national level or local
level
However, it is likely that many such practices will take place
informally in rural or peri-urban settlements so that national
regulations may not be as effective.
69. Co-benefits of mitigation activities
• Reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases
• Transport policies
• Better insulation of houses in cold climates
70. • Climate change does not create new health
hazards.
• It may act as a multiplier of existing health
problems or change the location of health
concerns.
• To add the climate dimension into existing
international or community-based programs and
actions.
• Cross-sectoral approaches are needed.
Further research is needed on links between climate
and health and projected effects,
as well as the most effective adaptation measures
71. What to do?
• Should we do the same things ??
OR
• Do things differently??
Short term climate variability – Better Focus
Longer term- Planning for how to ensure that systems
remain resilient and adaptable to changing risks.
72. Doing more of the same
• Strengthen health systems -human resources.
• Improve access to water and sanitation.
• Improve knowledge about hygiene.
• Improve surveillance systems.
73. Doing more of the same
• Improve laboratory facilities
and standardize diagnosis and
reporting.
• Increase international
collaborations on surveillance.
• Make better use of the few
existing early warning systems
for particular diseases.
74. Doing things differently
• Make better use of early warning information
• Public health decision-making and preparedness
• Focus surveillance efforts on high risk areas
• Invest in win-win solutions
• Take health risks into account when planning
adaptation measures
75. Doing things differently
• Ensure the health sector is at the table when
planning
• Taking into account future sea level rise and
flood-plains when planning infrastructure
• Take into account changing temperatures during
building design
76. Doing things differently
• When planning cities, take
into account
The urban heat island effect
Ensure availability of shaded
spaces and green areas
Ensure that water and
sanitation infrastructure is
resilient to extremes of
precipitation
Facilitate modes of transport
that contribute to public
health and reduce greenhouse
gas emissions
77. • There is a need to document, assess and
disseminate experiences of adaptation as
countries and regions undertake and plan
such strategies.
80. Plastic bags and cups do
not decompose so
harmful to environment
Paper bags and cups
are eco friendly and
easily decomposable
Reduce the usage
of cars for short
distances
Walk /use cycles for
short distances
81. Turn to compact florescent light which saves
more than 80% of energy
82. Avoid turning up the air conditioner.
Instead dress lightly or use a fan.
Keep rooms cool by closing the
blinds, shades, or curtains.
Turn off the lights when you
leave.
Conserve electricity!
DO NOT leave appliances
on standby
83. REUSE
Paper can be reused for various purposes
Covers and boxes which comes with products
can be used for decorative purposes
Plastic bags can be used for carrying small things
84. What Can Be Recycled?
Paper Items
Paper Cardboard Envelopes Phone Books Post-it Notes Magazine
Bottles and Cans
Cans Plastic Bottles Glass Bottles Aluminum Foil Yogurt and Cottage
Cheese containers
Moderator SpeakersSurg. Capt. Dinesh Sharma DrAmol Capt. Naveen
Climate change will have greatest effect on those who have the least access to world’s resources and who have contributed least to its cause.The rich will find their world to be more expensive, inconvenient, uncomfortable, disrupted and colorless; in general, more unpleasant and unpredictable. The poor will die.
Schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, alveolar echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and hantavirus infections are all projected to increase as a result of global climate changeThe spread of animal infections, such as blue-tongue virus and other Orbiviruses.Dilution effect in Lyme, West Nile and hantavirus diseases.
Climate change threatens human health through itseffect on undernutrition and food insecurity
The main health effects of lack of access to clean water and sanitation are diarrhoeal and other diseases caused by biological or chemical contaminants.Poor drainage in human settlements increases exposure to contaminated water and provides habitat for mosquitoes, leading to increased incidence of water-borne and vector-borne diseases.Changing rainfall and temperature over the next decades are likely to make provision of clean water, good sanitation, and drainage even more complicated than it is now.Average annual rainfall is forecast to decrease in some regions and increase in others, and droughts and floods are likely to become more frequent and intense.Water scarcity might result in greater conflict between and within countries and communities
Need for secure emergency shelter for those displaced or affected by climate variability events, and also human settlements prepared for the future climate-changed environment.climate-related hazards, such as floods and landslides, as well as to related health problems, such as disease and injury.
In the long term, mental health conditions after a disaster, such as depression and anxiety, can also present serious problems.Extreme meteorological phenomena, including heat waves and cold waves, floods, droughts, and windstorms.The frequency of most meteorological extreme events is expected to continue to rise. Hot conditions, heat waves, and heavy precipitation events will continue to become more frequent.
Population growth will increase pressure and competition for scarce resources, such as food, water, and land.Rising sea levels, which result from oceanic thermal expansion and ice-cap melting, will be a major contributing factor to population displacement.
Activities carried out in order to adapt to climate change can in some cases lead to additional health risks.Construction of dams for water storageIrrigation of landWastewater for agricultural irrigationNeed for an integrated risk assessment during the development of new policies at national level or local level, taking into account the possible health effects and how to reduce these risks.
Climate change does not create new health hazards.It may act as a multiplier of existing health problems or change the location of health concerns.A cost-effective and prompt way of handling climate change adaptation is to add the climate dimension into existing international or community-based programs and actions.Cross-sectoral approaches are needed.
Strengthen health systems with a particular focus on human resources. Improve access to water and sanitation and improve knowledge about hygiene.Improve surveillance systems through strengthening access to primary care,improve laboratory facilities and standardize diagnosis and reporting. Increase international collaborations on surveillance.Make better use of the few existing early warning systems for particular diseases
The health sector should make better use of early warning information available nationally, regionally or through global providers such as academic institutions for climate variability extremes.Focus surveillance efforts at areas predicted to be at particularly high risk for changing patterns of disease. Where appropriate, invest in win-win solutions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as improve public health.Take health risks into account when planning adaptation measures.This should aid public health decision-making and preparedness for the state sector as well as the non-state sector, at all levels but especially down to the community level
Ensure the health sector is at the table when planning climate change adaptation in other sectors.When planning cities, take into account the urban heat island effect, ensure availability of shaded spaces and green areas, ensure that water and sanitation infrastructure is resilient to extremes of precipitation, and facilitate modes of transport that contribute to public health and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Taking into account future sea level rise and flood-plains when planning infrastructure.Take into account changing temperatures during building design.