Climate change is negatively impacting agriculture in India. Rising temperatures are shortening crop growing periods and reducing yields of wheat, rice, maize, and other crops. Higher temperatures combined with increased CO2 levels can decrease crop nutrition. Climate change is also worsening soil health, affecting livestock and fish production, and increasing pest and disease pressures. Projections indicate continued temperature rises and more extreme weather, posing severe threats to Indian agriculture and food security over the coming decades.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Effect of climate change on crop pest interactionversha kumari
Climate change also disrupts and alters the distribution of pests and diseases, which poses a threat to agriculture. Climate change will also modify host physiology and resistance, and alter the stages and rates of the development of pests. IPM provide enough flexibility by which we will able to deal with many of the pests.
Climate change and Agriculture: Impact Aadaptation and MitigationPragyaNaithani
Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). For the past some decades, the gaseous composition of earth’s atmosphere is undergoing a significant change, largely through increased emissions from energy, industry and agriculture sectors; widespread deforestation as well as fast changes in land use and land management practices. These anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increased emission of radiatively active gases, viz. carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), popularly known as the ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs)
These GHGs trap the outgoing infrared radiations from the earth’s surface and thus raise the temperature of the atmosphere. The global mean annual temperature at the end of the 20th century, as a result of GHG accumulation in the atmosphere, has increased by 0.4–0.7 ºC above that recorded at the end of the 19th century. The past 50 years have shown an increasing trend in temperature @ 0.13 °C/decade, while the rise in temperature during the past one and half decades has been much higher. The Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change has projected the temperature increase to be between 1.1 °C and 6.4 °C by the end of the 21st Century (IPCC, 2007). The global warming is expected to lead to other regional and global changes in the climate-related parameters such as rainfall, soil moisture, and sea level. Snow cover is also reported to be gradually decreasing.
Therefore, concerted efforts are required for mitigation and adaptation to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to the adverse impacts of climate change and making it more resilient.
The adaptive capacity of poor farmers is limited because of subsistence agriculture and low level of formal education. Therefore, simple, economically viable and culturally acceptable adaptation strategies have to be developed and implemented. Furthermore, the transfer of knowledge as well as access to social, economic, institutional, and technical resources need to be provided and integrated within the existing resources of farmers.
Climate change, its impact on agriculture and mitigation strategiesVasu Dev Meena
According to IPCC (2007) “Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its Variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)”.
Climate change has adverse impacts on agriculture, hydropower, forest management and biodiversity.
In the long run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc.
Climate change directly affect food production across the globe.
Effect of climate change on crop pest interactionversha kumari
Climate change also disrupts and alters the distribution of pests and diseases, which poses a threat to agriculture. Climate change will also modify host physiology and resistance, and alter the stages and rates of the development of pests. IPM provide enough flexibility by which we will able to deal with many of the pests.
Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change on our food supply can be difficult. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology.
CONTENTS= Weather, Climate, climate change, Global climate change, Global warming, Factors Affecting climate, Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change, Agriculture and climate change is a three-fold relationship, Influence of agriculture in climate change, Impacts of climate change on agriculture, What can be done? , Conclusion
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region. In the long
run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal
temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. In areas where temperatures are already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). Drivers of climate
change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
Agriculture and fisheries are highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Trying to understand the overall effect of climate change on our food supply can be difficult. Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Changes in the frequency and severity of droughts and floods could pose challenges for farmers and ranchers. Meanwhile, warmer water temperatures are likely to cause the habitat ranges of many fish and shellfish species to shift, which could disrupt ecosystems. Overall, climate change could make it more difficult to grow crops, raise animals, and catch fish in the same ways and same places as we have done in the past. The effects of climate change also need to be considered along with other evolving factors that affect agricultural production, such as changes in farming practices and technology.
CONTENTS= Weather, Climate, climate change, Global climate change, Global warming, Factors Affecting climate, Vulnerability of agriculture to climate change, Agriculture and climate change is a three-fold relationship, Influence of agriculture in climate change, Impacts of climate change on agriculture, What can be done? , Conclusion
Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. The term "weather" refers to the short-term (daily) changes in temperature, wind, and/or precipitation of a region. In the long
run, the climatic change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly impact food production across the globe. Increase in the mean seasonal
temperature can reduce the duration of many crops and hence reduce the yield. In areas where temperatures are already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). Drivers of climate
change through alterations in atmospheric composition can also influence food production directly by its impacts on plant physiology. The consequences of agriculture’s contribution to climate change, and of climate change’s negative impact on agriculture, are severe which is projected to have a great impact on food production and may threaten the food security and hence, require special agricultural measures to combat with.
As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly
Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations
Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
Carbon Farming, A Solution to Climate Change.pptxNaveen Prasath
Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures over a very long period of time. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures, This is caused primarily by increases in “greenhouse” gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Indicators
Global Green House Gas emission
Atmospheric concentration of green house gases
Change in Temperature pattern
Change in precipitation pattern
Heat related deaths
Melting of Ice
Rise in sea level
Affecting crop production
Green house gases released by power plant, automobiles, deforestation etc
According to IPCC WG AR-5 the Earth’s average temperature has increased by one degree Fahrenheit to its highest level in the past four decade – believed to be the fastest rise in a thousand years.
Research found that if emissions of heat-trapping carbon emissions aren’t reduced, average surface temperatures could increase by 3 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. CLIMATE
“Climate is the aggregate of weather
condition over a long period of time,
the classical period is 30 years, as
defined by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO).”
4. Climate change
“Any
systematic change in the
long-term statistics of
climate elements (such as
temperature, pressure, or
winds) sustained over
several decades or longer.”
Climate change may be
due to natural external
forcings, such as changes in
solar emission or slow
changes in the earth’s
orbital elements; natural
internal processes of the
climate system; or
anthropogenic forcing.”
(IPCC) 4
5. Two main causes for climate change
Natural Anthropogenic
Natural fluctuations in
the intensity of solar
radiation
Volcanic eruptions
Short term cycles viz.
ENSO (EL NINO)
Burning of fossil fuel emits
CO2
Methane emission from
agriculture and industry
Nitrous oxide emission
from agriculture and
industrial sector
Release of CO2 due change
in land use and land cover.
6. (Source: Kurukshetra, 2008)
Evidences of Climate Change
Physical evidence Biological evidence
1. Rise in atmospheric temp. and CO2 level
2. The precipitation has become spatially
variable
3. Shifting and shrinking of cooling period
4. Changing pattern of monsoon
5. The intensity and frequency of extreme
events has increased
1. Early blossoming of trees
2. Appearance of grasses in
Antarctica
3. Changing cropping pattern
7. Climate Change Scenarios in India
Temperature increased 0.68 0C in the last
century, to increase 1.4-5.80C by 2100
Rainfall to increase 10% by 2050 with an
increased variability causing frequent floods
and droughts
Sea level risen 10-25 cm, to rise 50 cm by 2100
Retreating glaciers in the Himalayas
Shortened rabi season
More incidences of diseases and pests
8. • Average surface temperature may increase by 2 - 4°C during 2050s
• Monsoon rainfall : Marginal changes in monsoon months
• Large changes during non-monsoon months
• No. of rainy days : Set to decrease by more than 15 days
• Intensity of rains : To increase by 1-4 mm/day
• Cyclonic storms : Increase in frequency & intensity
Climate projections
9. Role of agriculture in climate change
The gases which is released from crop field
changes the climate by increasing the
environmental temperature.
The important gases which released from
crop field are-
Carbon dioxide ( CO2 )
Methane ( CH4 )
Nitrous Oxide (N2O )
10. What is the contribution of different sectors
in India to climate change?
(Sources of greenhouse gas emissions in India)
Agriculture
28%
Industrial
processes
8%
Wastes
2%
Energy
61%
Land use
changes
1%
Source: India’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change, 2004
Fossil fuel used in agriculture considered in energy sector
11. What sectors of agriculture in India
contribute to climate change?
Rice cultivation
23%
Manure
management
5%
Emission from
soils
12%
Enteric
fermentation
59%
Crop residues
1%
Source: India’s Initial National Communication on Climate Change, 2004
12. Four Major Greenhouse Gases
Methane
24%
Carbon dioxide
63%Nitrous oxide
10%
Others
3%
13. Industrilization.
Burning fossil fuels - coal, oil, gases, solid waste.
Deforestation (Cutting down and burning of tress)
Burning of organic matter.
Respiration of living organisms.
Human being.
Carbon Dioxide
14. Agricultural sources of methane include flooded rice
paddies, enteric (bacterial) fermentation by
domesticated ruminants (e.g. cows, goats, bison,
sheep, and buffalo), farm animal wastes, and biomass
burning.
Drainage of wetlands for agriculture can also result
in methane emissions, as can thawing of permafrost in
boreal (subarctic and sub antarctic) regions.
Methane (CH4), is a short-lived gas with a low
atmospheric concentration (only 0.5% that of CO2),
however its per-molecule absorption of infrared
radiation is over 20 times stronger than CO2.
Methane ( CH4 )-
15. Nitrous Oxide (N2O )-
In the soil, N2O evolves mainly from the metabolic
process of soil microorganisms.
Factors that determine the level of N2O emissions
include soil aeration, temperature, moisture content, soil
texture and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
Nitrous oxide also originates from the decomposition of
livestock manure and other organic residues incorporated
into the soil.
16. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has
warned that India will continue to experience more extreme
temperature variation with increases in mean annual temperature
Temperature increases range from 3 to 5 degrees Celsius when
using a severe climate scenario and from 2.5 to 4 degrees under
more modest predictions.
Half of the years from 1990 to 2010 have been characterized
climatically as abnormally hot periods, and seven of these hot years
have occurred in the last decade.
Study showed that deviations from India’s mean annual
temperature have been increasing, both in their incidence and
intensity by a mean of 0.4 degrees Celsius.
Temperature Changes in India
17. Temperature and crop growth
All plants have maximum, optimum and minimum
temperature limits. The limits are cardinal temperature
points
Optimum temperature is required for maximum dry
matter accumulation
19. Table -1: Change in Total Crop Duration due to Rise in Temperature
IARI Tripathy, et.al.,2010
20. Crops Temperature rise
1oC 2 oC 3oC
per cent reduction in yield
Wheat 8.1 18.7 25.7
Rice 5.4 7.4 25.1
Maize 10.4 14.6 21.4
Groundnut 8.7 23.2 36.2
Ludiyana Hundal and Kaur, 1996
Table-2 : Effect of increased temperature on productivity of crops in
Punjab
21. Table -3: Interactive effects of CO2 and temperature on yield of
maize and wheat
crop CO 2 ppm
Yield kg/ha
Existing Existing +3
ºC
% Deviation
(+3 ºC)
Maize 350 3700 2337 -36.8
700 4314 3713 -13.8
wheat 350 3916 3339 -14.7
700 6131 5206 -15.08
Punjab kaur et al., 2012
22. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5
Wheat Rice Maize Pearl Millet
Reductioningrainyield(%)
Rise in Temperature (0C)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4 5
Wheat Rice Maize Pearl Millet
Reductioningrainyield(%)
Rise in Temperature (0C)IARI Tripathy, et.al.,2010
23. Table -5 : Impact of drought on productivity of pearl millet
Station
Pearl millet yield in kg ha-1
% Decrease in
yield
Good monsoon
year (1983)
Mean of 3
drought years
1984-1987
Barmer 285 65 77
Jalore 468 105 77
Jodhpur 337 79 77
Nagaur 721 265 63
Pali 553 248 55
Jodhpur Singh et al., 1999
24. Effect of temperature increase on growth and yield of wheat and rice
Growth
and yield
parameter
Temperature scenarios
Normal +0.5 ºC +1.0 ºC +1.5ºC +2.0 ºC +2.5ºC
Deviation from normal (%)
Wheat
Maximum
LAI
3.76 -5.6 -17.6 -24.6 -30.3 -34.3
Biomass
(Kg ha-1)
13473 -6.6 -13.9 -18.9 -23.3 -28.0
Grain Yield
(Kg ha-1)
5044 -2.8 -9.1 -14.1 -18.1 -23.2
Rice
Maximum
LAI
5.06 -2.5 -5.9 -7.5 -12.0 -17.8
Biomass
(Kg ha-1)
11784 -2.5 -5.0 -6.4 -8.2 -12.6
Grain yield
(Kg ha-1)
7119 -2.6 -4.5 -7.6 -5.6 -14.7
(Mahi 1996)
25. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
AGRICULTURE
Impact on crop growing period
Duration of crop growth cycles are related to
temperature.
With increase in temperature, the duration between
sowing and harvesting of an annual crop will shorten.
The shortening of such a cycle could have an adverse
effect on productivity, because senescence(aging)
would occur sooner.
26. Impact on yield
Rising carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere can have
both negative and positive consequences.
Under optimum conditions of temperature and humidity, the
yield increase could reach 36%, if the levels of carbon dioxide
are doubled.
When rising carbon dioxide concentration will be coupled with
increasing temperature, yield will decrease drastically.
Water deficits will directly affects the crop yield in a negative
manner.
27. Impact on crop quality
Combined increase of temperature and CO2 would decrease
the protein content of the grains of cereals.
Higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen
and trace elements, resulting in crops with lower nutritional
value.
Reduced nitrogen content in grazing plants has also been
shown to reduce animal productivity.
Small changes in temperature and rainfall would have
significant impact on the quality of fruits, vegetables, tea,
coffee, spices, aromatic and medicinal plants.
28. 28
Potential Impact of Climate Change
on Rice Production in India
Overall, temperature increases are predicted
to reduce rice yields. An increase of 2-4ºC is
predicted to result in a reduction in yields.
Although additional CO2 can benefit crops,
this effect was nullified by an increase of
temperature.
Source: IARI
29. 29
•According to studies, soybean yields could go up by as
much as 50 per cent if the concentration of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere doubles.
•If this increase in carbon dioxide is accompanied by an
increase in temperature, as expected, then soybean yields
could actually decrease. If the maximum and minimum
temperatures go up by 1°C and 1.5°C respectively, the gain
in yield comes down to 35 per cent.
Effect of Climate change on
Soybean
Source: Centre for science & Environment
30. Impact on soil processes
The increase in temperature would induce a
greater rate in the production of minerals,
lessening organic matter content of the soil.
Due to extremes of climate, the increase in
precipitations would probably result in greater
risks of erosion.
Increase in soil water deficits would lead to
increased need of irrigation.
31. Impact on livestock and fish
production
The warming effect is likely to increase water, shelter, and
energy requirement for the livestock.
Animals could be exposed to higher incidences of heat stress
influencing their productivity.
Increase in the disease transmission due to faster growth of
pathogens in the environment.
The rise in sea and river water temperature would affect fish
breeding, migration, and harvests.
32. Impact on diseases and pests incidence
Increase in rainfall in some areas would lead to increase of
atmospheric humidity, which when coupled with higher
temperature, could favours the development of fungal
diseases and the incidence of insect pests and disease
vectors.
33. Projected impacts of climate change on
Indian agriculture
Productivity of cereals would decrease (due to
increase in temperature and decrease in water
availability (especially in Indo-Gangetic
plains).
Global reports indicate a loss of 10-40% in
crop production by 2100.
Greater loss expected in rabi. Every 1oC
increase in temperature reduces wheat
production by 4-5 million tons. Loss only 1-2
million tons if farmers could plant in time.
34. Increasing temperature would
increase fertilizer requirement for
the same production targets; and
result in higher emissions
Increasing sea and river water
temperatures are likely to affect fish
breeding, migration, and harvests.
Coral reefs start declining from 2030.
Increased water, shelter, and energy
requirement for livestock;
implications for milk production
35. Potential impact of climate change on wheat
production in India
(Aggarwal et al. 2002)
36. Impact of climate change on potato
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2020 2050
Year
37. Conservation tillage (Zhou, 1999).
Conventional tillage consumes 60% of tractor fuel and
decrease soil carbon.
Minimum/zero tillage save fuel, conserve moisture, reduce
soil erosion
Globally 150-170 MTC/Yr sequestration is possible
Agricultural soil contains 100-200 tC/ha.
Overuse leads to degradation, salinization, erosion and
desertification and lower OM content with consequent C
emission.
Techniques to reduce GHGS in
Agriculture
38. Paddy rice (Alhgrimm, 1998)
Intermittent flooding and greater use of
inorganic fertilizers
Nitrogenous fertilizers (Kramer et al., 1999)
Slow release fertilizers, organic manures and
nitrification inhibitors: cut 30%
Irrigation scheduling (Schmitz, 1998)
Apply only as needed: saves water and
energy
Cheap and accurate field moisture sensors
(but not available)
39. Develop heat and drought tolerant genotypes.
Develop a compendium of indigenous traditional
knowledge and explore opportunities for its utilization.
Evaluate carbon sequestration potential of different land
use systems including opportunities offered by
conservation agriculture and agro-forestry.
Altering dates of planting, spacing and inputs
management.
40. CONCLUSIONS
Global warming occurs mainly due to human activities.
Changes in climate will have several implications in agriculture,
i.e. change in the location of optimal growing area of particular
crops.
Increase in flood frequencies and accelerated costal erosion,
inundation and salt water intrusion.
Shift in the geographical area of forest in natural ecosystem.
Agriculture scenario is surely going to change due to effect on
photosynthesis, input use efficiency, pest population dynamics,
land use and land cover changes etc.
There is need for intensive research in this regard so that the
sustainability of agriculture can be maintained.