Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and health care.
In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health- affecting behaviour such as smoking.
It is the discipline of economics applied to the health care.
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behaviour in the production and consumption of health and health care.
In broad terms, health economists study the functioning of health care systems and health- affecting behaviour such as smoking.
It is the discipline of economics applied to the health care.
Intersectoral coordination and and community participation is a key to success in health sector in India. This is a unique opportunity to play our role for better, healthy and happy society. One can enjoy and achieve the goals of health objectives through these techniques in the field/community setup.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
Intersectoral coordination and and community participation is a key to success in health sector in India. This is a unique opportunity to play our role for better, healthy and happy society. One can enjoy and achieve the goals of health objectives through these techniques in the field/community setup.
The orderly process defining national Health problems, identifying the unmeet needs, surveying the resources to meet them, and establishing the priority goals to accomplish the purpose of proposed Programme.
This ppt gives you the details about the NRHM scheme. The SWOT analysis has been done which helps you to know the strength and weakness part of the NRHM program.
BY: Dr.Pavithra R (M.H.A)
Every woman, man, youth and child has the human right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, without discrimination of any kind. Enjoyment of the human right to health is vital to all aspects of a person's life and well-being, and is crucial to the realization of many other fundamental human rights and freedoms.
This presentation deals with advent of NRHM, backdrop of public health scenario prior to NRHM & discusses in details vision & core strategy of NRHM. It focuses on different schemes related to maternal & child health under NRHM with special reference to Maharashtra.
CM 17.3 Principals of Primary Health Care.pptxAnjali Singh
HEALTH CARE SCENARIO:
Health care has always been a problem area for India, a nation with a large population and a larger percentage of this population living in urban slums and in rural area, below the poverty line.
Before independence the health structure was in dismal condition i.e. high morbidity and high mortalities, and prevalence of infectious diseases. Since independence emphasis has been put on Primary Health Care and we have made considerable progress in improving the Health Status of the country.
CG:Central Government
PH:Primary Health
MCH:Maternal and Child Health
Health is a human right, which has also been accepted in the constitution. Its accessibility and affordability has to be insured. While the well-to-do segment of the population both in rural & urban areas have acceptability and affordability to wards medical care, at the same time cannot be said about the people who belong to poor segment of the society. It is well known that more then 75% of the population utilizes private sectors for medical care unfortunately medical care becoming costlier day by day and it has become almost out of reach of the poor people. Today there is need for injection of substantial resources in the health sectors to ensure affordability of medical care to all. Health insurance is an important option, which needs to be considered by the policy makers and planners.
This presentation deals with Primary Health Care in India. It describes in detail concept & characteristics of PHC. It focuses on structure, service delivery & challanges in front of Primary Health Care in India.
3. revised determinants of health and health care systemDr Rajeev Kumar
This session focuses on the fundamental concepts of health prevention, cure, and promotion. a variety of rehabilitations Palliative care is a term that refers to the treatment of patients who are suffering from life threatening diseases. We discussed the levels of the health care system: health sub centre, PHC, CHC, and tertiary health care system. introduction of Ayushman Bharat.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. Health care Resources
Dr. Kunadoddi Archana
MBBS, MD
Assistant Professor
Community Medicine Department (RMHC&RC)
2. No nation, however rich, has enough resources to meet
all the needs for all health care.
Therefore an assessment of the available resources, their
proper allocation and efficient utilization are important
considerations for providing efficient health care
services.
The basic resources for providing health care are:
1. Health manpower
2. Money and material
3.Time
3. Health manpower
• Health manpower requirements of a country are based on:
• (i) Health needs and demands of the population; and
(ii) Desired outputs. The health needs in turn are based on the health
situation and health problems and aspirations of the people.
4. Health manpower planning is an important aspect of
community health planning. It is based on a series of
accepted ratios such as
doctor-population ratio,
nursepopulation ratio,
bed-population ratio, etc
5.
6. There is also maldistribution of health manpower between rural and
urban areas.
Studies in India have shown that there is a concentration of doctors
(upto 73.6 per cent) in urban areas where only 26.4 per cent of
population live.
This maldistribution is attributed to absence of amenities in
rural areas, lack of job satisfaction, professional isolation,
lack of rural experience and inability to adjust to rural life.
7.
8. Money and material
• Money is an important resource for providing health services.
Scarcity of money affects all parts of the health delivery system.
• In most developed countries, average government expenditure for
health is about 18 per cent of GNP. In developing countries it is
less than 1 per cent of the GNP.
9. To achieve Health for All, WHO has set as a goal the expenditure of 5
per cent of each country's GNP on health care.
At present India is spending about 3 per cent of GNP on health
and family welfare development.
10. Time
"Time is money", someone said. It is an important dimension of health
care services.
Administrative delays in sanctioning health projects imply loss of time.
Resources are needed to meet the many health needs of a
community, But resources are desperately short in the health sector
in all poor countries. What is important is to employ suitable strategies
to get the best out of limited resources.
11. HEALTH CARE SERVICES
The purpose of health care services is to improve the health status of
the population.
The goals to be achieved have been fixed in terms of mortality and
morbidity reduction, increase in expectation of life, decrease in
population growth rate, improvements in nutritional status, provision
of basic sanitation, health manpower requirements and resources
development and certain other parameters such as food production,
literacy rate, reduced levels of poverty, etc.
12. Followings are the essential ingredients of primary health care
which forms an integral part of the country's health system, of which
it is the central function and main agent for delivering health care.
(a) comprehensive
(b) Accessible
( c) acceptable
(d) provide scope for community participation, and
(e) available at a cost the community and country can afford
13. HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS
• 1. PUBLIC HEALTH SECTOR
• 2. PRIVATE SECTOR
• 3. INDIGENOUS SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
• 4. VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES
• 5. NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES
14. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN INDIA
As a signatory to the Alma-Ata Declaration, the Government of India
was committed to achieving the goal of Health for All through primary
health care approach which seeks to provide universal comprehensive
health care at a cost which is affordable.
15. 1. Village level
On of the basic tenets of primary health care is universal coverage and
equitable distribution of health resources.
That is, health care must penetrate into reaches of rural areas, and
that everyone should have access to it. To implement this policy at the
village level, the following schemes are in operation :
a. Village Health Guides Scheme
b. Training of Local Dais
c. ICDS Scheme
d. ASHA Scheme
16. Village Health Guides
The Health Guides are now mostly women. A circular was issued by
Government of India in May 1986 that male Health Guides would be
replaced by female Health Guide.
The Health Guides come from and are chosen by the community in
which they work. ·They serve as links between 'the community and
the governmental infrastructure. They provide the first contact
between the individual and the health system.
17. The guidelines for their selection are:
• (a) they should be permanent residents of the local · · community,
preferably women
• (b) they should he able to read and write, having minimum formal
education at least up to the VI standard
• (c) they should be acceptable to all sections of the community and (
• d) they should be able to spare at least 2 to 3 hours every day for
community health work.
18. b. Local dais
• Most deliveries in rural areas are still handled by untrained dais who
are often the only people immediately available to women during
the perinatal period. An extensive programme has been undertaken,
under the Rural Health Scheme, to train all categories of local dais
(traditional birth attendants) in the country to improve their
knowledge in the elementary concepts of maternal and child health
and sterilization, besides obstetric skills.
19. c. Anganwadi worker
Under the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) Scheme, there
is an anganwadi worker for a population of 400-800.
The services rendered, which include health check-up including
maintenance of growth chart, immunization, supplementary
nutrition, health education, non-formal pre-school education and
referral services.
The beneficiaries are. especially nursing mothers, pregnant women,
other women (15-45 years), children below the age of 6 years and
adolescent girls .
20. d. ASHA
The general norm of selection is one ASHA for 1000 population. In
tribal, hilly and desert areas the norm could be relaxed to one ASHA
per habitation.
Role and responsibilities of ASHA
21. 2. Sub-centre level
• They are being established on the basis of one sub-centre for every 5000
population in general and one for every 3000 population in . hilly, tribal
and backward areas.
• Indian Public Health Standards for sub-centres:
• 1. Maternal health care
• 2. Child health care
• 3. Family Planning and Contraception
• 4. Counselling and appropriate referral for safe abortion service (MTP).
• 5. Adolescent health care ; Education, counselling and referral.
• 6. Assistance to school health services.
• 7. Water quality monitoring.
22. • 8. Promotion of sanitation including use of toilet and appropriate garbage
disposal.
• 9. Field visits by appropriate health workers for disease surveillance, family
welfare services including STI, RTI awareness.
• 10. Community need assessment.
• 11. Curative services for minor ailments.
• 12. Training of Traditional Birth Attendants and ASHA/ community health
volunteers.
• 13. Co-ordinate services of anganwadi workers, ASHA, village health and
sanitation committee etc.
• 14. National health programmes.
23. 3. Primary health centre level
• The National Health Plan (1983) proposed reorganization of primary
health centres on the basis of one PHC for every 30,000 rural
population in the plains, and one PHC for every 20,000 population in
hilly, tribal and backward areas for more effective coverage.
24. Functions of the PHC
• 1. Medical care
• 2. MCH including family planning
• 3. Safe water supply and basic sanitation
• 4. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases
• 5. Collection and reporting of vital statistics
• 6. Education about health
• 7. National Health Programmes - as relevant
• 8. Referral services
• 9. Training of health guides, health workers, local dais and health assistants
• 10. Basic laboratory services
26. 4. Community Health Centres
As on 31st March 2014, 5,363 community health centres were
established by upgrading the primary health centres, each community
health centre covering a population of 80,000 to 1.20 lakh (one in
each community development block) with 30 beds and specialists in
surgery, medicine, obstetrics and gynaecology, and paediatrics with X-
ray and laboratory facilities.
27. Every CHC has to provide following services which are
known as the assured services:
1. Care of routine and emergency cases in surgery:
2. Care of routine and emergency cases in medicine:
3.24-hour delivery services, including normal and assisted deliveries.
4. Essential and emergency obstetric care including surgical interventions like caesarean
sections and other medical interventions.
5. Full range of family planning services including laproscopic services.
6. Safe abortion services
7. Newborn care
8. Routine and emergency care of sick children.
9. Other management, including nasal packing, tracheostomy, foreign body removal etc.
10. All the national health programmes (NHP) should be delivered through the CHCs.
28.
29. Reference :
• K Park. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 23rd
edition. Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh