A thermodynamic investigation of direct chemical looping combustion (CLC) of rice husk is presented in this paper. Both steam and CO2 are used for gasification within the temperature range of 500–1200˚C and different amounts of oxygen carriers. Chemical equilibrium model was considered for the CLC fuel reactor. The trends in product compositions of the fuel reactor, were determined. Rice husk gasification using 3 moles H2O and 0 moles CO2 per mole carbon (in rice husk) at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C was found to be the best operating point for hundred percent carbon conversion in the fuel reactor. Such detailed thermodynamic studies can be useful to design chemical looping combustion processes using different fuels.
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
This is a report on the design of a plant to produce 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
CO2 Reduction in a Calciner Reactor at a Cement Factory MemorandumAlfonso Figueroa
• Extensive research in a team of four on how to reduce CO2 emissions from a cement factory
• Focused on reducing CO2 emissions from the calciner reactor by using substitute reactant materials and running a simulation on Aspen HYSYS to determine the least CO2 produced
This is a presentation on the design of plant for producing 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
This is a report on the design of a plant to produce 20 million standard cubic feet per day (0.555 × 106 standard m3/day) of hydrogen (H2) of at least 95% purity from heavy fuel oil (HFO) with an upstream time of 7680 hours/year applying the process of partial oxidation of the heavy oil feedstock.
CO2 Reduction in a Calciner Reactor at a Cement Factory MemorandumAlfonso Figueroa
• Extensive research in a team of four on how to reduce CO2 emissions from a cement factory
• Focused on reducing CO2 emissions from the calciner reactor by using substitute reactant materials and running a simulation on Aspen HYSYS to determine the least CO2 produced
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
The Expander Gas and Ammonia Ratio Influence on the Calcium Cyanamide YieldYogeshIJTSRD
For the first time, thermodynamic calculations based on relatively new physicochemical constants clarified the onset temperature of thermal ammonia decomposition, as well as the side chemical reactions probability between ammonia and carbon dioxide. The influence of the main technological parameters on the calcium cyanamide synthesis is investigated. The exhaust gases composition from the reactor for the calcium cyanamide synthesis was studied depending on the temperature. Kinetic studies of the calcium cyanamide synthesis determined the chemical reaction orders with respect to ammonia and carbon dioxide, and it was proved that the limiting stage of calcium cyanamide synthesis is the initial gas components diffusion through the product layer. O. Kh. Panzhiev | A. Kh. Panzhiev | N. Umarov | O. Azimov "The Expander Gas and Ammonia Ratio Influence on the Calcium Cyanamide Yield" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38440.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/38440/the-expander-gas-and-ammonia-ratio-influence-on-the-calcium-cyanamide-yield/o-kh-panzhiev
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
Presentation on "Study of process intensification of CO2 capture through modelling and simulation" given by Dr Meihong Wang from University of Hull in the Process Engineering Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels Course Material.
National Centre for Catalysis Research (NCCR, IIT Madras), considered for the first on-line course the topic of Carbon dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels. NCCR has learnt many such lessons which are necessary for the researchers to understand and also have a complete comprehension of the limitations.
Formulation and operation of a Nickel based methanation catalystSakib Shahriar
The objective of this experiment was to get a firsthand experience of the preparation of a catalyst for methanation reaction and to evaluate the performance of the catalyst in a fixed bed tubular reactor. In the first part of the experiment a nickel-based catalyst was synthesized. The catalyst will have nickel as the active component and alumina as the support. the catalyst precursor was prepared by co-precipitation from a solution of nitrate salts of nickel and aluminum. The precipitate was filtered out, washed, dried and calcined to obtain the catalyst. In the second part, the catalyst was activated and performance analysis was done alone with loaded in a fixed bed reactor. The percentage conversion of CO to CH4 was 96.38% and the selectivity of CH4 production to CO2 production was 3.348.
Co gasification of coal and biomass – thermodynamic and experimental studyeSAT Journals
Abstract Cogasification of coal and biomass is a new area of research. Cogasification offers several advantages than individual feed gasification. A thermodynamic analysis of lignite coal and rice husk cogasification using only steam was studied by using HSC chemistry software in this paper involving the effect of temperature 500-1200°C and GaCR ratio(1-3) on the product gas composition. The study also focused on calculation of thermoneutral conditions and hundred percent carbon conversion temperature in cogasification of lignite coal and rice husk. Experimental study of co gasification of rice husk and coal was also done at fixed steam to carbon ratio. The experimental study was found to be more kinetically controlled.
Keyword: cogasification, rice husk, lignite coal, HSC chemistry software, fixed bed.
The Expander Gas and Ammonia Ratio Influence on the Calcium Cyanamide YieldYogeshIJTSRD
For the first time, thermodynamic calculations based on relatively new physicochemical constants clarified the onset temperature of thermal ammonia decomposition, as well as the side chemical reactions probability between ammonia and carbon dioxide. The influence of the main technological parameters on the calcium cyanamide synthesis is investigated. The exhaust gases composition from the reactor for the calcium cyanamide synthesis was studied depending on the temperature. Kinetic studies of the calcium cyanamide synthesis determined the chemical reaction orders with respect to ammonia and carbon dioxide, and it was proved that the limiting stage of calcium cyanamide synthesis is the initial gas components diffusion through the product layer. O. Kh. Panzhiev | A. Kh. Panzhiev | N. Umarov | O. Azimov "The Expander Gas and Ammonia Ratio Influence on the Calcium Cyanamide Yield" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | International Research Development and Scientific Excellence in Academic Life , March 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38440.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/38440/the-expander-gas-and-ammonia-ratio-influence-on-the-calcium-cyanamide-yield/o-kh-panzhiev
In this project we basically studied scope of this project, its feasibility and market assessment, raw material availability, different routes to produce Syngas and their comparison, process selection and its complete description, its P&ID, and environmental consideration.
Presentation on "Study of process intensification of CO2 capture through modelling and simulation" given by Dr Meihong Wang from University of Hull in the Process Engineering Technical Session at the UKCCSRC Biannual Meeting in Cambridge on 2-3 April 2014
Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels Course Material.
National Centre for Catalysis Research (NCCR, IIT Madras), considered for the first on-line course the topic of Carbon dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels. NCCR has learnt many such lessons which are necessary for the researchers to understand and also have a complete comprehension of the limitations.
Formulation and operation of a Nickel based methanation catalystSakib Shahriar
The objective of this experiment was to get a firsthand experience of the preparation of a catalyst for methanation reaction and to evaluate the performance of the catalyst in a fixed bed tubular reactor. In the first part of the experiment a nickel-based catalyst was synthesized. The catalyst will have nickel as the active component and alumina as the support. the catalyst precursor was prepared by co-precipitation from a solution of nitrate salts of nickel and aluminum. The precipitate was filtered out, washed, dried and calcined to obtain the catalyst. In the second part, the catalyst was activated and performance analysis was done alone with loaded in a fixed bed reactor. The percentage conversion of CO to CH4 was 96.38% and the selectivity of CH4 production to CO2 production was 3.348.
CFD Analysis on the Effect of Injection Timing for Diesel Combustion and Emis...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of injection timing in diesel combustion. Ansys Fluent a computational fluid dynamics tool is used to study the combustion of diesel with three different injection timing. The fuel is injected before TDC, at TDC and after TDC. The parameters such as temperature, pressure, velocity, density, soot and NOx emission are compared. The specie transport model is used for modelling the combustion. Standard k-e (2 equ) is used for modelling the turbulence. The analysis is carried out by only considering the compression and expansion strokes. The pressure reaches the maximum when the fuel is injected before TDC and the maximum temperature is when injected at TDC. The NOx emission is less when the fuel is injected at TDC and the soot formation is when fuel injected before TDC.
Reduction of PAPR and Efficient detection ordering scheme for MIMO Transmissi...IJERA Editor
The technical challenges for communication engineers is the development of best performance wireless
networks with negligible amount of distortions. We have to consider multipath propagation attenuation and
radio spectrum inefficiency. Now a days, In MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output) systems there is a huge demand
for the networks with the high transmission rates and better quality of service which are having low PAPR ratio.
Instead of OFDMA, filter banks are used in massive MIMO to reduce the complexity. But they are error prone
to noise. This base paper discusses about PAPR reduction in MIMO systems using different precoding based
OFDM systems. Mainly, minimization of multi-antenna systems by controlling the transmission power and
reduction of PAPR using ZC (Zadoff-Chu) matrix transform.
A Survey on Constellation Based Attribute Selection Method for High Dimension...IJERA Editor
Attribute Selection is an important topic in Data Mining, because it is the effective way for reducing dimensionality, removing irrelevant data, removing redundant data, & increasing accuracy of the data. It is the process of identifying a subset of the most useful attributes that produces compatible results as the original entire set of attribute. Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group called a cluster are more similar in some sense or another to each other than to those in other groups (Clusters). There are various approaches & techniques for attribute subset selection namely Wrapper approach, Filter Approach, Relief Algorithm, Distributional clustering etc. But each of one having some disadvantages like unable to handle large volumes of data, computational complexity, accuracy is not guaranteed, difficult to evaluate and redundancy detection etc. To get the upper hand on some of these issues in attribute selection this paper proposes a technique that aims to design an effective clustering based attribute selection method for high dimensional data. Initially, attributes are divided into clusters by using graph-based clustering method like minimum spanning tree (MST). In the second step, the most representative attribute that is strongly related to target classes is selected from each cluster to form a subset of attributes. The purpose is to increase the level of accuracy, reduce dimensionality; shorter training time and improves generalization by reducing over fitting.
Improved SCTP Scheme To Overcome Congestion Losses Over ManetIJERA Editor
Transmission control conventions have been utilized for data transmission process. TCP has been pre-possessed
for information transmission over wired correspondence having diverse transfer speeds and message delays over
the system. TCP gives correspondence utilizing 3-handshake which sends RTS and ACK originate from server
end and information message has been transmitted over the data transmission gave. This does not give security
over flooding assault happened on the system. TCP gives correspondence between distinctive hubs of the wired
correspondence however when multi-spilling happens in a system TCP does not gives legitimate throughput of
the framework which is significant issue that happened in the past framework. In the proposed work, to beat this
issue SCTP and Improved SCTP transmission control convention has been executed for the framework
execution of the framework. SCTP gives 4-handshake correspondence in the message transmit and improved
SCTP gives the performance when the queue length comes to its full value then it divides the message to other
nodes because of which security element get expansions and this likewise gives correspondence administrations
over multi-spilling and multi-homing. Numerous sender and recipients can impart over wired system utilizing
different methodologies of correspondence through same routers, which debases in the TCP convention. In last
we assess parameters for execution assessment. Here, we composed and actualized our proving ground utilizing
Network Simulator (NS-2.35) to test the execution of both Routing conventions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Extract the ancient letters from decoratedIJERA Editor
Nowadays, large databases of ornaments of the hand-press period are available and need efficient retrieval tools
for history specialists and general users. This article deals with document images analysis. The purpose of our
work is to automatically determine the letter represented in an ornamental letter image. Our process is divided
into two parts: Wavelet transformation: Segmentation of the ornamental letter followed by a recognition step.
The segmentation process uses multi-resolution analysis to filter background decorations followed by
binarisation and morphologic reconstruction of the expected letter.
Future of Supply Chain Management in Various food Production.IJERA Editor
This paper analyse the case of any production system and the structure of supply chain has evolved
progressively over the time of sequential supply chain, to global supply chain. This evolution has reflected the
change in business environment from static to dynamic. So the purpose of this paper is to propose an agenda for
future research in supply chain management. We also measure the effect of FDI in India to the existing
production industries in India.
Amelioration of safety management in infrastructure projectsIJERA Editor
Accidents are a major public health concern, resulting in an estimated 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries
worldwide each year specifically, the relationships between drivers' characteristics and road accidents are not
fully understood. Many factors are involved in the accident occurrence at construction site. Some important
elements that create a significant portion of accidents include: safety management error, poor training programs,
human element, act of god, outdated procedure and no clear monitoring policy. Although some of these items
are inevitable, but the occurrence of the largest part can be prevented. Therefore, for ameliorating the safety in a
project each of these items should be analyzed and a practical approach introduced. In general, near miss,
incident and accident are three dependent levels that mainly lead to injury. Risk and hazard are allocated in first
level which means near miss, therefore, no on-time identification of hazard and risk causes to create incident
and preventing accident in incident stage is unavoidable.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PRESENTATION ON PLANT DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURING OF HYDROGENPriyam Jyoti Borah
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production.The reaction is conducted in a reformer vessel where a high pressure mixture of steam and methane are put into contact with a nickel catalyst. Catalysts with high surface-area-to-volume ratio are preferred because of diffusion limitations due to high operating temperature. Examples of catalyst shapes used are spoked wheels, gear wheels, and rings with holes. Additionally, these shapes have a low pressure drop which is advantageous for this application.
A REVIEW: CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION (CCS) IN INDIAIAEME Publication
In 21st century research on carbon capture and sequestration is totally based on optimizing the process of capture either by increasing the capture efficiency or by reducing the work input (energy consumption) in the process of capturing the carbon dioxide. This review article is prime focused on the present scenario of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; aspects of new world with CCS with its merits-demerits and new emerging technological implementations.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
Water Gas Shift Reaction Characteristics Using Syngas from Waste Gasification inventionjournals
The characteristics of a high temperature water gas shift reaction over a commercial Fe-based catalyst using syngas from waste gasification were investigated using lab equipment tests and found to be feasible for producing valuable chemical products. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio were observed using various values for the gas hourly space velocity(GHSV), steam/CO ratio, and temperature. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio increased with increasing temperature, increasing steam/CO ratio and decreasing SV. The CO conversion values were 32.95% and 46.84% and the H2/CO ratios were 1.8 and 2.09 with temperatures of 350 C and 400C, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 2.4 and SV was 458 h-1 . The H2/CO ratio and CO conversion were 1.42 and 30.14%, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 1.45, and increased with an increase in the steam/CO ratio. The H2/CO ratio increased to 2.36 and the CO conversion increased to 51.70% when the steam/CO ratio was 3.44. However, the increase in the CO conversion was insignificant when the steam/CO ratio was greater than 2.9.
Biomass is considered as a potential source of energy production.Gasification can be employed to convert
dilute biomass energy source in to gaseous products holding concentrated form of energy. A steady state model for fluidized
bed biomass gasifier is developed based on reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic aspects of fluidization. The presence of
sorbent for absorption of carbon dioxide from the product gas is also incorporated in the model.The developed model
predicts the variation of syngas composition, temperature, pressure and velocity along the height of gasifier. Experiments
were carried out in a lab scale fluidized bed biomass gasifier and the results were used to validate the model.An increase of
50.35% in H2 mole fraction and a decrease of 50.88 % in CO2 mole fraction were observed when CaO was used as the
sorbent.
Mathematical modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell operating on biogasjournalBEEI
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are the most efficient devices for directly converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy. This is one of the main reasons why these fuel cells have received a lot of attention from the scientific community and from several developers who have invested in the use of this technology in various applications. Biogas is one of the products of anaerobic decomposition (absence of gaseous oxygen) of organic matter, which occurs due to the action of certain types of bacteria. Biogas is mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and its use in solid oxide fuel cells has been investigated since Biogas is a renewable biofuel. The aim of this paper was to perform mathematical modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell operating on biogas. The results confirmed that the overall efficiency of the system is above 94% and the largest irreversibilities of the system are related to heat exchangers.
Engine Emissions at Various Cetane Numbers with Exhaust Gas RecirculationIOSR Journals
Typical engine fuels are blends of various fuels species, i.e., multi component. Thus, the original
single component fuel vaporization model was replaced by a multi component fuel vaporization model .The
model has been extended to model diesel sprays under typical diesel conditions, including the effect of fuel
cetane number variation .Necessary modifications were carried out at the various cooling rates. Found the
performance of the diesel engine under various cooling rates at various cetane numbers, also various quantities
of exhaust gas was re circulated and found performance of the engine
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Chemical Looping Combustion of Rice Husk
1. Rashmeet Singh Monga et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.132-138
www.ijera.com 132 | P a g e
Chemical Looping Combustion of Rice Husk
Rashmeet Singh Monga1
, Ganesh R. Kale2
, Sadanand Y. Guhe1
1
(Chemical Engineering Dept., Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad, India)
2
(Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-NEERI, Nagpur, India)
ABSTRACT
A thermodynamic investigation of direct chemical looping combustion (CLC) of rice husk is presented in this
paper. Both steam and CO2 are used for gasification within the temperature range of 500–1200˚C and different
amounts of oxygen carriers. Chemical equilibrium model was considered for the CLC fuel reactor. The trends in
product compositions of the fuel reactor, were determined. Rice husk gasification using 3 moles H2O and 0
moles CO2 per mole carbon (in rice husk) at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C was found to be the best operating point
for hundred percent carbon conversion in the fuel reactor. Such detailed thermodynamic studies can be useful to
design chemical looping combustion processes using different fuels.
Key Words- Chemical looping combustion, NiO, Rice husk, Thermodynamic study.
I. Introduction
CO2 emission to the environment is mainly
contributed by industrial power generation. Concerns
for climate change phenomenon have started special
procedures to reduce CO2 emissions using CO2
capture and storage techniques that capture CO2 from
energy-intensive processes and then store it in
suitable geologic locations [1]. The concerns of
increase in greenhouse gas emissions and an
inevitable global warming crisis is reported by
researchers. CO2 is also largely generated by fossil
fuel processing and it is a crucial greenhouse gas that
affects the climate change [2]. Fossil fuels are at
present the major energy resources and are likely to
dominate for more several decades. Hence it is
essential to continue the use of fossil fuels but also
reduce the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere [3].
The expectations from the Carbon capture and
storage (CCS) technologies to help curb the
greenhouse gas emissions and ensure a sustainable
development of power generation and other energy-
intensive industrial sectors are extremely high.
Amongst them, chemical looping systems display a
promising option to capture CO2 with lower cost and
energy penalty [1]. Chemical looping combustion
(CLC) is a promising technology to utilize fossil fuel
for combustion and prevent CO2 dilution in the
nitrogen rich flue gases. In this process, a solid
oxygen carrier supplies the oxygen needed for CO2
and water formation that is a nitrogen free product
mixture. This avoids the major cost of CO2
separation from the flue gases and also reduces the
NOx formation. A good oxygen carrier readily reacts
with the fuel gas and shall be reoxidized upon being
contacted with oxygen. An oxygen carrier is
generally prepared by a metal oxide and an inert
binder that provide the oxygen storage, fluidizability
and mechanical strength [4]. Chemical looping
combustion (CLC) is a non-flame two-step
combustion which produces a pure CO2 stream for
easy compression and sequestration. The process
comprises of two interconnected fluidized bed
reactors where the fuel reactor is a bubbling fluidized
bed and the air reactor is a conventional circulating
fluidized bed. It uses an oxygen carrier - a highly-
reactive metal particle, to avoid the direct contact of
air and fuel during the combustion, to indirectly
transport oxygen from the air to the fuel. The
products of combustion are kept separated from the
rest of the flue gases namely nitrogen and excess
oxygen [5]. The CLC system is composed of two
reactors, an air and a fuel reactor, as shown in fig. 1
Fig. 1- Chemical-looping combustion system.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Rashmeet Singh Monga et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -6) May 2015, pp.132-138
www.ijera.com 133 | P a g e
In CLC, the solid oxygen carrier is circulated
between the air and fuel reactors. The fuel is fed into
the fuel reactor where it is oxidized by the lattice
oxygen of the oxygen carriers and the reaction in the
fuel reactor is almost endothermic.
(2n +m) MexOy +CnH2m→ (2n + m) MexOy−1 +
mH2O + nCO2.
Once fuel oxidation is completed; the reduced
metal oxide MyO(x−1) is transported to the air reactor
where it is reoxidized according the reaction:
MexOy−1 + ½ O2 → MexOy
The flue gas stream from the air reactor will
have a high temperature and contain N2 and some
unreacted O2.
Transition metal oxides, such as Ni, Fe, Cu, and
Mn oxides are reported as reactive oxygen carriers.
Ni-based oxygen carriers have exhibited the best
reactivity and stability during multi-redox cycles [6].
Henrik Leion et al. has investigated the feasibility of
using three different solid fuels in chemical-looping
combustion (CLC) using NiO as oxygen carrier in a
laboratory fluidized-bed reactor system at 970°C.
They reported that the NiO particles also showed
good reactivity with methane and a syngas mixture
of 50% H2 and 50% CO also showed good fluidizing
properties without any signs of agglomeration [7].
Tobias Mattisson et al. have investigated the
feasibility of using NiO as an oxygen carrier with
CH4 as fuel and in the temperature range 700–
1200°C during chemical-looping combustion and
their result showed that the yield of CO2 and H2O
decreased with increase in temperature [8]. M.M.
Yazdanpanah et al. has presented a reactor model for
combustion of CH4 with NiO/NiAl2O4 oxygen
carriers in the fuel reactor of a 10 kW CLC pilot
plant. The model shows good agreement with
experimental results considering some kinetic and
hydrodynamic modifications, including impact of gas
adsorption by falling particles in the bubble phase on
the gas exchange coefficient and thermodynamic
limitation of CO and H2 combustion [9]. C. Saha et
al. have carried out an experimental investigation
pertaining to CLC of a Victorian brown coal using
NiO and CuO as oxygen carriers at 950 °C (NiO) and
800°C (CuO) and have reported the high reactivity of
CuO as compared to NiO during cyclic operation
[10]. Magnus Rydén et al. have examined the Ce, Ca,
or Mg stabilized ZrO2 oxygen carriers by redox
experiments in a batch fluidized-bed reactor at 800–
950°C, using CH4 as fuel. The experiments showed
good reactivity between the particles and CH4 [11].
Many studies have also demonstrated the
feasibility of using CLC for both gaseous and solid
fuels [12]. The chemical looping process was mainly
targeted towards efficient carbon capturing [13, 14]
and hydrogen production [15, 16]. Rutuja Bhoje et
al. have done theoretical study of chemical looping
combustion of methane to consider some key
technology development points to help the process
engineer choose the right oxygen carrier and process
conditions [17]. X. Wang et al. have developed a
three-dimensional numerical model to simulate the
CLC process in the fuel reactor using a bubbling
fluidized bed of oxygen carrier made from 14 wt% of
metal oxide CuO and 86% wt of inert material Al2O3
and a coal gas from coal gasification containing 55
vol. % CO, 30 vol. % H2 and 15 vol. % CO2 [18].
India produces approximately 120 million tons
of paddies each year which gives around 24 million
tons of rice husk and 4.4 million tons of rice husk ash
every year. Rice husk is a high calorific value
renewable fuel and can be used for electricity
generation in efficient manner [19]. Rice husk can be
used as fuel and has oxygen in its structure [20]. The
CLC of rice husk has not been studied so far in
literature.
II. Process Design:
The conceptual process design for CLC of rice
husk is shown in figure 2. The process scheme
consists of a CLC fuel reactor and air reactor.
Preheated rice husk, CO2, H2O and NiO from air
reactor are fed to the fuel reactor in calculated
amount to convert the rice husk to CO2, and H2O.
The fuel reactor products were assumed to be in
thermodynamic equilibrium at the exit of the reactor.
Complete conversion of rice husk and maximum CO2
production are targeted in the fuel reactor. It is
assumed that the NiO oxidizes the carbon and
hydrogen in rice husk to CO2 and H2O in the CLC
fuel reactor. The moles of OC (NiO) for fuel reactor
are varied depending on the stoichiometric
requirement of reaction between rice husk and NiO.
Complete conversion of rice husk to CO2 and H2O is
desired; however the conversion is limited by
thermodynamic equilibrium.
Fig. 2- Process diagram
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The OC (NiO) is reduced (to Ni) in the CLC fuel
reactor. The products of the CLC fuel reactor go
through a gas-solid separator and the gaseous
products mostly containing CO2 and H2O can be
cooled for CO2 separation and sequestration with
heat recovery or recycled back as required. The solid
products of the CLC fuel reactor containing OC are
transferred to the air reactor, in which preheated air
is added to completely oxidize coke to CO2 and
regenerate the reduced OC. Complete conversion is
assumed in these oxidation reactions.
The regenerated oxygen carrier (NiO) is
separated from the air reactor product stream using a
gas-solid separator and is recycled to the fuel reactor.
The air reactor is the major source of thermal energy
in this process. It is safely assumed that both the air
and fuel reactors operate at same temperature and
pressure conditions.
Table 1- Rice husk composition [21].
The base composition of rice husk taken were 1
mole C, 0.6402 moles hydrogen (H2), 0.3052 oxygen
(O2). According to rice husk composition reaction
involved in fuel reactor assumed to be
C+ 0.6402H2(g) + 0.3052O2 (g) + 2.0298NiO = CO2
(g) + 0.6402H2O (g) + 2.0298Ni. (1)
III. Process Methodology:
Thermodynamic analysis of the system helps us
to determine the optimum conditions that can
maximize the yield with low energy consumption
[22]. HSC Chemistry software version 5.11 is used to
generate the thermodynamic equilibrium data for
CLC fuel reactor in this process study. The
thermodynamic equilibrium calculations in the Gibbs
routine of HSC Chemistry are done using the Gibbs
free energy minimization algorithm. The Gibbs
program searches the best combination of most
stable species in which the Gibbs free energy of the
system can achieve its minimum at a fixed mass
balance (a constraint minimization problem),
constant pressure, and temperature. Hence no
chemical reaction equations are required in the input.
The chemical species such as C(s), CO2 (g), H2
(g), CO (g), H2O (g), CH4 (g), H2O (l), O2 (g), NiO
(s) and Ni (s), that are usually found in CLC reaction
system considered in this study. The input species
fed to the fuel reactor were rice husk with oxygen
carrier, H2O (g), and CO2 (g). The material balances
are done by Equilibrium Composition module of
HSC Chemistry and the results were used to
calculate reaction enthalpy by Reaction Equation
module of HSC Chemistry software.
Table 2- Fuel reactor feed condition with NiO in
stoichiometric ratio.
1 mol carbon (in rice husk) is used as basis for
all calculations in the temperature range of 500–
1200˚C for the entire process. The feed gasifying
agent-to-carbon ratio (GaCR) ranging from 1 to 3
was used in this study. The CLC of rice husk using
both gasifying agent (CO2 and H2O) and oxygen
carrier (NiO) is studied with intermediate steps of
increase in CO2 moles (with simultaneous decrease
in steam moles) for constant GaCR ratios. These feed
conditions for CO2 and steam input per mole carbon
(in rice husk) are shown in Table 2. These inputs
were used to calculate the thermodynamic
equilibrium composition in the CLC fuel reactor. The
oxidation reaction in the air reactor is exothermic.
It is presumed that, according to stoichiometric
amount given by the reactions the air is supplied to
the air reactor:
Ni + 0.5O2 = NiO (2)
C + O2 = CO2 (3)
IV. Results and Discussions:
4.1. Effect of Amount of oxygen carrier:
The stoichiometric quantity of NiO was varied
according to fuel reactor reaction of oxygen carrier:
C + 0.6402H2(g) + 0.3052 O2 (g) + 2.0298 NiO =
CO2 (g) +0.6402H2O (g) + 2.0298 Ni
Stoichiometric amount of NiO reqd. (S) = 2.0298
Assuming S = 2.0298
Species C H2 O2
Moles 1 0.6402 0.3052
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1.25*S = 2.53725
And 1.5*S = 3.0447
The effect of stoichiometric amount of oxygen
carrier on CLC of rice husk was investigated for 1,
1.25, and 1.5 stoichiometric of NiO in fuel reactor.
Some side reactions also take place in the fuel
reactor and hence the conversions in the fuel reactor
are limited by thermodynamic equilibrium
constraints. It was necessary to study the equilibrium
product composition of the CLC fuel reactor at 1 bar
pressure. Since, the OC is generally used in excess of
the stoichiometric requirement in CLC processes to
enhance the syngas and CH4 conversion in the fuel
reactor. Hence two more cases (1.25S and 1.5S)
using higher amounts (1.25 times and 1.5 times the
stoichiometric requirement) of OC were also studied.
4.1.1. (CH4 + CO + H2) formation:
The (CH4 + CO + H2) compositions in product
gases at 1 bar pressure and at 700°C of the CLC fuel
reactor for different inputs of OC and different input
feed conditions are shown in Figure 3. It was
observed that the H2, CO, and CH4 emissions from
the fuel reactor decreased with increase in the
amount of OC. At constant GaCR, it was also
observed that the (CH4 + CO + H2) moles generally
decreased with increase in feed CO2 moles (with
simultaneous decrease in H2O moles). The maximum
amount of (CH4 + CO + H2) exit moles were found
to be 0.19 moles for case CS1, while the minimum
quantity of (CH4 + CO + H2) exit moles were
observed to be 0.02 moles (AS1).
4.1.2. CO2 Emission:
The CO2 emissions at 1 bar pressure and 700°C
of the CLC fuel reactor for different inputs of OC
and different input feed conditions is shown in Fig.
4. It was seen that the CO2 emission from the fuel
reactor increase with increase in the amount of OC. It
was also observed that the product CO2 moles
generally decrease with increase in feed CO2 moles
at constant GaCR. The maximum amount of CO2
emission was found to be 0.99 moles for case AS1,
while the minimum CO2 emission was observed to
be 0.87 moles (CS4).
4.1.3. Syngas ratio:
The syngas ratio at 1 bar pressure and at 700°C
of the CLC fuel reactor for different inputs of OC
and different input feed conditions is shown in Fig.
5. It was observed that the syngas ratio remains
constant irrespective of increase in the amount of
OC. It was also observed that the syngas ratio
generally decreased with increase in feed CO2 moles
at constant GaCR. The maximum syngas ratio was
found to be 5.73 (CS1), while the minimum of
syngas ratio was observed to be 0.25 (CS4). This
constant syngas ratio observation is reported for the
first time in this paper.
4.2 Effect of GaCR Conditions and Temperature.
4.2.1. Net CO2 emission:
The Net CO2 emissions from the CLC process is
used to measure the CO2 utilization and is shown in
Fig. 6. The net CO2 emission (moles) = CO2 moles
(in output) - CO2 moles (in input). An increase in
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
AS1 AS3 BS1 BS3 BS5 CS1 CS3
(CH4+CO+H2)moles
GaCR Feed conditon
Fig. 3- (CH4 + CO + H2) moles emitted
from the fuel reactor at 700˚C.
S_NiO
1.25S_NiO
1.5S_NiO
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
AS1 AS3 BS1 BS3 BS5 CS1 CS3
NetCO2moles
GaCR Feed conditon
Fig. 4- CO2 moles emitted from the fuel
reactor at 700˚C.
S_NiO
1.25S_NiO
1.5S_NiO
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
AS1 AS3 BS1 BS3 BS5 CS1 CS3
Syngasratio
GaCR Feed conditon
Fig. 5- Syngas ratio at 700˚C.
S_NiO
1.25S_NiO
1.5S_NiO
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temperature from 500 to 1200˚C resulted in decrease
in net CO2 emission. At constant GaCR, increasing
the CO2 moles in the input (with simultaneous
decrease in H2O moles) decreased the net CO2
emission in output. The net maximum CO2 emission
found in case CS1 (3 moles H2O + 0 moles CO2).
4.2.2 H2 and CO formation:
The H2 formation increased with increase in
temperature from 500 to 1200˚C. Increase in the CO2
moles (with simultaneous decrease in H2O moles) in
GaCR ratio decreased the H2 formation in output.
The maximum H2 formation was found in case AS1
(3 moles H2O + 0 moles CO2) fig. 7a. Similarly,
increase in the process temperature led to an increase
in CO formation. Increase in the CO2 in GaCR ratio
increased the CO formation in output. The minimum
CO formation found in case AS1 (3 moles H2O + 0
moles CO2) as shown in fig. 7b.
4.2.3. Syngas Yield:
The syngas yield is calculated by adding the H2
and CO moles obtained from the process. As seen in
Fig. 8, the syngas yield generally increased with
increase in temperature from 500 to 1200˚C and for
constant GaCR. Increase in the feed CO2 moles led
to a decrease in syngas yield, e.g. the syngas yield
increased from 0.09 to 0.24 moles for case AS1, and
the syngas yeild increased from 0.06 to 0.37 moles
for case AS4 and 0.06 to 0.33 for BS5.
4.2.4. NiO conversion:
It is assumed that the CH4, CO, and H2 are
oxidized to CO2 and H2O by means of NiO in the
CLC fuel reactor. The oxygen carrier (NiO) gets
reduced in the CLC fuel reactor. The NiO conversion
slightly decreased with increase in temperature from
500-1200˚C. For e.g. the NiO conversion decreased
from 93.75% to 88.23% in case of AS1 while it
decreased from 93.21% to 81.57% in case of CS4 as
shown in fig. 9.
The carbon conversion at 1 bar pressure is
shown in Table 2. It was seen that as the temperature
increased from 500–1200˚C, the carbon conversion
reached its maximum (100%). It was observed that
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the 100% carbon conversion was achieved at
relatively low temperature for higher GaCR.
4.2.5. 100% carbon conversion in fuel reactor:
It is very important for the CLC process to get
100% carbon conversion in the fuel rector as the
unreacted carbon can go to in air reactor and form
CO2. The lowest temperature for 100% carbon
conversion was found to be 900˚C in case CS1, so
this point was found to be the best point for process
operation.
Table 2- Carbon Conversion
V. Conclusion
This theoretical study was done to understand
the material balances for process design of direct
CLC of rice husk. The study considered the effect of
temperature and effect of amount of oxygen carrier
in the fuel reactor using steam and CO2 as gasifying
agents in steps. It was concluded that rice husk CLC
using 3 moles H2O and 0 moles CO2 per mole carbon
at 1 bar pressure and 900˚C is the best point to
operate the process as hundred percent carbon
conversion in the rice husk occurs in the process. The
results obtained in this detailed study can be used for
scale up of the process. Further Experimentation is
required for the commercialization of the technology.
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