This document summarizes a graduation project on chemical looping combustion (CLC) carried out by eight students under the supervision of two professors. The project involved building a experimental setup to test CLC using different fuels, diameters of fuel, and insulation methods. Experiments were conducted and results like temperature and exhaust emissions over time were recorded. Metal powder was also later tested as the oxygen carrier to potentially further reduce emissions. The best results were obtained with coal of 5cm diameter, CLC insulation, preheating, and a 1HP blower.
The new flue gas analyzer testo 310 combines simple functions with high measurement accuracy, making it suitable for basic heating system measurements. It has a battery life of up to 10 hours and is robust for daily use even in tough conditions. Measurement results can be printed on-site using the integrated infrared printer. The testo 310 offers advantages of electronic flue gas measurement at a good cost-benefit ratio.
The testo 320 is a high-quality flue gas analyzer for efficient heating system diagnosis and monitoring. It features a high-resolution color display, storage for 500 measurements, and sensors for measuring O2, CO, flue gas, pressure, temperature and more. The testo 320 simplifies operation with standardized measurement menus and is suitable for routine work, emergencies and checking legal limits.
Animated images can be used in PowerPoint presentations to grab audience attention and provide additional details. To use an animated GIF, search online for a relevant gif, save it to your computer, and insert it into your PowerPoint by going to Insert > Picture and selecting the gif file. The gif will then play automatically in the presentation.
The document summarizes research on the effect of cathode stoichiometric ratio on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under cold operating conditions. It describes the background on PEMFCs and motivation for studying cold start performance. The project investigated how output voltage of a PEMFC is affected by changing the cathode stoichiometric ratio at room temperature, 0°C, and -3°C. Results showed that increasing the ratio improved performance at room temperature and 0°C but had little effect at -3°C, likely due to ice formation blocking gas flow. Recommendations to address sources of error in the experiment are also provided.
Computation of Theoretical Heat of Formation in a Kiln Using Fortran LanguageIOSR Journals
Abstract: The evolution of the early rotary kiln for cement industries and innovation made by man is to ease
cement processing. The rotary Kiln in which cement is burnt at 13000C to 15500C is a long cylinder rotating on
its axis and inclined so that the materials fed in at the upper end travel slowly to the lower end.
The approach adopted is by evolving a mathematical model of the system. Simulation of the process was carried
out using FORTRAN language to compute theoretical heat of formation. The exact value of theoretical heat of
formation was found to be 435.583000.
The aim is to produce a good quality clinker at the optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
The computer model is in a FORTRAN language. The simulation provides very encouraging result, which
showed trends that enabled the deduction of optimum system parameters.
Significance: This paper investigated the behavior of the kiln through computer simulations, for comparing
the performance of different constitutions under similar operations and conditions. The paper highlighted how a
good quality clinker can be produced at optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
The document summarizes the solution to a heat transfer problem involving a slab of rubber initially at 20°C placed between steel plates at 140°C. It is calculated that:
1) The heating time for the rubber's midplane to reach 132°C is 10.81 seconds.
2) The temperature 0.65cm from the metal after this time is 117.8°C.
3) The time required for the temperature at this point to reach 132°C is 2.7 seconds.
The new flue gas analyzer testo 310 combines simple functions with high measurement accuracy, making it suitable for basic heating system measurements. It has a battery life of up to 10 hours and is robust for daily use even in tough conditions. Measurement results can be printed on-site using the integrated infrared printer. The testo 310 offers advantages of electronic flue gas measurement at a good cost-benefit ratio.
The testo 320 is a high-quality flue gas analyzer for efficient heating system diagnosis and monitoring. It features a high-resolution color display, storage for 500 measurements, and sensors for measuring O2, CO, flue gas, pressure, temperature and more. The testo 320 simplifies operation with standardized measurement menus and is suitable for routine work, emergencies and checking legal limits.
Animated images can be used in PowerPoint presentations to grab audience attention and provide additional details. To use an animated GIF, search online for a relevant gif, save it to your computer, and insert it into your PowerPoint by going to Insert > Picture and selecting the gif file. The gif will then play automatically in the presentation.
The document summarizes research on the effect of cathode stoichiometric ratio on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) under cold operating conditions. It describes the background on PEMFCs and motivation for studying cold start performance. The project investigated how output voltage of a PEMFC is affected by changing the cathode stoichiometric ratio at room temperature, 0°C, and -3°C. Results showed that increasing the ratio improved performance at room temperature and 0°C but had little effect at -3°C, likely due to ice formation blocking gas flow. Recommendations to address sources of error in the experiment are also provided.
Computation of Theoretical Heat of Formation in a Kiln Using Fortran LanguageIOSR Journals
Abstract: The evolution of the early rotary kiln for cement industries and innovation made by man is to ease
cement processing. The rotary Kiln in which cement is burnt at 13000C to 15500C is a long cylinder rotating on
its axis and inclined so that the materials fed in at the upper end travel slowly to the lower end.
The approach adopted is by evolving a mathematical model of the system. Simulation of the process was carried
out using FORTRAN language to compute theoretical heat of formation. The exact value of theoretical heat of
formation was found to be 435.583000.
The aim is to produce a good quality clinker at the optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
The computer model is in a FORTRAN language. The simulation provides very encouraging result, which
showed trends that enabled the deduction of optimum system parameters.
Significance: This paper investigated the behavior of the kiln through computer simulations, for comparing
the performance of different constitutions under similar operations and conditions. The paper highlighted how a
good quality clinker can be produced at optimum fuel consumption and thermal efficiency.
The document summarizes the solution to a heat transfer problem involving a slab of rubber initially at 20°C placed between steel plates at 140°C. It is calculated that:
1) The heating time for the rubber's midplane to reach 132°C is 10.81 seconds.
2) The temperature 0.65cm from the metal after this time is 117.8°C.
3) The time required for the temperature at this point to reach 132°C is 2.7 seconds.
Subjecting transducers to high input powers can generate significant temperature rises within the device. The resultant temperature depends on the thermal properties of the materials used, efficiency of the transducer and the operating environment. OnScale separates the design problem into an acoustic simulation to calculate losses which can be input into a thermal model to solve for the temperature gradients.
NO2 Gas Sensing Properties of Carbon Films Fabricated by Arc Discharge Methan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, a set of experiments has been conducted using arc discharge Methane
decomposition attempting to obtain carbonaceous materials (C-strands) formed between graphite
electrodes. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the fabricated C-strands have been investigated in
the presence and absence of two different gases, NO2 and CO2. The results reveal that the current
passing through the carbon films increases when the concentrations of gases are increased from 200 to
800 ppm. This phenomenon is a result of conductance changes and can be employed in sensing
applications such as gas sensors.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter. Thermometers are devices used to define and measure temperature.
2. Thermometers work by exploiting a physical property, like length or resistance, that changes uniformly with temperature. They require fixed points like freezing and boiling points to define a temperature scale.
3. Common thermometers include liquid-in-glass, bimetallic, resistance, and thermoelectric types. Each exploits a different temperature-sensitive physical property and has advantages like accuracy, range, or response time.
This document presents research on the degradation of a drug at different temperatures over time. Kinetic parameters including the rate constant, half-life, and time for 10% degradation were calculated from experimental concentration data. An activation energy of 25.004 kcal/mole was determined using an Arrhenius plot. Shelf life calculations showed adding a 10% overage could increase the shelf life from 16 to 32 days. Plotting the data logarithmically indicated first-order degradation kinetics.
The document contains examples of problems related to applied thermodynamics and heat engines. It includes 6 examples that cover topics like determining interface temperatures, heat transfer in heat exchangers, radiation from blackbodies, compression of gases, heating of water, and heat transfer over flat plates. The examples provide calculations and step-by-step workings to arrive at the solutions.
The document describes the development of an environmentally robust carbon monoxide sensor for fire detection. The objective was to develop a high-quality CO sensor using an automated manufacturing process. The new sensor design, called ECO-Sure, has improved performance over previous designs in terms of stability, sensitivity, and resistance to environmental factors like humidity. The ECO-Sure sensor has been approved for use in fire detection instruments and is manufactured using an automated process to help ensure consistent high quality.
High
End RTP Production System
For 200 mm / 300 mm wafer size
For 180 nm, 130 nm, and 100 nm technology
Processes
Implant activation
S/D
Ultra
Shallow Junction Formation
TiSi
2 , CoSi 2 processes
Dry oxides, oxynitrides
Steam applications
STI liner oxides
Sidewall oxides
Thin gate oxides
PSG and BPSG reflow processes
Others
BE Chemical Engineering Design Project Production Of Propylene Oxidepatrickconneran
The document summarizes the design of a plant to produce 100,000 tonnes per year of 99.8% propylene oxide. It describes the selection of the cumene hydroperoxide process and provides details on the design of the key equipment, including oxidation, epoxidation, and distillation reactors and columns. It also discusses cost estimates, environmental impact assessments, hazard and operability studies, and the proposed site layout.
Fullerenes Synthesis Using Fabricated Arc Discharge System with Relatively La...iosrjce
Arc discharge technique is still one of the popular techniques for producing fullerenes. This work
describes an arc discharge installation with a chamber size of 140 mm diameter and 500 mm length that is able
to produce fullerenes. Fullerenes solid was extracted from carbon soot collected from the arc discharge system
at various experimental conditions of discharge current and chamber pressure using the solvent extraction
technique. Fullerenes yield of up to 6 to 8 % was extracted from the fabricated discharge system which was
higher when compared to the 3-4 % yield produced by an arc discharge system of 100 mm diameter and 200
mm length. The fabricated discharge system gave the best fullerenes percentage yield of 8 % at arc current of
150 A and 100 Torr of chamber pressure. Increase in inert atmosphere from 100 to 200 Torr on the amount of
carbon soot vapourization but inhibited the percentage fullerenes yield from 8 to 6 %. Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy analysis carried out on all fullerenes solid
extracted revealed the presence of fullerenes. The fabricated arc discharge system suggests that large chamber
size could promote the formation the synthesis of fullerenes.
This document provides information about Caltra's cement products and castable refractories. It includes:
1. An introduction and overview of Caltra's product development, quality control processes, and product offerings.
2. Details on Caltra's main cement product, CAC-70F, including its chemical composition and physical properties compared to other cements. Test data shows CAC-70F performs well.
3. Information on castable formulations using different cements, water-cement ratios, and additives, along with corresponding test results for properties like strength and permeability. CAC-70F-containing castables demonstrate good high-temperature resistance.
Heat transfer characteristics and exergy study of r744 r1270 in a smooth horIAEME Publication
This study experimentally investigated the heat transfer characteristics and exergy of a 50/50 blend of R744/R1270 flowing in a smooth horizontal tube. Tests were conducted with inlet temperatures ranging from -4°C to 8°C. Results show that inner wall temperature, heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, and exergy decreased along the length of the tube. Higher inlet temperatures resulted in higher inner wall temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, and Nusselt numbers, but lower exergy. The blend behaved differently at an inlet temperature of 4°C compared to other temperatures tested.
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
Thermal utilization (treatment) of plastic waste.Om Prakash Rajak
The document summarizes research on a thermal utilization installation for treating plastic waste. Tests were conducted on an industrial scale plant that manufactures plastic tape. The system utilized a rotating kiln and heat recovery boiler. Testing evaluated energy efficiency, environmental emissions, and economic viability. Results found high combustion temperatures, efficient heat recovery, emissions below standards, and favorable economics with payback of 4.5 years. The system demonstrated an effective approach for plastic waste treatment with energy recovery.
The document describes a passive solar water heating project in Libya. The project aims to improve renewable energy capacity and public awareness by using solar energy to heat water for a mosque. Key parts of the system were designed, fabricated, studied and analyzed. Testing showed the system was able to successfully heat water using solar energy, with results indicating the thermosiphon design was satisfactory. The project demonstrates that passive solar water heating is a good option for hot climates like Libya where solar energy is abundant and freezing is not a problem.
An exceptional blend of high temperature strength, corrosion and oxidation resistance, fatigue performance, and creep strength is offered by the nickel-chromium alloy EOS NickelAlloy IN939 at temperatures up to 850 °C (1,560 °F). EOS NickelAlloy parts were constructed.
Thermal analysis characterization of polymers and plastics acs webinarKevin Menard, Ph.D. MBA
Thermal analysis is a collection of techniques that examines how polymer properties change with temperature. Common techniques include DSC, TGA, DMA, and TMA. DSC measures transitions like glass transition and melting points via changes in heat flow or temperature. TGA analyzes weight changes with rising temperature such as decomposition. DMA provides storage modulus and damping curves to identify transitions. Thermal analysis is useful for characterizing polymers, determining purity, and studying curing and degradation. Hyphenated techniques like TG-IR and TG-GCMS further identify materials and products evolved during thermal degradation.
Subjecting transducers to high input powers can generate significant temperature rises within the device. The resultant temperature depends on the thermal properties of the materials used, efficiency of the transducer and the operating environment. OnScale separates the design problem into an acoustic simulation to calculate losses which can be input into a thermal model to solve for the temperature gradients.
NO2 Gas Sensing Properties of Carbon Films Fabricated by Arc Discharge Methan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, a set of experiments has been conducted using arc discharge Methane
decomposition attempting to obtain carbonaceous materials (C-strands) formed between graphite
electrodes. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the fabricated C-strands have been investigated in
the presence and absence of two different gases, NO2 and CO2. The results reveal that the current
passing through the carbon films increases when the concentrations of gases are increased from 200 to
800 ppm. This phenomenon is a result of conductance changes and can be employed in sensing
applications such as gas sensors.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter. Thermometers are devices used to define and measure temperature.
2. Thermometers work by exploiting a physical property, like length or resistance, that changes uniformly with temperature. They require fixed points like freezing and boiling points to define a temperature scale.
3. Common thermometers include liquid-in-glass, bimetallic, resistance, and thermoelectric types. Each exploits a different temperature-sensitive physical property and has advantages like accuracy, range, or response time.
This document presents research on the degradation of a drug at different temperatures over time. Kinetic parameters including the rate constant, half-life, and time for 10% degradation were calculated from experimental concentration data. An activation energy of 25.004 kcal/mole was determined using an Arrhenius plot. Shelf life calculations showed adding a 10% overage could increase the shelf life from 16 to 32 days. Plotting the data logarithmically indicated first-order degradation kinetics.
The document contains examples of problems related to applied thermodynamics and heat engines. It includes 6 examples that cover topics like determining interface temperatures, heat transfer in heat exchangers, radiation from blackbodies, compression of gases, heating of water, and heat transfer over flat plates. The examples provide calculations and step-by-step workings to arrive at the solutions.
The document describes the development of an environmentally robust carbon monoxide sensor for fire detection. The objective was to develop a high-quality CO sensor using an automated manufacturing process. The new sensor design, called ECO-Sure, has improved performance over previous designs in terms of stability, sensitivity, and resistance to environmental factors like humidity. The ECO-Sure sensor has been approved for use in fire detection instruments and is manufactured using an automated process to help ensure consistent high quality.
High
End RTP Production System
For 200 mm / 300 mm wafer size
For 180 nm, 130 nm, and 100 nm technology
Processes
Implant activation
S/D
Ultra
Shallow Junction Formation
TiSi
2 , CoSi 2 processes
Dry oxides, oxynitrides
Steam applications
STI liner oxides
Sidewall oxides
Thin gate oxides
PSG and BPSG reflow processes
Others
BE Chemical Engineering Design Project Production Of Propylene Oxidepatrickconneran
The document summarizes the design of a plant to produce 100,000 tonnes per year of 99.8% propylene oxide. It describes the selection of the cumene hydroperoxide process and provides details on the design of the key equipment, including oxidation, epoxidation, and distillation reactors and columns. It also discusses cost estimates, environmental impact assessments, hazard and operability studies, and the proposed site layout.
Fullerenes Synthesis Using Fabricated Arc Discharge System with Relatively La...iosrjce
Arc discharge technique is still one of the popular techniques for producing fullerenes. This work
describes an arc discharge installation with a chamber size of 140 mm diameter and 500 mm length that is able
to produce fullerenes. Fullerenes solid was extracted from carbon soot collected from the arc discharge system
at various experimental conditions of discharge current and chamber pressure using the solvent extraction
technique. Fullerenes yield of up to 6 to 8 % was extracted from the fabricated discharge system which was
higher when compared to the 3-4 % yield produced by an arc discharge system of 100 mm diameter and 200
mm length. The fabricated discharge system gave the best fullerenes percentage yield of 8 % at arc current of
150 A and 100 Torr of chamber pressure. Increase in inert atmosphere from 100 to 200 Torr on the amount of
carbon soot vapourization but inhibited the percentage fullerenes yield from 8 to 6 %. Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy analysis carried out on all fullerenes solid
extracted revealed the presence of fullerenes. The fabricated arc discharge system suggests that large chamber
size could promote the formation the synthesis of fullerenes.
This document provides information about Caltra's cement products and castable refractories. It includes:
1. An introduction and overview of Caltra's product development, quality control processes, and product offerings.
2. Details on Caltra's main cement product, CAC-70F, including its chemical composition and physical properties compared to other cements. Test data shows CAC-70F performs well.
3. Information on castable formulations using different cements, water-cement ratios, and additives, along with corresponding test results for properties like strength and permeability. CAC-70F-containing castables demonstrate good high-temperature resistance.
Heat transfer characteristics and exergy study of r744 r1270 in a smooth horIAEME Publication
This study experimentally investigated the heat transfer characteristics and exergy of a 50/50 blend of R744/R1270 flowing in a smooth horizontal tube. Tests were conducted with inlet temperatures ranging from -4°C to 8°C. Results show that inner wall temperature, heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number, and exergy decreased along the length of the tube. Higher inlet temperatures resulted in higher inner wall temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, and Nusselt numbers, but lower exergy. The blend behaved differently at an inlet temperature of 4°C compared to other temperatures tested.
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
Thermal utilization (treatment) of plastic waste.Om Prakash Rajak
The document summarizes research on a thermal utilization installation for treating plastic waste. Tests were conducted on an industrial scale plant that manufactures plastic tape. The system utilized a rotating kiln and heat recovery boiler. Testing evaluated energy efficiency, environmental emissions, and economic viability. Results found high combustion temperatures, efficient heat recovery, emissions below standards, and favorable economics with payback of 4.5 years. The system demonstrated an effective approach for plastic waste treatment with energy recovery.
The document describes a passive solar water heating project in Libya. The project aims to improve renewable energy capacity and public awareness by using solar energy to heat water for a mosque. Key parts of the system were designed, fabricated, studied and analyzed. Testing showed the system was able to successfully heat water using solar energy, with results indicating the thermosiphon design was satisfactory. The project demonstrates that passive solar water heating is a good option for hot climates like Libya where solar energy is abundant and freezing is not a problem.
An exceptional blend of high temperature strength, corrosion and oxidation resistance, fatigue performance, and creep strength is offered by the nickel-chromium alloy EOS NickelAlloy IN939 at temperatures up to 850 °C (1,560 °F). EOS NickelAlloy parts were constructed.
Thermal analysis characterization of polymers and plastics acs webinarKevin Menard, Ph.D. MBA
Thermal analysis is a collection of techniques that examines how polymer properties change with temperature. Common techniques include DSC, TGA, DMA, and TMA. DSC measures transitions like glass transition and melting points via changes in heat flow or temperature. TGA analyzes weight changes with rising temperature such as decomposition. DMA provides storage modulus and damping curves to identify transitions. Thermal analysis is useful for characterizing polymers, determining purity, and studying curing and degradation. Hyphenated techniques like TG-IR and TG-GCMS further identify materials and products evolved during thermal degradation.
Thermal analysis characterization of polymers and plastics acs webinar
CLC project
1. Suez Canal University
Faculty of engineering
Mechanical department
Graduation project
Chemical looping combustion (CLC)
Under supervision of
Prof. Dr. Sayed Ibrahim Abdel-mageed
Dr. Tamer Ismail
2. Team work
Mohamed Abdelaty Saleh Barakat
Mohamed Ahmed Elsayed Bayoumi
Mohamed Adel Mohamed Fathy
Abdel-Rahman Samir Abd al-Sadiq
Mohamed Mohsen Mohammed
Mohamed Ibrahim Elsayed
Mohamed Ibrahim Kamel
3. Concept of Chemical-looping combustion
-Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is a combustion technology
with separation of the greenhouse gas CO2.
-The technique involves the use of a metal oxide as an oxygen
carrier which transfers oxygen from combustion air to the
fuel, and hence a direct contact between air and fuel is
avoided
-The defining feature of chemical-looping combustion is the
circulation of oxygen carrier particles between two main
reactors.
8. Experimental procedure
1- Scale weight of coal or solid fuel to use for experiments after
choose the diameter fuel.
2- Putting coal in the combustion chamber and make sure that
the door is closed well.
3- Make sure all the electrical and mechanical connections for
blower, thermocouple and digital reading are alright.
4- Write initial reading of temperature through digital reading.
5- Open source of natural gas or LPG and open the burner.
6- After the stability of the flame turn on the blower.
9. 7- Start reading temperatures for each thermocouple for fixed
time period.
8- Stop the source of the natural gas or LPG and continued air
source (blower).
9- At the same time we measured properties of the exhaust out
of the chimney.
12. (1) 300 gm of coal with 2 cm diameter without CLC Insulation.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
Max temperature = 114 oC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
13. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=2min
t=3min
14. (2) 300 gm of coal with 4 cm diameter without CLC Insulation.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
Cut of LPG after 1 min
Max temperature = 452 oC after five minutes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
15. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=3min
t=5min
t=7min
t=9min
t=11min
t=13min
16. (3) 300 gm of coal with 6 cm diameter without CLC Insulation.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
Cut of LPG after 1 min
Max temperature = 378 oC after 5.5 minutes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
17. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
maximum temperature at the same condition was 378 oC after
5.5 minutes and it lower than temperature when we use 4 cm
diameter so we should try diameter between 4cm and 6cm.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=2min
t=3min
t=4min
t=5min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=9min
t=10min
t=11min
18. (4) 300 gm of coal with 5 cm diameter without CLC Insulation.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
Cut of LPG after 2 min
Max temperature = 560 oC after 3.5 minutes
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
19. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=2min
t=3min
t=4min
t=5min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=9min
20. (5) Fuel used only LPG without CLC Insulation.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
Temperature directly proportional with time
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
21. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
highest temperature is 560 oC after 3.3 minutes when we used 5
cm diameter So all improvements will be on this diameter.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=2min
t=3min
t=4min
t=5min
t-6min
t=7min
22. Improvement (1)
300 gm of coal with 5 cm diameter and continuous LPG with CLC
Insulation.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
23. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=2min
t=3min
t=4min
t=5min
t-6min
24. Improvement (2)
300 gm of coal with 5 cm diameter with CLC Insulation and
preheat.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
25. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=2min
t=3min
t=4min
t=5min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=9min
t=10min
26. Improvement (3)
300 gm of coal with 5 cm diameter and continuous LPG with CLC
Insulation and preheat.
Temperature at center of CLC with time change
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature
time (sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
27. Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Temperature
y / Y
t=1min
t=2min
t=3min
t=4min
t=5min
t-6min
28. Temperature distribution along X axis
For 300 gm of coal with 5 cm diameter with CLC Insulation and
preheat.
For each thermocouple make with change of X axis as figure at
center of pipe and two positions before and after center.
29. Temperature distribution along X axis for thermocouple (4)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Temperature
X axis (cm)
t=1min
t=2min
t=4min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=10min
30. Temperature distribution along X axis for thermocouple (5)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Temperature
X axis (cm)
t=1min
t=2min
t=4min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=10min
31. Temperature distribution along X axis for thermocouple (6)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Temperature
X axis (cm)
t=1min
t=2min
t=4min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=10min
32. Temperature distribution along X axis for thermocouple (7)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Temperature
X axis (cm)
t=1min
t=2min
t=4min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=10min
33. Temperature distribution along X axis for thermocouple (8)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Temperature
X axis (cm)
t=1min
t=2min
t=4min
t-6min
t=7min
t=8min
t=10min
35. It use to measure CO PPM, CO2, O2 and CO / CO2
How the device uses?
Pressed this button to turn on the device
The device will take 180 sec to make calibration.
Then press this button to pull the emission
through pipe.
The device measures the emission component and
shows the result on screen.
Use this button to change between results on screen.
36. Use this button when we want to print the
reading and this device operates with
Bluetooth with printer.
Change between used fuels and device properties.
38. So we make assumption, there is incomplete combustion and
from that we must increase amount of air.
We will use blower 1 HP instead of 0.5 HP to make complete
combustion.
39. Second experiment
300 gm of coal with 5 cm diameter and CLC Insulation
1 HP blower.
These experimental give more improvement and high
temperature (max temp = 760 oC)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
temperature
time(sec)
th:1
th:2
th:3
th:4
th:5
th:6
th:7
th:8
40. But by measuring emission properties appear that Carbon
monoxide increase but slower than last experimental and after
short time orsat give same reading.
41. Third experiment
Fuel used is LPG only CLC Insulated and preheated 1 HP blower
The orsat pump pulls emission for 12sec.
Temperature distribution along y axis at center of CLC
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
temperature
y / Y
t=20 min
t=20min
42. By measure exhaust properties after 2min from combustion start
we got these results.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
COppm
time ( min)
CO
After 2 minute CO is 337 ppm and after 8 minute reach to 1810 ppm
43. CO2 (percent of exhaust emission)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CO2%
time (min )
After 2 minute CO2 is 4.7% and after 8 minute reach to 7.7%
44. ratio CO / CO2
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ratioCO/CO2
time (min)
Due to increase of CO and CO2 the ratio between CO / CO2
increased from 0.007 to 0.018
45. O2 (percent of exhaust emission)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
O2%
time ( min)
Oxygen percent decreased from 13.9% to 9.5%
46. Steps of use metal powder.
1- Input metal powder from metal powder input valve.
2- Turn on air compressor to oxidize metal powder.
3- Increase air pressure to Move air to cyclone.
4- Turn on all valves which related to oxygen carrier process.
Specification of metal powder we use.
Metal powder: iron (Fe) free carbon with 150 micro meter
diameter
It's the most common and one of the cheapest metals available
in nature
47. first experiment with the use of metal powder
-Fuel used is LPG only CLC Insulated and preheated 1 HP blower
The orsat pump pulls emission for 12sec
-We used 150 gm of metal powder
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
COppm
time(min)
CO
After 2 minute CO is 221 ppm and after 8 minute reach to 759 ppm
48. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CO2%
time(min)
CO2
CO2
After 2 minute CO2 is 7.1% and after 8 minute reach to 11.4%
49. Due to decrease of CO and increase of CO2 the ratio between
CO / CO2 changed from 0.003 to 0.007
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ratioCO/CO2
time(min)
ratio CO / CO2
51. Second experiment with the use of metal powder
Fuel used is coal with 5 cm.
CLC Insulated and preheated.
1 HP blower.
The orsat pump pulls for 12sec.
200 gm of metal powder.
By measure exhaust properties after 1 min after cut off LPG
source we got these results
52. After 1 minute CO is 583 ppm and after 8 minute reach
to 1864 ppm
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
COppm
time ( min)
CO
53. After 1 minute CO2 is 6.4% and after 8 minute reach to 12.9%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CO2%
time (min)
CO2
54. Due to decrease of CO and increase of CO2 the ratio between
CO / CO2 changed from 0.008 to 0.021
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ratioCO/CO2
time (min)
ratio CO / CO2
55. Oxygen percent decreased from 12.9% to 8.5%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
O2%
time (min)
O2
56. From previous experiments we Note that.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 2 4 6 8 10
COppm
time ( min)
CO
Coal 5 cm diameter
• Before use metal powder CO is very high more than 4000 ppm
• After use metal powder CO decrease to be maximum 1864 ppm
When we use metal powder carbon dioxide decreased by 53.4%.
57. Fuel used only LPG
• Before use metal powder maximum value of CO is 1810 ppm
• After use metal powder CO decrease to be maximum 759
ppm
When we use metal powder carbon dioxide decreased by
55.5%.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 2 4 6 8 10
COppm
time(min)
CO
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 2 4 6 8 10
COppm
time ( min)
CO
58. Conclusion and recommend for future work
From previous experiments we find that the best experiment
when we use cal 5cm diameter with continues LPG but there
are problems Pressure of LPG and flow rate not constant so we
recommend using regulator to keep pressure and flow rate
constant.
59. Troubles that may hinder the experiments and its Remedies
1- Exhaust has high percent of carbon monoxide (CO).
Possible troubles.
• Blower doesn't work effectively.
• Low amount of metal powder used.
• Insufficient time to oxidize or reoxidation metal powder.
Remedies.
• Check blower or change blower motor.
• Increase amount of metal powder.
• Decrease pressure of compressor.
60. 2- The fire exit from burner place.
Possible troubles.
• Result of collection of ash has been clogging the grate of
coal-bearing.
• Coal input to combustion chamber is too much.
Remedies.
• Clean the combustion chamber by blower or compressed
air.
• Reduce amount of Coal input to combustion chamber.
61. 3- Extinguish burner flame after turn on blower.
Possible troubles.
• Low pressure of gas source (LPG).
• Blower make high air flow rate.
• Gas valve semi closed.
Remedies.
• Change gas source (LPG).
• Chang blower motor.
• Open gas valve.
62. 4- Exhaust exit from cyclone.
Possible trouble.
• Back pressure from chimney.
Remedy.
• Install chimney caps to prevent Back pressure.
63. 5- Digital reading show low temperature.
Possible troubles.
• Uses low coal diameter for solid fuel.
• Low flow rate of gas for LPG or natural gas.
• Separate gas source early before solid fuel burned well.
• Clogging the grate of coal-bearing and that prevent air to
arrive to combustion chamber.
• The gate of fuel input Leaking heat.
Remedies.
• Increases coal diameter.
• Increase flow rate of gas for LPG or natural gas.
• Don't separate gas source until make sure solid fuel burned
well.
• Clean the combustion chamber by blower or compressed air.
• Isolate the gate of fuel input.