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Systems of Psychotherapy A Transtheoretical Analysis 8th Edition Prochaska Test Bank
Logotherapy focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life rather than pleasure or power. It was developed by Viktor Frankl based on his experiences in Nazi concentration camps. Logotherapy posits that humans' primary motivation is to find meaning and that suffering can be endured when one has a meaning or purpose. It uses techniques like paradoxical intention to help patients overcome issues by learning to laugh at themselves. The theory emphasizes responsibility to achieve self-actualization and meaning is unique to every individual based on their circumstances.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems by identifying and disputing irrational and self-defeating beliefs. Ellis believed that people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their beliefs about events. REBT teaches unconditional self-acceptance, frustration tolerance, and flexible thinking to dispute irrational beliefs and reduce disturbances. Ellis developed REBT after becoming dissatisfied with psychoanalysis and drew from philosophy, biology, psychology and sociology in developing the theory.
This document provides an overview of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) developed by Albert Ellis. It discusses Ellis' background and influences in developing REBT. The key aspects of REBT are that irrational beliefs cause emotional disturbances, and the goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs in order to develop more rational and adaptive ways of thinking. The counselor in REBT takes an active and directive role in challenging a client's irrational beliefs through logical questioning and debate.
Abraham Maslow & the Humanistic PsychologyMay Martinez
Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York to uneducated Russian Jewish immigrants. He had a difficult childhood, facing anti-Semitism and having parents who did not understand his passion for learning. Maslow went on to earn multiple degrees and teach at several universities. He is best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which identifies physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization as basic human needs in priority order. Maslow's theories emphasized self-actualization and peak experiences, and he helped found the humanistic psychology movement. He spent his career studying what motivates human behavior and how people achieve their full potential.
The document provides information about Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Some key points:
- Albert Ellis developed REBT in 1955 as one of the first cognitive behavioral therapies. REBT is based on the idea that emotional problems are caused by irrational beliefs rather than external events.
- According to REBT, people disturb themselves through their irrational thoughts and beliefs about events rather than the events themselves. The goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational alternatives.
- Ellis believed humans have the capacity for both rational and irrational thinking. REBT aims to help people accept themselves while also learning to think more rationally about difficult situations.
- The ABC model is used in REBT
Albert Ellis (1913-2007) was an American psychologist who developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). He had a difficult childhood, suffering from numerous health issues and an unstable family life after his parents' divorce when he was 12. These experiences influenced his interest in psychotherapy. After earning degrees in business administration and psychology, Ellis began advocating a direct, active form of psychotherapy called Rational Therapy in 1953. REBT helps clients identify and dispute irrational beliefs that lead to dysfunctional emotions and behaviors, replacing them with more rational and adaptive beliefs. Ellis authored over 80 books popularizing REBT for conditions like depression, anger, anxiety, and relationship issues. He is considered one of the founders of cognitive behavioral therapy.
This document provides an introduction and overview of narrative therapy. It begins by outlining the key learning outcomes, which include identifying background influences of narrative therapy, describing its core concepts, and examining the conceptualization of problems, therapeutic goals, the therapist's role, and interventions used. The core concepts are then defined, such as the view that realities are socially constructed and problems should be externalized. Therapeutic techniques like questioning, externalization, and creating alternative stories are also reviewed. Finally, the evaluation addresses narrative therapy's contributions and limitations.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. He lived from 1856 to 1939, originally working as a doctor in Vienna but later leaving for London after the Nazi takeover of Austria. Freud developed theories about the unconscious mind and how unconscious desires influence behaviors and relationships. He proposed that personality comprises the id, ego, and superego and is influenced by psychosexual development through childhood stages. Freud's work revolutionized the study and understanding of human psychology.
Logotherapy focuses on finding meaning and purpose in life rather than pleasure or power. It was developed by Viktor Frankl based on his experiences in Nazi concentration camps. Logotherapy posits that humans' primary motivation is to find meaning and that suffering can be endured when one has a meaning or purpose. It uses techniques like paradoxical intention to help patients overcome issues by learning to laugh at themselves. The theory emphasizes responsibility to achieve self-actualization and meaning is unique to every individual based on their circumstances.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was developed by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problems by identifying and disputing irrational and self-defeating beliefs. Ellis believed that people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their beliefs about events. REBT teaches unconditional self-acceptance, frustration tolerance, and flexible thinking to dispute irrational beliefs and reduce disturbances. Ellis developed REBT after becoming dissatisfied with psychoanalysis and drew from philosophy, biology, psychology and sociology in developing the theory.
This document provides an overview of Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) developed by Albert Ellis. It discusses Ellis' background and influences in developing REBT. The key aspects of REBT are that irrational beliefs cause emotional disturbances, and the goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs in order to develop more rational and adaptive ways of thinking. The counselor in REBT takes an active and directive role in challenging a client's irrational beliefs through logical questioning and debate.
Abraham Maslow & the Humanistic PsychologyMay Martinez
Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York to uneducated Russian Jewish immigrants. He had a difficult childhood, facing anti-Semitism and having parents who did not understand his passion for learning. Maslow went on to earn multiple degrees and teach at several universities. He is best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which identifies physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization as basic human needs in priority order. Maslow's theories emphasized self-actualization and peak experiences, and he helped found the humanistic psychology movement. He spent his career studying what motivates human behavior and how people achieve their full potential.
The document provides information about Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Some key points:
- Albert Ellis developed REBT in 1955 as one of the first cognitive behavioral therapies. REBT is based on the idea that emotional problems are caused by irrational beliefs rather than external events.
- According to REBT, people disturb themselves through their irrational thoughts and beliefs about events rather than the events themselves. The goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational alternatives.
- Ellis believed humans have the capacity for both rational and irrational thinking. REBT aims to help people accept themselves while also learning to think more rationally about difficult situations.
- The ABC model is used in REBT
Albert Ellis (1913-2007) was an American psychologist who developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). He had a difficult childhood, suffering from numerous health issues and an unstable family life after his parents' divorce when he was 12. These experiences influenced his interest in psychotherapy. After earning degrees in business administration and psychology, Ellis began advocating a direct, active form of psychotherapy called Rational Therapy in 1953. REBT helps clients identify and dispute irrational beliefs that lead to dysfunctional emotions and behaviors, replacing them with more rational and adaptive beliefs. Ellis authored over 80 books popularizing REBT for conditions like depression, anger, anxiety, and relationship issues. He is considered one of the founders of cognitive behavioral therapy.
This document provides an introduction and overview of narrative therapy. It begins by outlining the key learning outcomes, which include identifying background influences of narrative therapy, describing its core concepts, and examining the conceptualization of problems, therapeutic goals, the therapist's role, and interventions used. The core concepts are then defined, such as the view that realities are socially constructed and problems should be externalized. Therapeutic techniques like questioning, externalization, and creating alternative stories are also reviewed. Finally, the evaluation addresses narrative therapy's contributions and limitations.
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. He lived from 1856 to 1939, originally working as a doctor in Vienna but later leaving for London after the Nazi takeover of Austria. Freud developed theories about the unconscious mind and how unconscious desires influence behaviors and relationships. He proposed that personality comprises the id, ego, and superego and is influenced by psychosexual development through childhood stages. Freud's work revolutionized the study and understanding of human psychology.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Viktor Frankl was a prominent Austrian psychiatrist who developed Logotherapy after surviving Nazi concentration camps. During his imprisonment, he observed that prisoners who found meaning, such as through relationships or future goals, were more likely to survive. After the war, Frankl published books explaining Logotherapy and how humans are motivated by seeking meaning through love, work, and even suffering. Logotherapy focuses on helping people find purpose and meaning in their lives.
The document summarizes Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) techniques. It discusses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques used in REBT. The cognitive techniques aim to dispute irrational beliefs through rational analysis, changing language from "musts" and "oughts" to preferences, and reframing negative events. Emotive techniques help clients develop unconditional self-acceptance through rational-emotive imagery, role playing, and exercises to reduce shame. Behavioral techniques encourage clients to modify beliefs through exposure, risk-taking, paradoxical behavior, and postponing gratification.
This document provides information about bipolar disorder including:
- It is a serious brain disorder characterized by extreme mood swings from depression to mania that affects nearly 6 million Americans.
- Bipolar disorder can damage parts of the brain and is linked to higher risks of other illnesses, anxiety, panic attacks, and reduced life expectancy of 7 years on average.
- There is no single proven cause but genes may increase risk and life stressors can also play a role. Treatment includes mood stabilizing medications, talk therapy, and lifestyle management to control symptoms and allow people to live normal lives.
The biopsychosocial model views health as the product of biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions. It was created by George Engel as an alternative to the traditional medical model which focuses only on the physical aspects. The model has three main components - biological, psychological, and socio-cultural - which influence health and illness. It takes a holistic approach by systematically considering all of these factors.
This document presents a case study of a 15-year-old client diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome and anxiety. Cognitive behavioural therapy was used to address the client's social anxiety. Over the course of treatment, the client's anxiety symptoms decreased, communication with his family improved, and he was able to independently engage in social activities like shopping and playing pool. The therapist reflected that focusing more on psychoeducation about Asperger's syndrome and behavioural experiments earlier in treatment may have led to even better outcomes for the client.
Motivation plays an important role in alcoholism treatment. Researchers have shown interest in how motivation impacts recovery. Patients can be classified into stages of change regarding their readiness to change drinking behavior. Motivational treatment approaches like brief motivational intervention, motivational interviewing, and motivational enhancement therapy are designed to enhance a patient's intrinsic motivation to change. These approaches provide feedback, support self-efficacy, and help patients explore the pros and cons of change to increase motivation and commitment to reducing or stopping drinking. Internal motivation generally leads to better long-term outcomes than external motivation.
Structural Family Therapy (SFT) focuses on the family system and interactions between family members. The founder, Salvador Minuchin, believed families have innate abilities to solve their own problems and therapists should work collaboratively to uncover these abilities. SFT aims to restructure family dynamics by altering boundaries between subsystems and the hierarchy of power. Therapists map the family structure, highlight interactions, and use enactments to diagnose issues and facilitate change. The goal is to activate healthy patterns of relating rather than impose new structures.
George Kelly - Personal Construct Theory- Princy HannahPRINCYHANNAHA
George Kelly was an American psychologist known for developing the personal construct theory of personality. Some key points about Kelly:
- He was born in 1905 in Kansas and earned degrees from Park College and University of Kansas, receiving his PhD in 1931.
- During World War II, he worked as an aviation psychologist and later became a professor at Ohio State University, where he developed his cognitive theory of personality.
- Kelly's personal construct theory proposes that personality arises from the constructs through which people interpret events, and that these constructs can change over time based on new experiences. Individuals actively test constructs against reality.
This document provides biographical information about Albert Ellis, the founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). It discusses Ellis' childhood, education, early career focusing on writing, and eventual development of REBT. The summary is:
Ellis was born in 1913 in Pittsburgh and raised in New York. He had a difficult childhood but developed a passion for reading and problem-solving. After trying various careers including writing, he turned to psychotherapy and developed REBT which focuses on disputing irrational beliefs that cause emotional disturbances. REBT became his life's work and he published extensively on the topic until his death in 2007.
Aaron Beck is an American psychiatrist known as the father of cognitive therapy. He developed widely used assessment tools for depression and anxiety. Beck attended Brown University and Yale Medical School. He believed that depression stems from negative views of oneself, the world, and the future. Cognitive therapy aims to help patients overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors. It involves helping patients develop skills to modify beliefs and identify distorted thinking.
Structural family therapy aims to change problematic family dynamics by altering the family structure. The therapist maps the family structure, including subsystems, boundaries, and hierarchy. Therapeutic interventions include enactments to observe family interactions and restructure boundaries and power dynamics within sessions. The goals are to establish clear generational and social roles and balance enmeshed or disengaged relationships. As the family structure changes through new interaction patterns, individual symptoms are expected to reduce. The therapist takes a directive role to transform the family structure through action-oriented strategies.
Karen Horney developed a psychoanalytic social theory that personality is largely shaped by social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences. People who do not have their needs for love and affection met as children develop basic hostility towards parents and basic anxiety. To cope with this, people adopt one of three neurotic trends - moving towards people, against people, or away from people. Neurotics become rigidly compelled to only one trend. Horney identified 10 neurotic needs and the three trends help people combat basic anxiety in an unhealthy way by developing an idealized self-image or self-hatred. Psychotherapy aims to help people relinquish their neurotic trends and accept their real self.
John Gottman’s Sound Marital House Theory is based upon 30+ years of researching couple interactions. This research reinforces that relationship success depends heavily upon the contingencies of relationship repair and the state of the couple friendship
MENTAL HEALTH MUST BE BROADLY DEFINED IN TERMS THAT ARE CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND INCLUSIVE.
THE CRITERIA FOR MENTAL HEALTH MUST BE EMPIRICALLY AND LONGITUDINALLY VALIDATED.
VALIDATION MEANS PAYING SPECIAL ATTENTION TO CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES.
This document provides information on verbal de-escalation techniques for managing patient aggression in mental health settings. It begins with learning objectives and an outline of topics to be covered, including the assault cycle, effective communication during the escalation phase, and verbal de-escalation techniques. It then discusses patient safety, common safety incidents like violence and self-harm, and that the assault cycle has triggering, escalation, and crisis phases. The bulk of the document focuses on verbal de-escalation techniques, including maintaining a calm tone and body language, active listening, reflecting feelings, and validating the patient while also protecting oneself. The goal is to prevent crisis through skillful verbal techniques.
H'vovi Bhagwagar, Clinical Psychologist & CBT Expert shares the presentation made by her at World Bipolar Day, Mumbai 2017 Event.
This presentation talks about how by correcting one's though processes, one can alter moods as well.
A psychologist is not the primary Professional in Bipolar Disorder treatment but, counseling from a good practitioner can be used as conjunctive therapy and aid recovery.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was founded by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. REBT focuses on resolving cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems by disputing clients' irrational and self-defeating beliefs. The therapist helps clients identify irrational beliefs, such as "I must be loved/competent at all times," and replace them with more rational self-accepting beliefs. REBT uses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques to help clients dispute irrational thinking and develop a more pragmatic view of themselves, others, and life.
Humanistic psychology carl rogers november 2011pworth01
Carl Rogers developed humanistic psychology as an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, which he saw as too limiting or negative. His client-centered therapy, now called person-centered therapy, rejected the medical model where the therapist is the expert. Instead, he believed unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence between a person's real and ideal self were necessary conditions for growth. This allowed people to reach their full potential as a "fully functioning person" through their actualizing tendency in a way that was optimistic and healing. While broad, his focus on relationships and subjective experience was influential in moving psychology to a more positive perspective.
Clinical psychologists argue that with prescription privileges they would be able to:
A) Treat a wider range of clients.
B) Provide more efficient and cost-effective care for patients needing both therapy and medication.
C) Have an edge over therapists who cannot prescribe.
To achieve the highest level of competence in prescribing, psychologists must complete graduate training in psychopharmacology, as well as a postdoctoral program and supervised prescribing experience, according to APA guidelines.
This document contains a nursing exam with 45 multiple choice questions covering various topics in nursing theories. Some of the key topics assessed include components of nursing theories, functions of theories, common global concepts in theories, and specific theories developed by theorists like Nightingale, Orlando, Rogers, and Neuman. The questions aim to test understanding of how nursing theories guide evidence-based practice and components like concepts, models, and assumptions that make up theories.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Viktor Frankl was a prominent Austrian psychiatrist who developed Logotherapy after surviving Nazi concentration camps. During his imprisonment, he observed that prisoners who found meaning, such as through relationships or future goals, were more likely to survive. After the war, Frankl published books explaining Logotherapy and how humans are motivated by seeking meaning through love, work, and even suffering. Logotherapy focuses on helping people find purpose and meaning in their lives.
The document summarizes Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) techniques. It discusses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques used in REBT. The cognitive techniques aim to dispute irrational beliefs through rational analysis, changing language from "musts" and "oughts" to preferences, and reframing negative events. Emotive techniques help clients develop unconditional self-acceptance through rational-emotive imagery, role playing, and exercises to reduce shame. Behavioral techniques encourage clients to modify beliefs through exposure, risk-taking, paradoxical behavior, and postponing gratification.
This document provides information about bipolar disorder including:
- It is a serious brain disorder characterized by extreme mood swings from depression to mania that affects nearly 6 million Americans.
- Bipolar disorder can damage parts of the brain and is linked to higher risks of other illnesses, anxiety, panic attacks, and reduced life expectancy of 7 years on average.
- There is no single proven cause but genes may increase risk and life stressors can also play a role. Treatment includes mood stabilizing medications, talk therapy, and lifestyle management to control symptoms and allow people to live normal lives.
The biopsychosocial model views health as the product of biological, psychological, and social factors and their complex interactions. It was created by George Engel as an alternative to the traditional medical model which focuses only on the physical aspects. The model has three main components - biological, psychological, and socio-cultural - which influence health and illness. It takes a holistic approach by systematically considering all of these factors.
This document presents a case study of a 15-year-old client diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome and anxiety. Cognitive behavioural therapy was used to address the client's social anxiety. Over the course of treatment, the client's anxiety symptoms decreased, communication with his family improved, and he was able to independently engage in social activities like shopping and playing pool. The therapist reflected that focusing more on psychoeducation about Asperger's syndrome and behavioural experiments earlier in treatment may have led to even better outcomes for the client.
Motivation plays an important role in alcoholism treatment. Researchers have shown interest in how motivation impacts recovery. Patients can be classified into stages of change regarding their readiness to change drinking behavior. Motivational treatment approaches like brief motivational intervention, motivational interviewing, and motivational enhancement therapy are designed to enhance a patient's intrinsic motivation to change. These approaches provide feedback, support self-efficacy, and help patients explore the pros and cons of change to increase motivation and commitment to reducing or stopping drinking. Internal motivation generally leads to better long-term outcomes than external motivation.
Structural Family Therapy (SFT) focuses on the family system and interactions between family members. The founder, Salvador Minuchin, believed families have innate abilities to solve their own problems and therapists should work collaboratively to uncover these abilities. SFT aims to restructure family dynamics by altering boundaries between subsystems and the hierarchy of power. Therapists map the family structure, highlight interactions, and use enactments to diagnose issues and facilitate change. The goal is to activate healthy patterns of relating rather than impose new structures.
George Kelly - Personal Construct Theory- Princy HannahPRINCYHANNAHA
George Kelly was an American psychologist known for developing the personal construct theory of personality. Some key points about Kelly:
- He was born in 1905 in Kansas and earned degrees from Park College and University of Kansas, receiving his PhD in 1931.
- During World War II, he worked as an aviation psychologist and later became a professor at Ohio State University, where he developed his cognitive theory of personality.
- Kelly's personal construct theory proposes that personality arises from the constructs through which people interpret events, and that these constructs can change over time based on new experiences. Individuals actively test constructs against reality.
This document provides biographical information about Albert Ellis, the founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). It discusses Ellis' childhood, education, early career focusing on writing, and eventual development of REBT. The summary is:
Ellis was born in 1913 in Pittsburgh and raised in New York. He had a difficult childhood but developed a passion for reading and problem-solving. After trying various careers including writing, he turned to psychotherapy and developed REBT which focuses on disputing irrational beliefs that cause emotional disturbances. REBT became his life's work and he published extensively on the topic until his death in 2007.
Aaron Beck is an American psychiatrist known as the father of cognitive therapy. He developed widely used assessment tools for depression and anxiety. Beck attended Brown University and Yale Medical School. He believed that depression stems from negative views of oneself, the world, and the future. Cognitive therapy aims to help patients overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors. It involves helping patients develop skills to modify beliefs and identify distorted thinking.
Structural family therapy aims to change problematic family dynamics by altering the family structure. The therapist maps the family structure, including subsystems, boundaries, and hierarchy. Therapeutic interventions include enactments to observe family interactions and restructure boundaries and power dynamics within sessions. The goals are to establish clear generational and social roles and balance enmeshed or disengaged relationships. As the family structure changes through new interaction patterns, individual symptoms are expected to reduce. The therapist takes a directive role to transform the family structure through action-oriented strategies.
Karen Horney developed a psychoanalytic social theory that personality is largely shaped by social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences. People who do not have their needs for love and affection met as children develop basic hostility towards parents and basic anxiety. To cope with this, people adopt one of three neurotic trends - moving towards people, against people, or away from people. Neurotics become rigidly compelled to only one trend. Horney identified 10 neurotic needs and the three trends help people combat basic anxiety in an unhealthy way by developing an idealized self-image or self-hatred. Psychotherapy aims to help people relinquish their neurotic trends and accept their real self.
John Gottman’s Sound Marital House Theory is based upon 30+ years of researching couple interactions. This research reinforces that relationship success depends heavily upon the contingencies of relationship repair and the state of the couple friendship
MENTAL HEALTH MUST BE BROADLY DEFINED IN TERMS THAT ARE CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND INCLUSIVE.
THE CRITERIA FOR MENTAL HEALTH MUST BE EMPIRICALLY AND LONGITUDINALLY VALIDATED.
VALIDATION MEANS PAYING SPECIAL ATTENTION TO CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES.
This document provides information on verbal de-escalation techniques for managing patient aggression in mental health settings. It begins with learning objectives and an outline of topics to be covered, including the assault cycle, effective communication during the escalation phase, and verbal de-escalation techniques. It then discusses patient safety, common safety incidents like violence and self-harm, and that the assault cycle has triggering, escalation, and crisis phases. The bulk of the document focuses on verbal de-escalation techniques, including maintaining a calm tone and body language, active listening, reflecting feelings, and validating the patient while also protecting oneself. The goal is to prevent crisis through skillful verbal techniques.
H'vovi Bhagwagar, Clinical Psychologist & CBT Expert shares the presentation made by her at World Bipolar Day, Mumbai 2017 Event.
This presentation talks about how by correcting one's though processes, one can alter moods as well.
A psychologist is not the primary Professional in Bipolar Disorder treatment but, counseling from a good practitioner can be used as conjunctive therapy and aid recovery.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) was founded by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. REBT focuses on resolving cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems by disputing clients' irrational and self-defeating beliefs. The therapist helps clients identify irrational beliefs, such as "I must be loved/competent at all times," and replace them with more rational self-accepting beliefs. REBT uses cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques to help clients dispute irrational thinking and develop a more pragmatic view of themselves, others, and life.
Humanistic psychology carl rogers november 2011pworth01
Carl Rogers developed humanistic psychology as an alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis, which he saw as too limiting or negative. His client-centered therapy, now called person-centered therapy, rejected the medical model where the therapist is the expert. Instead, he believed unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence between a person's real and ideal self were necessary conditions for growth. This allowed people to reach their full potential as a "fully functioning person" through their actualizing tendency in a way that was optimistic and healing. While broad, his focus on relationships and subjective experience was influential in moving psychology to a more positive perspective.
Clinical psychologists argue that with prescription privileges they would be able to:
A) Treat a wider range of clients.
B) Provide more efficient and cost-effective care for patients needing both therapy and medication.
C) Have an edge over therapists who cannot prescribe.
To achieve the highest level of competence in prescribing, psychologists must complete graduate training in psychopharmacology, as well as a postdoctoral program and supervised prescribing experience, according to APA guidelines.
This document contains a nursing exam with 45 multiple choice questions covering various topics in nursing theories. Some of the key topics assessed include components of nursing theories, functions of theories, common global concepts in theories, and specific theories developed by theorists like Nightingale, Orlando, Rogers, and Neuman. The questions aim to test understanding of how nursing theories guide evidence-based practice and components like concepts, models, and assumptions that make up theories.
This document contains multiple choice questions about nursing theories. It addresses topics like the definition of theories, components of theories, types of concepts included in theories, functions of theories, models used in theories, importance of theories for nursing practice, examples of specific nursing theories and their key concepts, and the role of theories in guiding nursing practice.
Please need answers of those questions Question 1 A vital.docx4934bk
This document contains 35 multiple choice questions related to nursing concepts, theories, and practices. The questions cover topics such as Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, public health versus clinical focus, Neuman's systems model, quantitative research methods, Leininger's theory of culture care, Parse's theory of human becoming, emotional intelligence, evidence-based practice, assertive communication, ethics in research, telehealth, and principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence. The questions also address community health assessment, nursing theories, leadership versus management, disaster planning, medical cannabis administration, nursing burnout, workplace violence, mental illness stigma, the Minnesota Intervention Wheel, and best practices for oral presentations and physical activity for older
Please need answers of those questions Question 1 A vital.docxwrite31
The document contains 35 multiple choice questions related to nursing concepts, theories, and practices. The questions cover topics such as Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, public health versus clinical focus, Neuman's systems model, quantitative research methods, Leininger's theory of culture care, Parse's theory of human becoming applied to the workplace, components of emotional intelligence, evidence-based practice process, assertive communication, community health assessment techniques, ethics in research, settings for telehealth, and principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence.
The document summarizes three approaches to psychotherapy: psychodynamic therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive therapy. Psychodynamic therapy seeks to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness to deal with problems like depression and anxiety. Behavioral therapy uses learning principles like reinforcement and extinction to treat learned behaviors related to anxiety disorders and phobias. Cognitive therapy aims to change thinking patterns using learning principles and is appropriate for anxiety, phobias, and depression.
This document contains 25 questions asking the reader to summarize key aspects of various psychotherapies, their approaches, techniques, effectiveness, and comparisons. It also covers psychopharmacology, different drug classes used to treat mental disorders, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery, and preventive mental health programs. The questions require separate written responses covering topics like differences between psychotherapy approaches, aims and methods of psychoanalysis, characteristics of humanistic therapies, behavior therapy assumptions, and findings on effective therapies for specific disorders.
TEST BANK For Varcarolis Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th...ssifa0344
TEST BANK For Varcarolis Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition (Fosbre, 2024), Verified Chapters 1 - 28, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK For Varcarolis Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 5th Edition (Fosbre, 2024), Verified Chapters 1 - 28, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Which statement best describes the Ecological Perspective A.pdfsolutions6
Which statement best describes the Ecological Perspective? A. Behaviors are influenced by
interdependent domains that can have a ripple effect across dimensions when change occurs B.
Genetics and the environment are the only variables of interest when developing interventions C.
Social circumstances are the prominent domain that influences health behaviors D. Family
influences are the most important determinant of health. QUESTION 43 Health Belief Model is
based on the belief that individuals: A. Perceive themselves to be susceptible to a health problem
B. See the health problem as serious C. Are convinced they will benefit from treatment or
prevention activities D. All of theseIn the Theory of Planned Behavior, a person's intention
regarding performing a prescribed behavior CANNOT be identified by which of the following? A.
Atitudes toward the behavior B. How difficult it will be for the individual to perform and maintain the
behavior C. If the person thinks it can be attained in a short amount of time -6 weeks or less D.
What significant others will think about the behavior QUESTION 45 The term has been developed
to refer to "the process of gaining an enhanced knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of the
methods of constructive interactions among people of differing cultural backgrounds." A. Pluralism
B. Multicultural education C. Political correctness D. Cultural humility E. None of theseThe primary
goal of is to provide community member(s) with services that (in tum) create hands-on learning
experiences for the volunteer. A. Social change B. Professional development C. Policy
implementation D. Advocacy E. Service leaming QUESTION 47 are considered to be the building
blocks (or bricks) of a a behavior theory. A. Variables B. Constructs c. Concepts D.
ComponentsThe Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is based on the assumption that: A.
Behavior change is a process and individuals are at varying levels of motivation or readiness to
change B. Health educators can identify a person's intention C. Behavior change is a concept of
reasoned action D. The emphasis of perceptions is vulnerability to iliness and treatment
QUESTION 49 A theory is a general explanation of: A. Innovations that can be experimented with
before a cornmitment is made B. The extent to which a program can succeed C. A system of
moral principles D. Why people act or do not act to maintain or promote the health of themselves,
their families. orgarizations, and communitiesSocial marketers set an overall goal for their
interventions and is the bottom line objective for social marketers. A. Set objectives for awareness
8. Objectives for increased knowledge C. Impact beliefs D. Behavior change E. None of these
Click Save and Submit to save and submit, Click Saue All Anstzers to save all ansuers..
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The first person to establish psychology as a laboratory science using scientific methods was Wilhelm Wundt in Germany in the late 1800s. Wundt founded structuralism, which viewed the mind as composed of basic elements that could be identified through introspection. In contrast, William James established functionalism, which viewed mental processes and behavior as adaptations to the environment and emphasized consciousness as continuous rather than discrete. These early schools of thought helped establish psychology as a science and influenced its ongoing development.
1. What is the independent variable 2. What is the depend.docxgasciognecaren
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable?
3. Which one of the research designs below enables use to determine cause and effect?
A. correlational B. descriptive C. experimental D. A & C
4. The "scientific method" refers to
A. historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place.
B. the specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research.
C. an abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions.
D. the development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes.
5. In a study that investigates the effects of two different doses of a drug on memory performance, memory
performance represents the ____ variable and doses of the drug represent the ____variable.
A. correlational; confounding
B. experimental; control
C. dependent; independent
D. independent; dependent
6. When the three requirements for causal inference are met, an experiment is said to be
A. balanced.
B. internally valid.
C. an independent groups design.
D. held constant.
7. The extent to which findings from a study can be used to describe different populations, settings, and conditions is referred to as
A. sampling.
B. internal validity.
C. external validity.
D. the multimethod approach.
8. The statement of a research hypothesis includes
A. an explanation for why a particular behavior is under investigation.
B. a predicted outcome and an explanation for the outcome.
C. an overview of previous research findings regarding the topic.
D. all of these
9. You are investigating how sleep affects memory. You assign half of your participants to sleep for 8 hours and half to sleep for 4 hours. You then have participants complete a questionnaire asking them to recall how many times their parents brought them to the zoo as a child. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning this experiment?
A. The independent variable is recall.
B. The dependent variable is recall.
C. The independent variable is amount of sleep.
D. Sleep is expected to affect memory.
10. What does an Institutional Review Board (IRB) do?
A. Makes sure a proposed study is ethical
B. Makes sure a study was conducted according to the plan
C. Makes sure a study will employ a method that produces quality data
D. A & C
11. A researcher computes an inferential statistic to test the difference between mean scores for an experimental group and a control group. The probability of the obtained statistical value for the t-test is .025, which is less than the alpha level of significance (p < .05). The researcher should
A. reduce the alpha level of significance to .025 to form a definite conclusion.
B. accept the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small; thus, the independent variable had no effect.
C. reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control.
This document provides an overview of advanced counseling methods and psychotherapy. It discusses different theoretical perspectives like Adlerian, cognitive, and family systems theories. It also addresses the difference between psychosocial models of counseling that rely on talk therapy compared to biological/neurogenomic models in psychiatry that emphasize medication. The document notes how clinical orientation impacts assessment, treatment planning, and intervention methods. It also discusses debates around whether mental disorders are caused primarily by psychosocial or biological factors.
Discussion 1 Social Learning, Exchange, and Behaviorism Theories in.docxowenhall46084
Discussion 1: Social Learning, Exchange, and Behaviorism Theories in Social Work Practice
Why do you feel connected to some individuals and not others? What knowledge could you gain about an individual’s behavior that might draw you toward or away from that individual? An individual’s behavior often is influenced by prior learning, how that learning is processed, and the social context that contributed to the learning. By observing behavior, you can gain insight into how an individual thinks, which likely can help you identify if there is a benefit or a cost to interacting with an individual. These concepts are supported by behaviorism, social learning, and exchange theories. How might understanding these theories help you to identify the reasons for your clients’ behaviors? How might these theories apply to specific populations?
For this Discussion
, review this week’s resources. Select one of the following theories: social learning theory, exchange theory, or behaviorism theory as the focus of this discussion. Then, select a specific population and think about how the theory you selected might contribute to social work practice with that population.
·
Post
a brief description of the theory and the population you selected.
·
Then explain how that theory might contribute to social work practice with the population you selected.
References (use at least 2)
Robbins, S. P., Chatterjee, P., & Canda, E. R. (2012).
Contemporary human behavior theory: A critical perspective for social work
(3rd ed
.).
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Allyn & Bacon.
Collett, J. L. (2010). Integrating theory, enhancing understanding: The potential contributions of recent experimental research in social exchange for studying intimate relationships.
Journal Of Family Theory & Review
,
2
(4), 280–298.
Kalischuk, R. G., & Nixon, G. (2009). A transpersonal theory of healing following youth suicide.
International Journal Of Mental Health and Addiction
,
7
(2), 389–402.
Discussion 2: Transpersonal Theory
Social work practice recognizes that there is more to being you than your physical self, your personal identity, and your intellect. Once the physiological and safety needs are met, why might some individuals still find themselves in need of guidance? The absence of basic physical needs is not the only concern that social workers help clients solve. Transpersonal theory speaks to the needs that individuals share as human beings, including love, creativity, belonging, meaning, and purpose. Understanding transpersonal theory prepares social workers to respond to presenting concerns that inhibit clients’ personal peace, empowerment, and self-esteem.
For this Discussion
, review this week’s resources. Consider what it means to be a transpersonal social worker. Then, think about how transpersonal theory and your own belief system might affect your approach to social work practice. Finally, reflect on how you might help clients with belief systems that differ from y.
PSY509Theories of Marriage and FamilyText.docxamrit47
PSY509
Theories of Marriage and Family
Text:
Authors: Publisher:
Family Therapy Concepts and Methods
8th Edition, 2008
ISBN: 0-2-5-54320-0 ; 13: 978-0-205-54320-5
Michael P. Nichols
Pearson Education, Inc., Allyn and Bacon: Boston, MA 02116
Study Guide
Theories of Marriage and Family
2
Unit 2 Examination
Summary
Unit 3 Examination
9) Along with the achievement of insight, the processes of ‘working through’ and
of the therapy are considered three specific processes that facilitate change in psychodynamic therapy.
A) sublimation
B) reciprocal introjection
C) warding off
D) internalization
13) According to Jacobson and Margolin, behavioral marital therapists prefer to use
to identify problems and understand their etiology.
A) interviews
B) written questionnaires
C) direct observation
D) B and C
E) none of the above
17) The model of mental disorder, which proposes that an individual develops a disorder when a genetic weakness is sufficiently stressed by an event in the environ- ment, is used in Bowen theory and by the psychoeducational therapists.
A) object relations B) general systems C) diathesis-stress
D) none of the above
20) Reflecting teams are used by which family therapists? A) Bowen family therapists
B) Jay Haley and Chloe Madanes
C) structural family therapists
D) narrative constructive therapists
23) The school of family therapy views resistance as an activation of the pro- tective side of family members.
A) solution focused
B) MRI
C) structural
D) experiential
Unit 3 Examination
Unit 4 Examination
14) Metaframework therapists:
A) have conversations with families about potential constraints
B) collaborate with family members to form hypotheses
C) use a reflecting team to help re-story the family problem
D) B and C E) A and B
15) Rather than combining models, this integrative treatment approach incorporates a variety of family and individual approaches in sequence.
A) integrative problem-centered therapy
B) metaframeworks model
C) integrative couple therapy
D) all of the above
16) The narrative solutions approach combines the insights of with narrative techniques.
A) structural therapy
B) Bowenian theory
C) experiential therapy
D) MRI’s model
19) In contrast to traditional behavioral therapy, integrative couple therapy emphasizes
.
A) emotional experiencing
B) support and empathy
C) insight
D) accountability
20) Cognitive-behavioral and strategic therapists tend to emphasize the technical role of the therapist, while and therapists stress the artistic side of the person.
A) experiential; constructivist
B) Bowenian; structural
C) communications; Bowenian
D) structural; experiential
Unit 4 Examination
21) The model of mental disorder, which proposes that an individual develops a disorder when a genetic weakness is sufficiently stressed by an event in the environ- ment, is supported by Bowen ...
The document provides examples of multiple choice questions related to research methods and scientific concepts. It covers topics like the key features of science, research design types, variables, ethics, measurement, and APA style. Several sample research studies are also described that could be classified by research method.
An Information-Processing Approach To Personal Problem SolvingMonica Waters
This document reviews over 120 studies from 20 years of research examining problem-solving appraisal as measured by the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI). The research is summarized across four major areas: psychological adjustment, physical health, coping, and educational/vocational issues. Overall, the research suggests problem-solving appraisal is a useful construct for understanding human adjustment, with implications for both theory development and applications to help people through life challenges. Future research directions are identified to further advance understanding and applications of problem-solving appraisal.
Publisher Prentice Hall PSY560 Clinical Psychology Te.docxamrit47
Publisher:
Prentice Hall
PSY560
Clinical Psychology
Text: Introduction to Clinical Psychology
7th Edition
ISBN-1 0: 0131729675
Authors:
Geoffrey P. Kramer, Douglas A. Bernstein, Vicky Phares
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PSY 560 Clinical Psychology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Most clinical assessment instruments fall into which three categories?
a. observations, self-report measures, therapy
b. tests, interventions, therapy
c. interviews, tests, observations
d. interventions, on-line questionnaires, phone interviews
2. What is the single most frequent activity of clinical psychologists today?
a. conducting therapy
b. supervising interns
c. teaching
d. research
3. Which of the following is NOT a reason that most clinical psychology programs
emphasize statistics and research courses and activities?
a. Clinical psychologists often supervise and evaluate research projects.
b. It is essential that psychologists know how to critically evaluate published
research.
c. A clinical psychologist can't be licensed without their own published research.
d. It is important that clinicians are aware of current research and trends.
4. Clinical practica are specialized educational opportunities where
a. students observe their supervisor conducting therapy and discuss the tech-
niques.
b. students consult with other agencies to broaden their perspectives.
c. students see clients and then meet with a supervisor on a regular basis.
d. students attend seminars and construct tests.
5. According to the text, two types of consultation in which it is common for
clinical psychologists to participate are
a. private and group.
b. case and program/administration.
c. preventative and remedial.
d. paid and unpaid.
38
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PSY 560 Clinical Psychology
6. Interest in understanding the importance of diversity and cultural variations is
related to the understanding that
a. the willingness to seek treatment can vary by culture and ethnic background.
b. there are some cultural variations in symptom patterns.
c. there can be differing responses to treatments and interventions related to
cultural and ethnic differences.
d. all ofthe above
7. According to the National Comorbidity Survey, the three most common types
of psychological disorders are
a. anxiety disorders, impulse-control disorders and substance abuse disorders.
b. depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
c. depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
d. substance-abuse disorders, relationship problems, depression.
8. A major sociocultural event that created an acute need for psychological test-
ing in the United States was
a. the establishment of psychology departments in major universities.
b. ne ...
This document provides a critical review of psychotherapy efficacy research. It discusses various types of psychotherapy and important terms in research methodology. While efficacy research aims to establish causal relationships through controlled trials, its results often lack external validity and generalizability. Comparative studies generally find no significant differences between major psychotherapy approaches. The document concludes that common factors like the therapeutic alliance, rather than specific techniques, are crucial for effective therapy. More research is still needed to determine the most effective treatments for specific disorders.
PSY511Professional Ethics and the LawText.docxamrit47
PSY511
Professional Ethics and the Law
Text:
Authors: Publisher:
CounselingEthicsandDecisionMaking
3rd Edition, 2007
ISBN: 10: 0131710052; 13: 9780131710054
Robert R. Cottone, University of Missouri, St. Louis
Vilia M. Tarvydas, University of Iowa
Pearson/ Merrill
Study Guide
PSY511 - Professional Ethics and the Law
7
Unit 1 Examination
Multiple ChoiceQuestions(Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. When there is a discussion of “theory” as related to judgments of right and wrong the discus- sion is probably one of:
a. philosophical morality b. professional ethics
c. philosophical ethics d. common morality
e. both b and d
2. Which of the following is NOT listed in your text as part of the professional structure which governs ethics for counselors?
a. the courts
b. colleges and universities
c. professional organizations that maintain and enforce a mandatory code of ethics d. professional regulatory bodies that are enforcers of mandatory codes
e. none of the above
3. The BEST place to find up-to-date information of currently accepted ethical practice in the field is:
a. counseling journals b. the Internet
c. state license boards
d. graduate level textbooks e. all of the above
4. can be defined as: the extent and limits of activities considered acceptable by individuals licensed or certified in a profession or specialty.
a. Scope of practice b. Malpractice
c. Accreditation
d. none of the above
5. Which of the following is the accrediting body for professional counseling?
a. AMA
b. AAMFT c. NASW d. ACA
e. CACREP
Unit 1 Examination
6. The oldest established mental health profession is:
a. psychiatry b. social work
c. marriage and family therapy d. psychiatric nursing
e. psychotherapy
7. Which of the following degrees does NOT indicate legitimate doctoral level training to be a licensed Psychologist?
a. Ph.D. b. Ed.D. c. M.D. d. Psy.D
8. Which professional organization represents marriage and family therapists?
a. ACA
b. AAMFT
c. APA
d. ABPS
e. none of the above
9. Which professional(s) can NOT legitimately, by nature of standard training and practice, per- form psychometric assessment?
a. marriage and family therapist b. counselor
c. psychologist d. social worker
e. none of the above
10. The ABPP and ABPS credential applies to which field of mental health specialty?
a. Marriage and family therapy b. Social work
c. Psychiatry
d. Psychiatric nursing e. none of the above
Unit 1 Examination
11. Informed consent generally requires that the counselor should reveal to the client information about:
a. the counselor’s credentials or training. b. alternative treatments.
c. the potential benefits or detriments of treatment. d. all of the above
12. A counselor’s primary responsibility is to the:
a. third party referral source.
b. jud ...
Enhancing Psychotherapy Process With Common Factors Feedback.docxkhanpaulita
Enhancing Psychotherapy Process With Common Factors Feedback:
A Randomized, Clinical Trial
Andrew S. McClintock, Matthew R. Perlman, Shannon M. McCarrick,
Timothy Anderson, and Lina Himawan
Ohio University
In this study, we developed and tested a common factors feedback (CFF) system. The CFF system was
designed to provide ongoing feedback to clients and therapists about client ratings of three common
factors: (a) outcome expectations, (b) empathy, and (c) the therapeutic alliance. We evaluated the CFF
system using randomized, clinical trial (RCT) methodology. Participants: Clients were 79 undergradu-
ates who reported mild, moderate, or severe depressive symptoms at screening and pretreatment
assessments. These clients were randomized to either: (a) treatment as usual (TAU) or (b) treatment as
usual plus the CFF system (TAU � CFF). Both conditions entailed 5 weekly sessions of evidence-based
therapy delivered by doctoral students in clinical psychology. Clients completed measures of common
factors (i.e., outcome expectations, empathy, therapeutic alliance) and outcome at each session. Clients
and therapists in TAU � CFF received feedback on client ratings of common factors at the beginning of
Sessions 2 through 5. When surveyed, clients and therapists indicated that that they were satisfied with
the CFF system and found it useful. Multilevel modeling revealed that TAU � CFF clients reported
larger gains in perceived empathy and alliance over the course of treatment compared with TAU clients.
No between-groups effects were found for outcome expectations or treatment outcome. These results
imply that our CFF system was well received and has the potential to improve therapy process for clients
with depressive symptoms.
Public Significance Statement
In this study, we developed a system that provides ongoing feedback to clients and therapists about
what is transpiring in therapy. Results suggest that the feedback system may help to improve the
process of treatment for clients with depressive symptoms.
Keywords: common factors, feedback, empathy, alliance, randomized clinical trial
A growing body of research attests to the utility and effectiveness
of outcome feedback (Connolly Gibbons et al., 2015; De Jong et al.,
2014; Shimokawa, Lambert, & Smart, 2010). In outcome feedback
systems, client progress is monitored and reviewed by therapists (and,
in some cases, by clients as well) to guide ongoing treatment (Lam-
bert, 2007). Specifically, these systems collect distress/symptomatol-
ogy data from clients on a routine basis, and then compare these data
with norms or expected treatment responses (see Lambert, 2007; Lutz
et al., 2006). When a client is off-track (i.e., is projected to have a
relatively poor treatment response), the therapist is alerted and is
then typically provided with strategies for improving quality of
care (Lambert et al., 2004; Miller, Duncan, Sorrell, & Brown,
2005).
Although outcome feedback has demonstrated efficacy (e..
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Systems of Psychotherapy A Transtheoretical Analysis 8th Edition Prochaska Test Bank
1. MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS
W: These questions in the test bank are available online as part of the student companion website.
Chapter 1. Defining and Comparing the Psychotherapies
1. The text authors cite an estimate that there are how many brands of psychotherapy in marketplace?
A) 50 C) 320
B) 150 * D) 500
2. Theoretical orientations generally provide a consistent perspective on all of the following EXCEPT:
A) human behavior. C) mechanisms of therapeutic change.
* B) human development. D) psychopathology.
W 3. Prochaska and Norcross's definition of psychotherapy would include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) an informed and intentional application.
B) clinical methods and interpersonal stances.
C) a derivation of established psychological principles.
* D) assisting people to change in the direction the therapist deems desirable.
4. According to the textbook's authors, which of the following is FALSE regarding expectations:
A) a positive expectation is a critical precondition for therapy to continue.
* B) expectation is a central process of change.
C) expectation is an important variable for all systems of therapy.
D) it refers to a patient's expectation about procedures in therapy.
5. The text authors assert that psychotherapy theories help clinicians do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) describe the clinical phenomena.
* B) understand how to adapt their therapeutic style to individual clients.
C) delimit the amount of relevant information.
D) prioritize their case conceptualization and guide their treatment.
6. Jean views the therapeutic relationship as a necessary but not sufficient precondition for therapy to
proceed. Jean is likely to practice:
* A) behavior therapy.
B) existential therapy.
C) person-centered therapy.
D) psychoanalytic therapy.
7. When you asked a therapist to describe her approach, she responded that she is “eclectic.” What did she
mean by this?
* A) She tries to tailor her approach to the client’s specific style and problems.
B) She is very committed to one system of psychotherapy.
C) She relies on common factors to promote positive client outcomes.
D) She uses only those techniques that have clearly been shown by research to help people change.
W 8. Which therapy believes the therapeutic relationship is necessary and sufficient for constructive
personality change?
A) Behavior therapy
B) Existential therapy
* C) Person-centered therapy
D) Psychoanalytic therapy
9. According to Jerome Frank, therapeutic change is predominantly a function of which of the following?
A) Free association
* B) Rationale or conceptual scheme
C) Progressive relaxation
D) None of the above
Systems of Psychotherapy A Transtheoretical Analysis 8th Edition Prochaska Test Bank
Full Download: http://alibabadownload.com/product/systems-of-psychotherapy-a-transtheoretical-analysis-8th-edition-prochaska-t
This sample only, Download all chapters at: alibabadownload.com
2. 10. Maria and Salvatore are having marital difficulties. Their therapist recognizes that for treating marital
conflict, psychotherapy research has generally demonstrated the differential effectiveness of:
A) behavior therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) Rogerian therapy.
* D) systemic therapy.
W 11. The conceptual level of analysis of change processes is:
A) technical. C) relational.
B) theoretical. * D) intermediate between technique and theory.
12. Common factors in psychotherapy refer to:
A) the unique change processes derived from each therapy system.
* B) nonspecific factors that are common to even disparate forms of therapy.
C) the notion that all psychotherapies produce equivalent outcomes.
D) the concept that psychotherapy is not that different from other helping professions.
13. The text authors suggest that of the common factors that have been proposed, two appear to have the
most consensual support. They are:
A) the Hawthorne effect and the therapeutic relationship.
B) improved self-esteem and mastery.
* C) the therapeutic relationship and positive expectations.
D) the Hawthorne effect and exposure to previously avoided stimuli or situations.
14. The Hawthorne effect refers to:
A) the expectations for success that a client brings to any therapy relationship.
B) the added value of a good therapy relationship on therapy outcomes.
* C) improvements in behavior as a result of increased attention from others.
D) research studies that show a significant difference between the treatment and placebo control group.
15. Specific factors refer to:
A) changes in client behavior that are related to the quality of therapy relationship.
B) the acquisition and practice of new behaviors.
C) those client behavioral changes related to emotional expression or interpretation.
* D) specific procedures advanced by different therapies to promote change.
16. The information given a client in psychotherapy concerning environmental events is called:
A) consciousness raising.
* B) education.
C) feedback.
D) reinforcement.
17. Carole was very worried about the C grade she was to receive in her Research Methodology course.
After reviewing published material from the university, she was very relieved when she learned that such a
grade was average for most students. This is an example of:
A) consciousness raising.
* B) education.
C) feedback.
D) reinforcement.
3. 18. Thomas, an exceptionally qualified student, interviewed at a number of competitive doctoral programs
this year but was not accepted. He decided to never apply again because he believed he would continue to
be rejected. After speaking with knowledgeable professors he realized that he did not know the rationale for
being rejected by these programs (e.g., they could have been looking for someone with different research
interests), and he decided to apply again next year. This is an example of:
A) contingency management.
B) education.
* C) feedback.
D) reevaluation.
19. Which of the following theories talks primarily about the content of therapy?
A) Behavioral
B) Integrative
* C) Existential
D) Systemic
20. Which of the following theories does NOT talk primarily about the content of therapy?
A) Psychoanalysis C) Existential
* B) Behavioral D) Multicultural
21. The transtheoretical model is able to identify meaningful points of convergence and contention among
psychotherapy systems by employing:
A) a method for contrasting global theories of therapy.
* B) an intermediate level of analysis of change processes.
C) a low level analysis of specific clinical interventions or techniques.
D) a broad integration of both common and specific factors.
W 22. The text authors’ integrative model supports comparative analysis of systems of psychotherapy by:
A) minimizing the focus on levels of personal functioning.
* B) assuming a limited number of change processes.
C) categorizing therapy systems by their stage of change.
D) linking systems of therapy to their implicit and explicit theory of psychopathology.
23. The processes of change are:
A) components of specific therapy systems.
B) concrete and specific interventions suggested by therapy systems.
* C) generic change strategies that cut across many therapy systems.
D) alternative names for therapy systems.
24. When the information given clients is contained in the stimulation generated by the individual's own
actions and experiences, we call that:
A) contingency management.
B) counterconditioning.
C) education.
* D) feedback.
25. Cathartic reactions evoked by observing emotional scenes in the environment is called:
A) corrective emotional experiences.
* B) dramatic relief.
C) environmental catharsis.
D) reactionary catharsis.
26. A conflict between a desire to be independent and fears about leaving home would be considered:
* A) intrapersonal.
B) interpersonal.
C) individuo-social.
D) beyond growth to fulfillment.
27. A conflict between a woman who likes to save money and her husband who likes to spend money would
be considered:
A) intrapersonal.
* B) interpersonal.
C) individuo-social.
D) beyond growth to fulfillment.
4. 28. A conflict for an individual who wants to live a homosexual life but is afraid of the ostracism that may
occur because of society's lack of acceptance of homosexual individuals would be considered:
A) intrapersonal.
B) interpersonal.
* C) individuo-social.
D) beyond growth to fulfillment.
29. would be considered a good emotional bowel movement.
* A) Catharsis
C) Consciousness raising
B) Self liberation
D) Social liberation
W 30. Changing responses to consequences without changing contingencies would be considered:
A) contingency management. * C) reevaluation.
B) counterconditioning. D) stimulus control.
31. Changing our responses to stimuli is referred to as _______, whereas changing the environment involves
_________.
A) contingency management; counterconditioning
* B) counterconditioning; stimulus control
C) counterconditioning; contingency management
D) stimulus control; contingency management
32. In psychotherapy studies, an attention placebo control group is one in which comparable time or
attention to the active treatment group is provided without:
A) a therapeutic relationship. * C) specific interventions.
B) any of psychotherapy’s common factors. D) producing the Hawthorne effect.
Chapter 2. Psychoanalytic Therapies
W 1. A form of therapy that emphasizes the critical role of transference and countertransference is:
A) person-centered therapy. C) cognitive therapy.
* B) psychoanalysis. D) experiential therapy.
2. Even for the mature individual, psychoanalytic theory posits that inner conflicts between conscious and
unconscious forces result in:
A) an oral fixation. * C) a compromise formation.
B) neurotic anxiety. D) defensive instincts.
3. According to Freud, the two main causes of fixation are:
* A) frustration and overindulgence. C) aggression and anxiety.
B) fear and dependency. D) mistrust and insecurity.
4. According to psychoanalytic theory, the anxiety due to the assumed birth trauma of being overwhelmed
with stimulation is called:
A) genetic anxiety.
B) neurotic anxiety.
* C) primal anxiety.
D) separation anxiety.
5. According to psychoanalytic theory, the anxiety deriving from breaking rules that have been internalized
is called:
A) genetic anxiety.
* B) moral anxiety.
C) neurotic anxiety.
D) primal anxiety.
5. 6. Freud’s structural theory suggests that human personality has three key structures. Which serves as the
source of all psychic energy?
* A) Id C) Libido
B) Ego D) Superego
7. The essential component of Freud’s personality theory that serves to alert the ego to internal or external
danger is:
A) libido. C) defense.
* B) anxiety. D) id.
8. According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following disorders would make a patient a suitable
candidate for psychoanalysis?
A) Manic-depression
* B) Neurotic personality
C) Phobic disorders
D) Schizophrenia
9. According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is NOT considered a part of the analytic
process?
* A) Catharsis
B) Consciousness raising
C) Resolution of the transference
D) Working through
W 10. According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following character types has intimate/sexual
relationships in which they relate with a clingingness and demandingness that can smother a partner?
A) Anal character
B) Genital character
* C) Oral character
D) Phallic character
11. According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following character types has intimate/sexual
relationships in which they relate as the teasing, seductive person who promises so much but has so little to
give?
A) Anal character
B) Genital character
C) Oral character
* D) Phallic character
12. According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Freud’s
view of rules for living?
A) The ego should rule the individual.
B) The primary ego rule is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
* C) Freud saw churches as the best source of rules for living.
D) Rules for living were never directly addressed by Freud.
13. To have a client just freely say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial the thought may seem,
would most likely be advocated by a(n):
A) cognitive therapist.
B) existential therapist.
C) transactional analyst.
* D) psychoanalyst.
14. The goal of all defense mechanisms and the basis of all neuroses in Freud’s theory of psychopathology
is:
A) resistance. * C) repression.
B) transference. D) catharsis.
15. Among the more primitive or immature defense mechanisms that develop during the oral stage, which of
the following involves closing off one’s attention to threatening aspects of the world or self?
* A) Denial C) Intellectualization
B) Projection D) Reaction formation
6. 16. An adult who is inclined to talk about the regularity of bowel movements as being a source of
satisfaction may be fixated in which stage of psychosexual development and relying on which defense
mechanism?
A) Oral stage; incorporation C) Oral stage; reaction formation
B) Anal stage; undoing * D) Anal stage; intellectualization
17. The psychoanalytic notion of oral fixation results from which of the following childhood experiences?
* A) Deprivation or overindulgence C) Overindulgence
B) Deprivation D) Authoritarian parenting
18. Psychoanalysis regards a client’s free associations, dreams, and transferences as a form of:
A) libido. C) working through.
B) repression. * D) resistance.
19. Primary process thinking is all of the following EXCEPT:
A) alogical.
B) atemporal.
* C) concrete.
D) condensed.
20. The most important analytic event is:
A) clarification.
B) confrontation.
* C) interpretation.
D) working through.
W 21. The therapeutic aim of confrontation is to:
A) consolidate the therapist’s balance of power in the analysis.
B) eliminate defenses quickly and directly.
* C) raise awareness of discrepancies between a client’s words and behavior.
D) facilitate the process of working through.
W 22. You are working with a client who is a war veteran and is vulnerable to nightmares and stress. He has
a bad dream the night before and becomes somewhat abusive to his family members. From a psychoanalytic
perspective, this is an example of which of the following defense mechanisms?
A) Repression C) Projection
B) Reaction-formation * D) Displacement
23. Your client suddenly becomes incensed with you after you ask her a question for the second time in an
effort to understand her experience. Based on your impressions and your supervisor’s observations, there
was not much in your behavior itself to elicit this kind of intense reaction. This is most likely an example of:
A) displacement. * C) projection.
B) reaction-formation. D) sublimation.
24. Despite a very difficult history of domestic violence, your now violence-free client chooses to contribute
time and effort to support a local battered woman’s shelter. From a psychoanalytic perspective, this might
be understand as:
A) identification. C) projection.
* B) sublimation. D) reaction-formation.
25. Your client is inclined to “bend over backward” to be helpful to those she actually dislikes intensely. As
a psychoanalytically informed clinician, you would most likely regard this as an example of:
A) identification. C) projection.
B) sublimation. * D) reaction-formation.
7. 26. From a psychoanalytic perspective, which of the following is true about transference?
* A) Transference is most likely to occur when the client is stressed and distressed.
B) The more healthy a person is, the more intense and pervasive the transference reaction.
C) If transference is ignored, the therapy will be more effective and reality based.
D) Transference only occurs in a therapy relationship.
27. In which of the following therapies does the therapist raise consciousness by analyzing the client’s
resistance to free associating and transference?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Existential therapy
C) Interpersonal therapies
* D) Psychoanalysis
28. According to psychoanalysis, one of the major reasons that therapy moves slowly is because of the
patient’s problems with:
* A) anxiety.
B) communication.
C) responsibility.
D) self-esteem.
29. A psychoanalyst would most likely say which of the following about self-esteem?
A) A solid sense of self-esteem can be created only by creating a style of life that is of value to the
world.
* B) A stable sense of self-esteem can only be experienced when a client's personality is at a more genital
level of functioning.
C) Feelings of genuine esteem accompany the awareness of having decided to live a more effective
life.
D) Self-esteem is the hard-earned, natural response clients can make only to themselves after struggling
to be authentic.
30. Which of the following therapies would most likely say that a lack of genuine self-esteem is the result of
personality problems, not the cause of such problems?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Existential therapy
* D) Psychoanalysis
31. Which of the following therapies would most likely say that, theoretically, there is no freedom and no
choice, and therefore no responsibility?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Existential therapy
C) Interpersonal therapies
* D) Psychoanalysis
32. Which of the following therapies would most likely say that the problem of intimacy is basically a
transference problem?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Existential therapy
C) Interpersonal therapies
* D) Psychoanalysis
33. Psychoanalysis would most likely say which of the following about intimacy?
A) All too many people feel safe to relate only to objectified others.
* B) It is basically a problem of transference.
C) Requires the ability to truly cooperate with others in commonly shared goals.
D) We are among the fortunate few if we experience even 15 minutes of intimacy in a lifetime.
34. Which of the following therapies would most likely say that communication is a process in which
individuals speak to their internalized image of what the other is supposed to be?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Existential therapy
* D) Psychoanalysis
8. 35. Psychoanalysis would most likely say which of the following about communication?
A) Communication problems are fundamentally problems with cooperation.
* B) It is a process of interlocking monologues.
C) It proceeds smoothly and satisfactorily as long as the transactions between two people
are complementary.
D) Since we can never directly enter the experience of the other, we can never fully know
what the other is attempting to communicate.
36. Which of the following therapies would most likely say that the human animal has aggressive instincts
to strike out and destroy?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Existential therapy
C) Interpersonal therapies
* D) Psychoanalysis
37. Psychoanalysis would most likely say which of the following about hostility?
A) Experiencing hostility is to experience the threat of non-being.
B) Hostile people tend to be self-righteous people who would rather attack others than attack their own
pain.
C) Hostility is the worst expression of the belief that self-interest can be of higher value than social
interest.
* D) The human animal has aggressive instincts to strike out and destroy.
38. Psychoanalysis would most likely say which of the following about control?
A) Control is an issue for parents and for the parent in people.
B) Pathological personalities are frequently preoccupied with dominating others.
* C) Struggles over interpersonal control are frequently struggles over whose defenses will
dominate the relationship.
D) To control another is to objectify that person.
39. Which of the following therapies would most likely say that even the most conscious of individuals must
make considerable compromises to the culture and leave fantasies of transcendence to the angels?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Existential therapy
C) Interpersonal therapies
* D) Psychoanalysis
40. Psychoanalysis would most likely say which of the following about adjustment vs. transcendence?
* A) Even the most conscious of individuals must make considerable compromises to the culture and
leave transcendence to the angels.
B) Healthy people are committed to helping the entire society transcend its current functioning in order
to become a more perfect social system.
C) The forces of self-defeating and self-destructive life scripts must be transcended, not the forces of
society.
D) The only way a life based on adjustment might be healthy is if the society a person is adjusting to is
basically honest.
41. Which of the following therapies would most likely say that the best hope for individuals and society is
to replace the rigid but shaky infantile veneer with a more mature and realistic set of controls?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Existential therapy
C) Interpersonal therapies
* D) Psychoanalysis
9. 42. Psychoanalysis would most likely say which of the following about impulse control?
A) Impulses are not the dominant forces of human beings, although many people let them become
dominant.
B) People need to identify the feeling carefully and become aware of which ego state is cathected when
the impulsive feeling occurs.
* C) The best hope for individuals and society is to replace the rigid but shaky infantile veneer with a
more mature set of controls.
D) The issue with impulses is not that they must be inhibited but rather that they must be directed
toward prosocial goals as a part of the total lifestyle.
43. Which of the following therapies would NOT likely say that the primary ego rules for living is to
maximize pleasure and to minimize pain?
A) Adlerian therapy
B) Existential therapy
C) Interpersonal therapies
* D) Psychoanalysis
44. Psychoanalysis would most likely say which of the following about meaning in life?
A) Finding more meaning in life involves choosing to restructure life with activities that satisfy the
hunger for human strokes.
B) The creative self seeks completion by reaching out to become connected to the greatest needs and
the highest aspirations of humanity.
C) The issue is not to discover meaning in life but rather to create meaning out of our lives.
* D) We can find meaning in the midst of conflict.
45. Psychoanalysis would NOT likely say which of the following about values?
A) The fundamental value judgment in life is one's position regarding the worth of oneself and one's
fellow human beings.
B) The greatest value is the social interest that allows us to contribute to the common welfare of
humanity.
C) We do not discover moral standards, we create them by the stands we take.
* D) What we value in life is a function of what we cathect.
W 46. Psychoanalysis is: (1) much too subjective and unscientific; (2) much too objective; (3) much too
dogmatic. According to the text, the preceding criticisms of psychoanalysis would be leveled, respectively,
by which of the following theoretical viewpoints?
* A) Behavioral, existential, integrative
B) Behavioral, integrative, existential
C) Integrative, existential, behavioral
D) Existential, integrative, behavioral
47. Which of the following is the most important source of content in psychoanalysis?
A) Anxiety
B) Ego
* C) Transference
D) Working alliance
48. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be true of transference?
A) Experiencing transference reactions is not a curative process.
B) It is a reaction in which the patient experiences feelings toward the analyst that do not
befit the analyst but actually apply to significant people from the patient’s past.
* C) It is the relatively non-neurotic, rational, and realistic attitudes of client toward the analyst.
D) Its essence is unconscious.
10. 49. Research has found that _____ percentage of psychoanalytic therapists have undergone personal therapy
themselves, typically averaging _________ hours of therapy.
A) 50%; 250-300 C) 80%; 300-400
B) 65%; 400-600 * D) 90%; 400-500
50. The credit for establishing more flexible forms of psychoanalytic therapy as acceptable alternatives
within psychoanalysis is typically given to whom?
A) Anna Freud C) Merton Gill
B) Carl Jung * D) Franz Alexander
51. After Freud’s death, psychoanalytic therapy became more flexibly organized and highly individualized.
Each of the following characterized the changes in psychoanalytic therapy EXCEPT:
A) therapy could be conducted face-to-face instead of from a couch.
* B) daily therapy sessions were recommended so the treatment could proceed more quickly.
C) therapeutic advice and suggestions could be included along with interpretations.
D) the development of a transference neurosis was no longer viewed as critical in every case.
52. As innovations in psychoanalytic therapy progressed, ideas about the nature of the transference changed
and included all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the transference could be controlled through the proper use of interpretations.
* B) negative transferences were encouraged to rapidly develop to more quickly unlock early conflicts.
C) positive transferences were regarded as more conducive to client acceptance of interpretations.
D) the transference could be better controlled if the therapist was less of “blank screen” and more
active.
W 53. Contemporary psychoanalysis has undergone a paradigm shift from drive reduction to the relational
model. The most fundamental difference between relational and classical forms of psychoanalysis is that:
A) dynamic interpretations were no longer regarded as important change process.
B) insight was no longer regarded as important and was replaced by corrective emotional experiencing.
* C) the transference was viewed as an intersubjective process between patient and therapist.
D) the therapist’s countertransference was more actively avoided.
54. Regarding the effectiveness of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, all of the following
are FALSE EXCEPT:
A) head-to-head controlled research studies indicate that psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic
psychotherapy are equivalent in their outcomes.
B) there are no experimental research studies supporting the effectiveness of psychoanalysis
compared to other forms of psychotherapy.
C) psychoanalytic psychotherapy has considerable research support while psychoanalysis has none.
* D) the benefits of psychoanalysis are documented only by clinical surveys and naturalistic
effectiveness studies.
55. The text authors sum up the future of psychoanalysis by emphasizing two words; they are:
A) interpretation and integration. C) transference and countertransference.
B) dying and dead. * D) interpersonal and integration.
56. The Freudian psychosexual stage that is most associated with the developmental challenge of self-
mastery is:
A) oral stage. C) phallic stage.
* B) anal stage. D) genital stage.
11. 57. Freud’s psychosexual stage of latency consists of which developmental challenges?
* A) Learning shame and disgust for inappropriate love objects
B) Identification with the same-sex parent
C) Passive submission
D) Autoerotic sensuality
58. The person who is most credited with adapting psychoanalysis to children and adolescents is:
A) Franz Alexander. * C) Anna Freud.
B) Carl Jung. D) Stephen Mitchell.
59. The process that is most likely to account for the length of formal or standard psychoanalysis is:
A) countertransference. C) compromise formations.
B) transference. * D) transference neurosis.
60. The nature of the transference is typically controlled through the therapist’s proper use of:
A) confrontation. * C) interpretation.
B) countertransference. D) primary-process thinking.
61. One way that a psychoanalytic therapist might control the transference is by:
A) disclosing their primary process thinking.
* B) being responsive and empathic.
C) maintaining their blank screen behavior.
D) encouraging daily therapy sessions.
62. In contrast to classical psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic models of therapy often emphasize ___________
over consciousness raising.
A) transference neurosis * C) corrective emotional experiencing
B) interpretation D) resistance
63. Among several differences with classical psychoanalysis, relational models include each of the
following notions EXCEPT:
A) transference is regarded as an interactive process between client and therapist.
B) views the therapist as unavoidably embedded in the relational field.
C) de-emphasis on drive reduction.
* D) careful avoidance of countertransference.
64. Interpersonal psychoanalysts regard countertransference as:
A) a major source of the transference neurosis.
* B) an important source of information about the patient’s character and difficulties.
C) an outmoded concept that has little bearing on treatment success.
D) something that should be strictly avoided.
65. The important content and curative method of relational psychoanalysis is:
A) transference and its interpretation.
B) identification and re-experiencing of internal conflicts.
* C) human relationships.
D) insight about inner conflicts.
12. 66. Wallerstein (1986) concluded from his qualitative study of 42 patients over 30 years each of the
following EXCEPT:
A) intrapsychic conflict resolution is not a necessary condition for change
B) supportive psychoanalytic therapy produced better than expected success
C) classical psychoanalysis produced less than expected success
* D) the traditional distinction between “structural change” and “behavioral change” remains important
67. According to the text authors, the effectiveness of psychoanalysis is best characterized as:
A) supported by clinical case and natural effectiveness studies.
B) supported by only a few randomized clinical trials.
* C) indeterminate because it has not been adequately tested.
D) poor based on controlled research conducted to date.
68. The Menninger Foundation’s Psychotherapy Research Project documented that:
A) patients improved more in psychoanalytic psychotherapy than psychoanalysis.
* B) the majority of patients improved on a clinician rating scale.
C) patients in psychoanalytic therapy improved more than in a no-treatment group.
D) despite hundreds of hours of therapy, only a minority of patients improved.
69. A meta-analysis of 27 studies of long-term psychoanalytic therapy (de Maat, 2009) found:
A) a small but significant success rate of 30-40% at termination.
B) better longer follow-up success rates than rates at therapy termination.
C) medium effect sizes for symptom reduction and small effect sizes for personality change.
* D) large effect sizes for symptom reduction and medium effect sizes for personality change.
70. A meta-analysis of 11 controlled studies on the effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy
(Smit et al., 2012) found:
* A) comparable recovery rates from mental disorders as produced by treatment as usual (TAU).
B) small but significantly better outcomes than control conditions.
C) lower recovery rates compared to control treatments, including treatment as usual.
D) uniformly positive evidence for the effectiveness of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.
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