Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The first person to establish psychology as a laboratory science using scientific methods was Wilhelm Wundt in Germany in the late 1800s. Wundt founded structuralism, which viewed the mind as composed of basic elements that could be identified through introspection. In contrast, William James established functionalism, which viewed mental processes and behavior as adaptations to the environment and emphasized consciousness as continuous rather than discrete. These early schools of thought helped establish psychology as a science and influenced its ongoing development.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
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Intro to Psychology Exam 11. The behavioral research perspectiv.docxmariuse18nolet
Intro to Psychology
Exam 1
1. The behavioral research perspective is similar to the sociocultural research perspective because both focus on how behavior and mental processes are explained by:
A.internal factors such as genes
B.the external environment
C.memory systems
D.evolution
E.problem-solving skills and reasoning
2. Which of the following cortical areas is most closely associated with vision?
A.Frontal
B.Prefrontal
C.Temporal
D.Occipital
E.Parietal
3. The following are a description of__________________
-examining the relationship between 2 variables
-correlation coefficient (r) indicates the strength and direction of the relationship (-1 to +1)
-correlation does not imply causation
a. Correlational research
b. Behavioralism
c. Experimental research
d. Functionalism
4. The following are a description of__________________
-Wilhelm Wundt
-first psych lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
-goal: break down behavior(s) into component parts to better understand elemental components
-decision time experiments
a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
c. Behavioralism
d. Serotonin
5. The following are a description of__________________
-neuron is not stimulated
-membrane and ion pumps help maintain potential
-potential=-70mV
-more sodium(Na+) ions on outside and more potassium (K+) and large, negative proteins on the inside of cell membrane
a. attention
b. resting potential
c. serotonin
d. feature detectors
6. The following are a description of__________________
-William James (first American psychologist)
-started first American school of psych
-opposed structuralism; interested in why certain behaviors
-goal: understand the function of different behaviors
a. Functionalism
b. Psychoanalysis
c. consciousness
d. structuralism
7. What two disciplines had an influence on early psychology?
a. Anthropology and history
b. Biology and medicine
c. Philosophy and biology
8. Which psychologist was one of the strongest advocates of behaviorism?
a. William James
b. John B. Watson
c. G. Stanley Hall
d. Frued
9. What type of research is needed to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables?
a. Correlational studies
b. Longitudinal studies
c. Experimental studies
10. A positive correlation indicates that as one variable goes up, the other variable also ________________.
a. Goes up
b. Goes down
c. Stays the same
11. The first step in the scientific research method is to:
a. Form a testable hypothesis
b. Collect data
c. Perform statistical analysis
12. Out of the following correlations, which indicates the strongest relationship?
a. -0.95
b. 0.23
c. 0.79
13. Which type of neuron transmits information from the brain to the muscles of the body?
a. Sensory neurons
b. Interneurons
c. Motor neurons
14. Once an electrical impulse reaches the end of an axon, it crosses the synapse via:
a. Terminal buttons
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Dendrites
15. Which area of the brain is associated with reasoning, motor skill.
Question 1Psychology is the ________________ of ______________.docxJUST36
Question 1
Psychology is the ________________ of ________________ and mental processes.
A) study, the mind
B) knowledge, philosophy
C) study, personality
D) science, behavior
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 2
The best psychological information is typically based on
A) proven theories
B) opinions of experts and authorities
C) anthropomorphic
D) empirical evidence and measurements
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 3
Who among the following is most interested in the growth of young children?
A) learning theorist
B) personality theorist
C) comparative psychologist
D) developmental psychologist
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 4
Who among the following is LEAST likely to treat serious behavioral and emotional disturbances?
A) psychologist
B) counselor
C) psychiatrist
D) psychoanalyst
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 5
A hypothesis is a(n):
A)
observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables.
B)
testable prediction that gives direction to research.
C)
set of principles that organizes and explains newly discovered facts.
D)
unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 6
The cognitive perspective in psychology emphasizes how:
A)
feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.
B)
people try to understand their own unconscious motives.
C)
behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.
D)
people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 7
All psychodynamic theories are based on the work of:
A) Titchner
B) Freud
C) Darwin
D) Piaget
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 8
Belief in astrology is based on the failure to:
A) collect relevant correlations
B) make use of introspection
C) distinguish between observation and inference
D) engage in critical thinking
A.
B.
C.
D.
2 points
Question 9
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people, this would indicate that wealth and marital satis ...
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Fabian aguirre austin psychology therapist university of texasFabian Aguirre
Fabian Aguirre Austin a Psychology Therapist. Fabian Aguirre counselor of students.Fabian Aguirre recently received his PhD in the field of psychology. Fabian has received training from some of the top researchers affiliated with the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of Texas at Austin. He has a range of experiences in a number of areas, including (1) program development and coordination in academic and research settings; 2) independently teaching at a University level; and 3) working with students of various cultural and ethnic backgrounds.
Fabian has been actively involved in multiple programs geared toward facilitating the education process among underrepresented students, such as 1) Cal-SOAP, a program designed to provide students with resources to assist in post secondary education, 2) Latino Leadership Council, an organization designed to unite and empower Latino students and student organization, and 3) Summer Undergraduate Research Program, a program aimed at providing hands-on training that will give underrepresented students a competitive edge when applying to top doctoral training programs.
Fabian is a strong advocate of higher education. He grew up in a small, Mexican, migrant community in central California where education was not highly valued and access to quality education was nonexistent. Fabian, like many first-generation college students, could not consult with family member about higher education. In turn, he had to overcome many educational challenges and is willing to provide academic advice to students seeking higher education in Liberal Arts.
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Publisher Prentice Hall PSY560 Clinical Psychology Te.docxamrit47
Publisher:
Prentice Hall
PSY560
Clinical Psychology
Text: Introduction to Clinical Psychology
7th Edition
ISBN-1 0: 0131729675
Authors:
Geoffrey P. Kramer, Douglas A. Bernstein, Vicky Phares
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PSY 560 Clinical Psychology
Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1. Most clinical assessment instruments fall into which three categories?
a. observations, self-report measures, therapy
b. tests, interventions, therapy
c. interviews, tests, observations
d. interventions, on-line questionnaires, phone interviews
2. What is the single most frequent activity of clinical psychologists today?
a. conducting therapy
b. supervising interns
c. teaching
d. research
3. Which of the following is NOT a reason that most clinical psychology programs
emphasize statistics and research courses and activities?
a. Clinical psychologists often supervise and evaluate research projects.
b. It is essential that psychologists know how to critically evaluate published
research.
c. A clinical psychologist can't be licensed without their own published research.
d. It is important that clinicians are aware of current research and trends.
4. Clinical practica are specialized educational opportunities where
a. students observe their supervisor conducting therapy and discuss the tech-
niques.
b. students consult with other agencies to broaden their perspectives.
c. students see clients and then meet with a supervisor on a regular basis.
d. students attend seminars and construct tests.
5. According to the text, two types of consultation in which it is common for
clinical psychologists to participate are
a. private and group.
b. case and program/administration.
c. preventative and remedial.
d. paid and unpaid.
38
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PSY 560 Clinical Psychology
6. Interest in understanding the importance of diversity and cultural variations is
related to the understanding that
a. the willingness to seek treatment can vary by culture and ethnic background.
b. there are some cultural variations in symptom patterns.
c. there can be differing responses to treatments and interventions related to
cultural and ethnic differences.
d. all ofthe above
7. According to the National Comorbidity Survey, the three most common types
of psychological disorders are
a. anxiety disorders, impulse-control disorders and substance abuse disorders.
b. depression, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders.
c. depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
d. substance-abuse disorders, relationship problems, depression.
8. A major sociocultural event that created an acute need for psychological test-
ing in the United States was
a. the establishment of psychology departments in major universities.
b. ne ...
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Professional Students from Different Areas in relation to depressionIOSR Journals
Abstract:
Background: The purpose of the study was to assess and compare depression among professional students
from different areas.
Methods: For the purpose of the study, 150 professional students from different areas (50 B.C.A Students, 50
Engineering Students & 50 Physical Education Students) were selected randomly on the basis of stratified
random sampling. The subjects were selected from M.D.Univerity Rohtak. The age level of the subjects ranged
from 18 to 25 years. Keeping the feasibility criterion in mind, the depression variable was selected for the
present study. Depression was assessed with the help of Goldberg Depression Questionnaire (GDQ)
constructed and standardized by Ivan Goldberg.
To assess and Compare the level of depression among professional students from different areas, Descriptive
Statistics i.e. (Mean, Standard Deviation) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used. The level of
significance was set at 0.05 level.
Conclusion: Significant difference was found among B.C.A Students, Engineering Students and Physical
Education Students in relation to Depression. Physical Education Students possessed greater/higher Depression
in comparison to B.C.A Students, and Engineering Students. In case of Depression significant difference was
found B.C.A Students and Engineering Students; B.C.A Students and Physical Education Students; Engineering
Students and Physical Education Students and the observed sequence of performance was found Physical
Education Students > B.C.A Students > Engineering Students in relation to Depression.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
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Digital Artifact 2 - Investigating Pavilion Designs
PSYCH 3rd Edition Rathus Test Bank
1. Chapter 1: What Is Psychology?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of
a. behavior and mental processes.
b. diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders.
c. conscious and unconscious mental processes.
d. the mind.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
2. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes
a. behaviorism. c. psychology.
b. psychoanalysis. d. clinical psychology.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
3. Eduardo DeLeon is engaged in scientific research involving the study of behavior and mental
processes. DeLeon is a
a. psychotherapist. c. psychiatrist.
b. psychoanalyst. d. psychologist.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Applied
4. As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?
a. eliminate behavior c. predict behavior
b. explain behavior d. control behavior
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
5. Dr. Kowalski believes that the reason the children he has observed on the playground are so aggressive
with each other is because of the type of TV programs they watch. This is an example of which goal of
psychology?
a. describe c. predict
b. explain d. control
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Applied
6. A __________ proposes a relationship among observed events.
a. science c. prediction
b. theory d. school of psychology
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
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2. 7. A satisfactory psychological theory of thirst would
a. be able to predict when people will or will not drink.
b. be able to explain age-related drinking behavior.
c. both a and b.
d. none of these.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
8. Theories allow psychologists to make __________, such as a client’s chance of recovery.
a. descriptions c. predictions
b. explanations d. beliefs
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Applied
9. Which of the following is NOT true of psychological theories?
a. Theories make assumptions about behavior.
b. Theories explain behavior and mental processes.
c. Theories are used to make predictions.
d. Theories are always discarded as new observations are made.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
10. The clinical psychologist’s aim in applying prediction and control goals to a client’s behavior
is to
a. decide the treatment.
b. help the client meet his or her treatment objectives.
c. allow the client a narrow range of options for his or her behavior.
d. use a database to formulate a treatment for the client.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Applied
11. Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation
to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she
performs her job according to the protocol, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task,
she receives no reward. Dr. Rossini is involved in
a. pure research. c. psychoanalysis.
b. basic research. d. the practice of psychology.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
12. The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are
often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.
a. pure c. controlled
b. basic d. action
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
3. 13. Applied research is research undertaken
a. with humans. c. for its own sake.
b. with lower animals. d. to find solutions to specific problems.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
14. The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between
a. prediction and control.
b. practice and theory.
c. research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems.
d. application and adaptation.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
15. Research using computers to understand artificial intelligence is an example of __________
research.
a. pure c. longitudinal
b. applied d. none of these
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
16. Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?
a. analyzing c. research
b. practice d. teaching
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
17. Dr. Langer is treating a college student for depression in his private practice. Most likely Dr.
Langer is a(n) __________ psychologist.
a. counseling c. educational
b. school d. clinical
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
18. Jean, a divorced mother with two children, married Harry, a widower with a teenage daughter.
From the onset of her relationship with Harry, Jean had difficulty in relating to his daughter.
Once married, the family problems between stepmother and stepdaughter became
exacerbated. Who would be the most appropriate to consult?
a. a developmental psychologist c. a counseling psychologist
b. an educational psychologist d. an organizational psychologist
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
4. 19. Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a(n)
__________ psychologist.
a. clinical c. school
b. counseling d. educational
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
20. School psychologists are employed by school districts to
a. develop achievement and aptitude tests.
b. identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning.
c. study hereditary and environmental influences on the development of students.
d. develop instructional methods for teachers to employ.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
21. Interpretation of a client’s symptoms is to a clinical psychologist as the development of an
achievement test is to a(n) __________ psychologist.
a. social c. educational
b. developmental d. personality
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
22. Dr. Kendall is interested in the effects of teacher style (warm and supportive versus formal
and objective) on the learning of mathematics by sixth graders. Most likely, Dr. Kendall is
a(n) __________ psychologist.
a. educational c. school
b. personality d. experimental
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
23. __________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors
on growth of the individual through the life span.
a. Health c. Developmental
b. Personality d. Social
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
24. The study of human traits and characteristics is of interest to __________ psychologists.
a. clinical c. community
b. personality d. social
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
5. 25. __________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.
a. Environmental c. Forensic
b. Personality d. Social
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
26. __________ psychologists focus on the influence of groups on behavior, while
__________psychologists focus on the influence of an individual’s traits on behavior.
a. Personality; Social c. Social; Personality
b. School; Educational d. Educational; School
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
27. A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits, introversion and extraversion, was
probably formulated by a __________ psychologist.
a. developmental c. human factors
b. personality d. clinical
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
28. How the group affects the individual and the effects of the individual on the group are the
concerns of __________ psychologists.
a. clinical c. sport
b. consumer d. social
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
29. An environmental psychologist would study all of the following EXCEPT:
a. how extreme temperatures influence human behavior
b. how loud noises interfere with human concentration
c. how human behavior affects the natural environment
d. how athletes improve their performance
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
30. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?
a. experimental c. consumer
b. organizational d. human factors
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
31. Industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in
a. workplaces. c. universities.
b. research laboratories. d. court rooms.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
6. 32. An organizational psychologist is most likely to study people in
a. court rooms. c. sports.
b. businesses. d. schools.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
33. The design of the instrument layout of a new helicopter was carried out by industrial
engineers in consultation with __________ psychologists.
a. consumer c. industrial
b. experimental d. human factors
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
34. After an advertising campaign with a catchy jingle failed to generate sales for a new shampoo,
the advertising director hired Dr. Faith Brewster to analyze the defective campaign and to
propose an alternative approach. Faith is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
a. consumer c. organizational
b. social d. human factors
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
35. As much as she tried to lose weight, Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss.
Accordingly, she made an appointment to consult with Dr. Richman, a __________
psychologist.
a. clinical c. human factors
b. counseling d. health
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
36. A fitness center was looking for someone to direct a new program that linked diet to an
exercise program. The center’s director wanted to hire someone with a background in stress
management and the control of health problems. Most likely, she was looking for a(n)
a. personal trainer. c. health psychologist.
b. sports psychologist. d. aerobics instructor.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
37. A __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related
to heart disease, cancer and diabetes.
a. clinical c. counseling
b. health d. forensic
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
7. 38. Josephine is a track athlete who does not perform well under extreme pressure to win. With
what type of psychologist should she consult?
a. counseling psychologist c. health psychologist
b. industrial psychologist d. sports psychologist
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Applied
39. A forensic psychologist may be involved in any of the following activities EXCEPT:
a. testing the mental health of a defendant in a criminal trial.
b. analyzing criminal behavior patterns.
c. consulting with attorneys about selecting jury members.
d. developing standardized intelligence tests.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
40. Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT
a. Aristotle. c. Pythagoras.
b. Democritus. d. Socrates.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
41. The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena
was
a. Wilhelm Wundt. c. Charles Darwin.
b. William James. d. Gustav Fechner.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
42. Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she
underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method
Yolanda and the researcher are using is called
a. insight. c. recovered memory.
b. self-revelation. d. introspection.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Applied
43. What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?
a. He wrote the first textbook of psychology.
b. He defined psychology as the science of behavior.
c. He established psychology as a laboratory science.
d. He studied insight in lower animals.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
8. 44. Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called
a. functionalism. c. behaviorism.
b. psychoanalysis. d. structuralism.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
45. Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into
one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings.
a. conditioning c. introspection
b. psychoanalysis d. insight
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
46. Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event
and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to
a. break down conscious experience into basic elements.
b. focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior.
c. analyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior.
d. determine the functions of conscious experience.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
47. Structuralism defined experience in terms of
a. behavioral tendencies and habits.
b. the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes.
c. the functions of consciousness.
d. sensations, feelings, and mental images.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
48. Functionalism was established by
a. G. Stanley Hall. c. John Watson.
b. Wilhelm Wundt. d. William James.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
49. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist
psychologist?
a. The mind is composed of discrete elements.
b. Perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
c. The only object of psychology is the study of behavior.
d. Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
9. 50. The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views
consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called
a. functionalism. c. structuralism.
b. behaviorism. d. psychoanalysis.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
51. A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?
a. Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts.
b. Consciousness is a continuous process.
c. Behavior and mental processes are adaptive.
d. all of these
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
52. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced
were __________ than those less fit.
a. more intelligent c. more conscious of their surroundings
b. better adapted to the environment d. better at problem solving
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
53. The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as
consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior
a. were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts.
b. were part of the unconscious.
c. led the individual to self-knowledge.
d. assisted the organism to adapt to the environment.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
54. John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
a. stream of consciousness. c. measurable behavior.
b. unconscious mental processes. d. sensation, feelings, and mental images.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
55. John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.
a. behaviorism c. structuralism
b. functionalism d. psychoanalysis
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
10. 56. John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT
a. mental processes. c. consciousness.
b. behavior. d. feelings and thoughts.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
57. B. F. Skinner made major contributions to
a. structuralism. c. behaviorism.
b. functionalism. d. Gestalt psychology.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
58. Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After
the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective the treat
would be considered a
a. bribe. c. reinforcer.
b. stimulus. d. control.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
59. B. F. Skinner studied learning in lower animals by using
a. reinforcement. c. introspection.
b. insight. d. trial and error.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
60. Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the
a. treatment of disorders.
b. explanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement.
c. use of mental imagery.
d. discovery of unconscious conflicts.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
61. The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into
wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed
a. psychoanalysis. c. structuralism.
b. functionalism. d. Gestalt psychology.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
62. Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to
a. psychotherapy. c. perception.
b. adaptation to the environment. d. habit.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
11. 63. Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by
mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution
is found.
a. insight c. introspection
b. reinforcement d. evolution
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
64. For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of
a. trial and error. c. rote practice and repetition.
b. insight and understanding. d. habit and environmental adaptation.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
65. In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly
solved a problem and reached the banana because of
a. intelligence. c. environmental clues.
b. reinforcement. d. insight.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
66. Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?
a. “If you can conceive it and believe it, you
can achieve it.”
c. “The whole is greater than the sum of its
parts.”
b. “Monkey see, monkey do.” d. “What you see is what you get.”
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
67. Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes
a. perception. c. sensation.
b. observation. d. introspection.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
68. The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human
behavior is
a. psychoanalysis. c. functionalism.
b. structuralism d. Gestalt psychology.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
69. The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on
a. insight. c. reinforcement.
b. the unconscious. d. introspection.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
12. 70. Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a
method of
a. scientific inquiry. c. self-knowledge.
b. introspection. d. psychotherapy.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
71. Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called
a. reality therapy. c. psychoanalysis.
b. insight therapy. d. behavior therapy.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
72. Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of
psychology?
a. Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior.
b. Learning is the basis of behavior.
c. Humans are potentially good.
d. The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
73. __________ oriented psychologists use techniques such as CAT scans, PET scans, and
electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts,
emotions, and behavior.
a. Cognitively c. Socioculturally
b. Psychodynamically d. Biologically
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
74. Psychologists with a biological perspective study the links between ______________ and
behavior.
a. brain activity c. heredity
b. hormone activity d. all of these
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
75. Dr. Levy studies the influences of hormones in determining maternal behavior and sexual
behavior in rats. Levy is most probably a
a. Gestalt psychologist. c. biological psychologist.
b. behavioral psychologist. d. psychoanalyst.
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
13. 76. The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical
changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the __________
perspective.
a. biological c. cognitive
b. learning d. sociocultural
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
77. Cognitive psychologists would be least interested in
a. mental representations. c. perception.
b. memory. d. behavior in social settings.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
78. Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying
a. animal learning and motivation.
b. genetic and hormonal effects on behavior.
c. human thinking and memory.
d. introspection and behavioral disorders.
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
79. Neural processing is to the biological perspective as information processing is to the
__________ perspective.
a. humanistic-existential c. learning
b. psychodynamic d. cognitive
ANS: D DIF: 3
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
80. In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals, a graduate student noted a marked
increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. He
concluded that there was increased interest in the __________ perspective.
a. learning c. biological
b. psychodynamic d. cognitive
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
14. 81. The humanistic-existential perspective unites __________ and __________ as central
principles to its approach.
a. brain; behavior c. mental processes; consciousness
b. self-fulfillment; free choice d. culture; values
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
82. Lydia Corfield, a humanistic-existential psychotherapist, is most likely to make which of the
following statements to her clients about their objectives for therapy?
a. We will lay out a program to extinguish your disordered behavior and condition
appropriate behavior.
b. We will uncover the unconscious ideas that are at the source of your disorder.
c. You need to identify the ethnic and social and environmental factors that may be at
the root of your mental disorder.
d. You will explore your perceptions and decisions in order to discover who you
really are.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
83. Cathy was a very successful real estate agent. At age 36 she decided to donate her wealth to
charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment
for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy’s behavior?
a. psychodynamic c. humanistic-existential
b. social-cognitive d. developmental
ANS: C DIF: 3
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
84. The view that people have the freedom to choose and be responsible for their own behavior
represents the ____________ perspective.
a. sociocultural c. cognitive
b. humanistic-existential d. psychodynamic
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
85. Which perspective dominated psychotherapy during the 1940s and 1950s?
a. sociocultural c. cognitive
b. humanistic-existential d. psychodynamic
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Today's Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
15. 86. In comparison to traditional psychoanalysts, neoanalysts place less emphasis on
a. conscious choice. c. scientific research.
b. unconscious processes. d. psychotherapy.
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
87. __________ psychologists take the position that learning is essential in describing, predicting,
controlling, and explaining behavior.
a. Neoanalytic c. Humanistic-existential
b. Behavioral d. Biological
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
88. Both social-cognitive theorists and behaviorists adhere to the __________ perspective.
a. humanistic-existential c. psychoanalytic
b. learning d. sociocultural
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
89. Five-year-old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a birdhouse.
Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in hand, tapping the workbench. Todd’s behavior
is best described by which perspective?
a. social-cognitive c. sociocultural
b. behavioral d. neoanalytic
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
90. A distinction between behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives is that the former
emphasizes __________, and the latter emphasizes __________ in learning.
a. brain processes; social processes c. introspection; self-determination
b. conditioning; development d. reinforcement; observation
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
16. 91. Jean Blake, a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective, is
most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females?
a. Condition positive emotional responses to women.
b. Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women.
c. Prescribe anti-anxiety medication for him to take before going out with a woman.
d. Uncover the unconscious conflicts in the approach and avoidance of women.
ANS: B DIF: 3
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
92. The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________
perspective.
a. sociocultural c. psychoanalytic
b. humanistic-existential d. social-cognitive
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
93. Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant
children. Most likely, Dr. Maloff is a __________ psychologist.
a. psychoanalytic c. sociocultural
b. behavioral d. school
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
94. Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?
a. alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups
b. color perception
c. gender roles
d. racial bias
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
95. Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical
depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is
most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
a. humanistic-existential c. industrial
b. sociocultural d. personality
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
17. 96. Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children.
She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence
scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.
a. psychoanalytic c. learning
b. humanistic-existential d. sociocultural
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied
97. The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the
a. behavior of society.
b. influence of a group on the behavior of the individual.
c. issues of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
d. makeup of social and cultural organizations.
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
98. Membership in an ethnic group is defined by common features such as
a. attitudes, values, and religion.
b. cultural heritage, language, and common history.
c. genetic variables.
d. socioeconomic status and political identity.
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
99. Kenneth and Mamie Clark conducted research on the negative effects of ______________ on
African American children.
a. intelligence testing c. school segregation
b. extra-curricular activities d. music instruction
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
100. Whose research on the negative effects of school segregation on African American children
was cited by the United States Supreme Court when it overturned the “separate but equal”
school doctrine in 1954?
a. The Watsons c. The Rumbaughs
b. The Clarks d. The Sherifs
ANS: B DIF: 3
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
18. 101. _________ refers to the concepts of femininity and masculinity that are defined by one’s
culture.
a. Gender c. Identity
b. Sex d. Prejudice
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
102. Prior to becoming the first female president of the APA, Mary Whiton Calkins
a. was denied a doctorate at Harvard University because of her gender.
b. attended Harvard as a guest because they did not accept female students.
c. was offered, but declined, a doctorate at Radcliff college for women.
d. All of these are true.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
103. Contributions to psychology by women researchers include research on all of the following
topics EXCEPT
a. parent-child attachment. c. primacy and recency effects.
b. inaccuracies of memory. d. introspection in research.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
104. Critical thinking is associated with
a. skepticism. c. disbelief.
b. respect. d. opposition.
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
105. Amy listened to the salesperson describe the qualities of a well-known sport utility vehicle
that she was considering buying. She asked about the gas mileage, road stability, and
frequency of repairs. The salesperson assured her that this model had the best record in its
class on all of the variables. She checked the salesperson’s answers against the ratings in a
consumer’s guide and brought the discrepancies to his attention. We can say that Amy is
a. feisty. c. argumentative.
b. skeptical. d. a ‘know-it-all.’
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
19. 106. After the political debate, Nikki went to the town hall to find out which candidate’s claims
were best supported by the government documents on file there. Nikki can be described as
a. a difficult person. c. a critical thinker.
b. cynical about politicians’ claims. d. prone to argue.
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
107. A form of reasoning characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and
arguments defines
a. critical thinking. c. rational mental processes.
b. point and counterpoint. d. self-interest.
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
108. Which of the following is NOT a principle of critical thinking?
a. Be skeptical. c. Examine the assumptions of
arguments.
b. Consider the credentials of the
authority.
d. Examine the definitions of terms.
ANS: B DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
109. In terms of principles of critical thinking, the statement “Intelligence is genetically based”
needs to be examined for its
a. assumptions or premises. c. oversimplification of the question.
b. definition of intelligence. d. all of these.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
110. The scientific method allows us to
a. support popular opinion. c. justify our values.
b. maintain traditions. d. test ideas and refine knowledge.
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
111. A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested
through research.
a. observation c. theory
b. scientific method d. hypothesis
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
20. 112. Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?
a. Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children.
b. Viewing TV violence may influence children’s behavior.
c. Viewing TV violence is unlikely to change children’s behavior.
d. None of these.
ANS: A DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
113. A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that
a. becomes a selection factor in research. c. is accepted if it is popular.
b. can be tested by gathering evidence. d. provides an operational definition.
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
114. If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ____________
that is a source of bias that could influence the results.
a. correlation c. hypothesis
b. selection factor d. placebo
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
115. A doctor concludes from evidence that having yearly physical exams helps people stay
healthy. However, she has not considered the risk of a selection factor; thus, the doctor may
ignore the possibility that
a. healthy people may schedule exams more often than others.
b. hypochondriacs do the same thing.
c. people who are sick go to the doctor more often.
d. some people have better genes than others.
ANS: A DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
116. As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence.
This approach is consistent with your use of
a. common sense. c. good economic decisions.
b. personal experience. d. the scientific method.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
21. 117. In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the
a. ideas of the researcher. c. target population.
b. commonsense views of the times. d. theory in question.
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
118. A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.
a. sample c. team
b. group d. all of these
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
119. Dr. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. He selects 50
children from local schools to participate in his research. These groups of students would be
considered the
a. population. c. representative group.
b. sample. d. none of these.
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
120. If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can
__________ from the research sample to the larger population.
a. replicate c. generalize
b. speculate d. conclude
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
121. In a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to
participate.
a. random sample c. stratified sample
b. selection sample d. free sample
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
122. If 12% of the American population is Hispanic, what percentage of a stratified sample would
be Hispanic?
a. 6% c. 12%
b. 24% d. 88%
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
22. 123. Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a
representative sample of American children?
a. No, because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially, ethnically, and
economically diverse than the nation as a whole.
b. No, because they are nothing like the average American child.
c. Yes, because public education is available to all children.
d. Yes, because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
124. The bias stemming from the likelihood that those who offer to participate in certain kinds of
surveys differ systematically from those who are less likely to offer is known as
a. selection factors. c. self-selection.
b. volunteer bias. d. stratified selection.
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
125. Which of these is NOT one of the controlled ways that scientists utilize to observe others?
a. naturalistic observation c. survey
b. scientific observation d. case study
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
126. A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups.
a. correlation c. survey
b. journal d. case study
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
127. Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.
a. controversial c. stratified
b. rare d. random
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
128. The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of
inaccuracies in people’s memory.
a. case study c. survey
b. naturalistic observation d. case study and survey
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
23. 129. The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large
numbers of people.
a. case study c. experimental
b. scientific d. survey
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
130. One explanation for the failure of a survey to predict events is that the survey participants do
not __________ the general population.
a. influence c. represent
b. select d. limit
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
131. An advantage of survey research is that
a. it allows you to get in-depth
information.
c. it allows you to work in a lab.
b. it allows you to have a large sample
size.
d. it is less subject to volunteer bias.
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
132. Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that
she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use
the __________ method.
a. observational c. experimental
b. case study d. survey
ANS: D DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
133. All of the following are disadvantages of survey research EXCEPT which?
a. Respondents may answer in a way that they think is socially desirable.
b. Respondents may answer the questions in the comfort of their own home.
c. Respondents may have inaccurate self-reports.
d. Respondents may lie about or exaggerate their own behavior.
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
24. 134. In __________, researchers study behavior where it actually happens, or “in the field.”
a. experiments c. naturalistic observations
b. correlational research d. case studies
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
135. Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees by means of the __________ method.
a. case study c. survey
b. naturalistic observation d. experimental
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
136. You are interested in studying whether preschool boys engage in more aggressive play than
preschool girls. You decide to watch children playing in a day care setting. You are using the
__________ method.
a. case study c. cause-effect
b. interview d. naturalistic observation
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
137. If you want to be certain that the behavior of interest to your research is as natural as possible,
you will want to use a(n)
a. laboratory procedure. c. naturalistic observation.
b. expert interviewer. d. validity scale.
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
138. Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize __________ during naturalistic observation.
a. experimenters’ expectations
b. inaccurate reporting
c. interference with the behaviors being observed
d. the time involved
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
25. 139. You decide to observe the behavior of children in day care. A few days before you are to start
data collection you go the center and sit quietly to the side of the room. When the children
speak to you, you respond as little as possible. You are
a. attempting to be unobtrusive.
b. not going to get good data if you do not interact.
c. probably not very good with children.
d. trying to warm up the children so that they notice you.
ANS: A DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
140. By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a
measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.
a. correlational c. experimental
b. statistical d. survey
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
141. A correlation coefficient is a number
a. indicating the percentile of a score.
b. representing a location on the normal curve.
c. that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.
d. that presents the average relationship.
ANS: C DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
142. You design a test of intelligence. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic
performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new
test and grades in school.
a. an experimental method c. the correlational method
b. a test-retest method d. naturalistic observation
ANS: C DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
143. Which represents the strongest correlation?
a. +.97 c. +.09
b. -.90 d. -.99
ANS: D DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
26. 144. Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between
stress and health?
a. -0.78 c. 0
b. +1 d. +0.98
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
145. Which of the following is reported as a negative correlation?
a. intelligence and academic achievement c. studying and academic achievement
b. stress and health d. studying and GPA
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
146. Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?
a. salary and years of education c. studying and GPA
b. age and incidence of illness d. all of these
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
147. In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a
__________ correlation.
a. positive c. invalid
b. dubious d. negative
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
148. A correlation of -.90 between two sets of test scores indicates that people who earned high
scores on the first test generally earned __________ scores on the second.
a. high c. low
b. average d. reliable
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
149. There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent
watching TV and grades in school.
a. perfect c. positive
b. negative d. weak
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
27. 150. Which of the following is the weakest negative correlation?
a. 0 c. -.92
b. -.34 d. -.57
ANS: B DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
151. The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is
a. observation. c. an experiment.
b. correlation. d. a case study.
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
152. In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room
temperature has received a __________.
a. dependent variable c. random effect
b. treatment d. consequence
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
153. If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels
of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is
a. the treatment. c. unethical.
b. the control. d. the dependent variable.
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
154. For which of the following variables could a cause-effect relationship be found?
a. alcohol consumption and aggression c. exercise and stress relief
b. caffeine and hyperactivity d. all of these
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
155. In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that
its effects may be determined.
a. dependent variable c. placebo
b. independent variable d. observer
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
28. 156. If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior,
temperature would be the __________ variable.
a. dependent c. hypothetical
b. independent d. correlated
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
157. The experimental group participants in an experiment receive
a. no treatment.
b. the dependent variable.
c. the independent variable.
d. the same treatment as the control group participants.
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
158. The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called
a. independent variables. c. dependent variables.
b. treatments. d. controls.
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
159. In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive
behavior would be the
a. treatment. c. control variable.
b. independent variable. d. dependent variable.
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
160. An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is
resistance to distraction, the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________
noise.
a. cause of c. treatment for
b. correlate of d. effect of
ANS: D DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
161. In an experimental design, participants in an experimental group receive ___________.
a. no treatment c. the treatment
b. conditions d. the answers
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
29. 162. Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or
manipulation are called the __________ group.
a. self-selected c. control
b. random d. experimental
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
163. You volunteer to participate in a research experiment. You participate in a variety of test
procedures and interviews. Later, however, you learn that another group of participants had an
experimental treatment that you and members of your group did not have. This is because you
a. were disqualified. c. were in the control group.
b. failed earlier tests. d. were in the treatment group.
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied
164. Blind and double-blind procedures are one way to control for the effects of __________ in
experimental research.
a. expectations c. chance factors
b. high costs d. confounding variables
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
165. Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or
tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or
she is experiencing the real thing.
a. confederate c. treatment
b. placebo d. bias
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
166. The purpose of the use of a placebo is to control for the __________ of research participants.
a. suspicions c. fears
b. expectations/beliefs d. cooperation
ANS: B DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
30. 167. Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under
which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.
a. blind to c. unconscious of
b. indifferent to d. singled out for
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
168. Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently,
experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter
and participant bias is to
a. be sure they understand ethics.
b. debrief them.
c. remind them of the importance of the research.
d. use the double-blind technique.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
169. In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained
the real treatment.
a. single blind c. confounded
b. double-blind d. debriefed
ANS: B DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
170. The Food and Drug Administration requires __________ before it will allow the marketing
and sale of new drugs.
a. double-blind studies c. surveys
b. psychological testing d. patient approval
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
171. When Lang demonstrated that belief that one has consumed alcohol influenced aggression, he
demonstrated that controlling for __________ does influence the outcome of research.
a. alcohol c. aggression
b. experimenter bias d. expectations
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
31. 172. When you use procedures like placebos and double-blind conditions, you are attempting to set
up __________ for factors that would make your experimental findings questionable.
a. controls c. selections
b. treatments d. cases
ANS: A DIF: 3
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
173. Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new
information with concern about
a. applied science. c. public approval.
b. unimpeded progress. d. dignity and human welfare.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
174. The purpose of a(n) __________ is to review research studies and help researchers consider
the areas of potential harm in their proposed studies.
a. ethics review committee c. global communications
b. grant-writing techniques d. electronic methods
ANS: A DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
175. __________ procedures allow participants to review the demands of a research project before
they participate and give them an opportunity to choose not to participate.
a. Ethical review c. Informed consent
b. Debriefing d. Confidentiality
ANS: C DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
176. Psychologists and other researchers must protect and respect the privacy of research
participants. This concern recognizes the requirement for
a. informed consent. c. confidentiality.
b. ethics. d. scientific progress at all costs.
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
177. ____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a
study has been completed.
a. Debriefing c. Reviewing
b. Controlling d. Consenting
ANS: A DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
32. 178. The text makes an ethical critique of the Lang studies because the participants
a. electrically shocked a person with a heart condition.
b. lacked informed consent.
c. were deceived.
d. were not debriefed.
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
179. When research cannot be carried out with human participants, researchers
a. must abandon those issues. c. rely on theoretical models.
b. often rely on volunteers. d. often use animals.
ANS: D DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
180. Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding
a. abuses of animals in laboratories. c. regulation of eating and eating
disorders.
b. attachment in monkeys. d. social evolution.
ANS: C DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
181. The benefits of animal research
a. are obvious to everyone.
b. can never justify the loss of the animal’s right to freedom.
c. cannot be demonstrated.
d. must justify the harm that might be done to an animal.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
182. As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research
purposes. As a scientist, you
a. fight the use of animal models by your
colleagues.
c. realize that ethical animal models are
never uncomfortable for the animal.
b. know that these models are unjustified. d. understand the value of animal research
and promote ethical standards.
ANS: D DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
33. COMPLETION
1. The science that studies behavior and mental processes is __________.
ANS: psychology
DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science OBJ: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual
2. __________ describe apparent relationships among observed events.
ANS: Theories
DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science OBJ: 1
MSC: TYPE: Factual
3. __________ research has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has
been characterized as research for its own sake.
ANS: Pure
DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do OBJ: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
4. __________ research is conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems.
ANS: Applied
DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do OBJ: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
5. __________ psychologists study the changes that occur throughout the life span.
ANS: Developmental
DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do OBJ: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
6. __________ psychologists attempt to define human traits.
ANS: Personality
DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do OBJ: 2
MSC: TYPE: Factual
7. Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called __________.
ANS: structuralism
DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
34. 8. William James wanted to investigate the purpose of behavior and mental processes and
established the __________ school of psychology.
ANS: functionalist
DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
9. __________ believe psychologists must limit their investigations to observable, measurable
events like people’s actions.
ANS: Behaviorists
DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
10. According to __________ psychologists, perceptions are more than the sums of their parts.
ANS: Gestalt
DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
11. The psychological approach that emphasizes __________ processes is called psychoanalysis.
ANS: unconscious
DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
12. The ___________ perspective examines the influence of brain activity, hormones, and
heredity on human behavior.
ANS: biological
DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
13. The __________ perspective focuses on memory, language, and decision-making skills.
ANS: cognitive
DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
14. The _________ perspective in psychology focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture,
and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes.
ANS: sociocultural
DIF: 1 REF: How Today's Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
35. 15. A __________ is a specific statement that proposes the relationship between two factors that
is tested through research.
ANS: hypothesis
DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
16. Being skeptical and examining the assumptions or premises of arguments are important
aspects of __________ __________ skills.
ANS: critical thinking
DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
17. The participants selected to take part in an experiment are called the __________ and must
represent those to whom the results will be generalized.
ANS: sample
DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
18. __________ research methods usually involve asking for general information from a large
number of individuals.
ANS: Survey
DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
19. The only research method that can determine whether a cause-effect relationship exists
between two factors is called a(n) __________.
ANS: experiment
DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
20. The __________ variable in an experiment is also referred to as the treatment.
ANS: independent
DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
36. 21. Studies in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who has obtained the
treatment are called __________ studies.
ANS: double-blind
DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
22. Individuals must provide __________ __________ before they participate in research.
ANS: informed consent
DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
TRUE/FALSE
1. Psychology has three main goals: describe, explain and predict.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science
OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual
2. Experimental psychologists often use humans or animals to study basic processes.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
3. Personality psychologists study the interaction of people and the environment.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do
OBJ: 2 MSC: TYPE: Factual
4. Psychology did not exist before the 19th
century.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
5. The school of Gestalt psychology claimed that perceptions are more than the sums of their
parts.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
6. Sigmund Freud was an early psychologist whose theory had no influence on popular culture.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History
OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual
37. 7. Evolutionary psychologists focus on how behavior and mental processes remain the same
over time.
ANS: F DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual
8. Both behaviorists and social-cognitive theorists share the learning perspective.
ANS: T DIF: 2
REF: How Today's Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
9. Psychologists who come from a sociocultural perspective are less likely to be concerned with
the influence of genetics on behavior.
ANS: T DIF: 2
REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
10. Critical thinking means if something is in print, it must be true.
ANS: F DIF: 2
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
11. Correlations are associations or relationships among variables.
ANS: T DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
12. Correlational research can also prove cause and effect relationships.
ANS: F DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
13. According to ethical standards for research with humans, researchers are required to debrief
participants.
ANS: T DIF: 1
REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes
OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual
38. ESSAY
1. a) Define the term “psychology” and briefly describe its four goals.
b) Choose three divisions of psychology and describe their perspectives on psychology.
ANS:
Essay should include:
a) Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Its four goals are to describe,
explain, predict and control behavior and mental processes.
b) Three of the following: Clinical, Counseling, School, Educational, Developmental,
Personality, Social, Environmental, Experimental, Industrial/Organizational, Human Factors,
Consumer, Health, Sport, Forensic – including what is studied in each perspective.
2. a) Contrast the structuralist and functionalist forces in the history of psychology.
b) Discuss the emergence of behaviorism in psychology and describe how it differed from
structuralism and functionalism.
ANS:
Essay should include:
a) Structuralist perspective – consciousness could be divided into a combination of objective
sensations and subjective feelings. The mind functions by combining these; focuses on
introspection. Functionalists disagreed that consciousness could be divided. Functionalism
focused on behavior and consciousness, how experience influences adaptation, and direct
observation of the functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience.
b) Watson believed that for psychology to be a science it must focus on behavior alone and
not consciousness. Behaviorism – focus on learning, observable/measurable behavior,
ignoring mental processes; reinforcement.
39. 3. a) Choose three modern perspectives in psychology and describe the focus of each.
b) Discuss the importance of diversity in the past and present research in psychology.
ANS:
Essay should include:
a) Three of the following: Evolutionary – evolution of behavior and mental processes, genes;
Biological- inborn/instinctive biological processes; Cognitive – mental processes of the
“mind” ( i.e. memory, thought); Humanistic-Existential -- self-awareness, conscious choice,
responsibility for own behavior; Psychodynamic – neoanalysts influenced by Freud – focus
less on unconsciousness, more on conscious choice and self-direction.
b) Past – contributions of women and those of diverse ethnic groups have broadened the
narrow European American focus of the study of behavior and mental processes. Examples:
Clark & Clark- school segregation; Jorge Sanchez – cultural bias of IQ tests. Present
examples: Ainsworth (attachment) and Loftus (memory). Work of diverse psychologists has
shown that gender and ethnicity are important factors that can influence research findings.
4. a) Describe how psychologists use the scientific method to conduct research. Include the steps
of the method.
b) Compare and contrast the three major methods of observing behavior.
ANS:
Essay should include:
a) Steps: (1) Formulate research question. (2) Formulate hypotheses (define). (3) Test
hypothesis - using experiments. (4) Collect observations. (5) Draw conclusions (6) Theory
construction or modification – lead to new research questions or modifications.
b) Case study – collect detailed information about a few individuals or small groups; Survey –
collect information from large samples of people about attitudes and behaviors; Naturalistic
Observation – observing and recording behavior in natural environments. Comparison – all
three collect observable data to describe behavior. Contrast – case studies are based on smaller
numbers than surveys; however the former allows for in-depth information while the latter has
the benefits of large samples. Observation, if done unobtrusively, will prevent researcher
interference that is a problem in the other two methods.
40. 5. a) Discuss the ethical considerations that researchers must consider when conducting research
with humans.
b) Discuss the ethical considerations that researchers must consider when conducting research
with animals.
ANS:
Essay should include:
a) Ethical standards are intended to promote individual dignity, human welfare, and scientific
integrity; also to avoid potential harm to participants. Other issues to discuss: informed
consent, confidentiality, privacy, deception, and debriefing.
b) Animal research: destroying brain cells in animals, influence of drugs on animal behavior –
results generalized to humans. Proponents argue that without animal research many advances
in medicine and psychology would not have taken place. APA Guidelines: animals should
only be harmed when there is no alternative and when benefits outweigh harm.
PSYCH 3rd Edition Rathus Test Bank
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