The document discusses skills needed for systems analysis, including analytical skills like systems thinking, organizational knowledge, problem identification, and problem analysis. It covers technical skills, management skills, and interpersonal skills. It also discusses systems analysis as a profession, including standards of practice, ethics, and career paths.
The document discusses the skills needed to succeed as a systems analyst, which are grouped into four categories: analytical skills, technical skills, management skills, and interpersonal skills. It provides details on each set of skills, including systems thinking, problem identification, project management, communication, and standards of practice in the field. Maintaining these skills through continuing education is emphasized.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It explains that systems analysis involves understanding an organization's objectives, structure, and processes in order to develop computer-based systems that improve efficiency. The systems development life cycle is a standard methodology used to analyze requirements, design, implement, and maintain information systems through phases like project planning, analysis, design, and maintenance.
This document provides information about a System Analysis and Design course offered by Daffodil International University. The 3-credit, 3-hour per week course focuses on applying information technologies to the system development life cycle including methodologies, analysis, design, and implementation. It aims to teach students how to design and deliver information systems to meet business needs utilizing techniques like requirements documentation. The textbook is Modern Systems Analysis and Design by Hoffer, George, and Valacich which covers topics like system types, the development process, and roles in system development projects.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It discusses the key concepts including:
1) System analysis specifies what the system should do by identifying objectives and decomposing the system into components.
2) System design focuses on how to accomplish objectives by defining system modules to satisfy requirements.
3) A system is an organized relationship between interdependent components that achieve a common goal.
The document provides an overview of system analysis and design (SAD). It introduces the lecturer and their background and qualifications. It defines SAD as originating in the 1960s to develop large-scale business systems. SAD involves information systems activities like data processing and analysis. It positions SAD within the software development methodology and lifecycle. The importance of SAD is discussed as well as solutioning and additional references for further reading.
The document discusses the system requirements analysis phase of a project. It describes the purpose of this phase as obtaining a thorough understanding of the business needs and breaking them down into discrete requirements that are clearly defined and agreed upon with stakeholders. The key goals and processes of this phase include creating detailed functional specifications, process models, data models, and reconciling requirements with these models. The phase aims to produce documentation that provides the foundation for all future design and development work.
This document outlines the topics covered in 5 units of a course on decision support systems. Unit 1 discusses the roles of managers and reasons for computerized decision support systems. It also defines systems and decision support frameworks. Unit 2 covers decision making design phases, decision styles, and relationships between decision making and personality/cognition. Unit 3 provides an overview of decision support systems, their components and classifications. Unit 4 describes group support systems, tools, and processes. Unit 5 covers knowledge management, the knowledge management cycle, and systems related to learning organizations and culture.
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Decision Support System & MIS course. It outlines 4 units that will be covered: [1] Decision Support System overview and components, [2] using information systems for strategic advantage, [3] information system analysis and design, and [4] specific types of information systems like marketing, manufacturing, accounting, and financial. It also provides sample questions and answers that define decision support systems, explain their characteristics and needs, and components and classifications.
The document discusses the skills needed to succeed as a systems analyst, which are grouped into four categories: analytical skills, technical skills, management skills, and interpersonal skills. It provides details on each set of skills, including systems thinking, problem identification, project management, communication, and standards of practice in the field. Maintaining these skills through continuing education is emphasized.
The document discusses systems analysis and design. It explains that systems analysis involves understanding an organization's objectives, structure, and processes in order to develop computer-based systems that improve efficiency. The systems development life cycle is a standard methodology used to analyze requirements, design, implement, and maintain information systems through phases like project planning, analysis, design, and maintenance.
This document provides information about a System Analysis and Design course offered by Daffodil International University. The 3-credit, 3-hour per week course focuses on applying information technologies to the system development life cycle including methodologies, analysis, design, and implementation. It aims to teach students how to design and deliver information systems to meet business needs utilizing techniques like requirements documentation. The textbook is Modern Systems Analysis and Design by Hoffer, George, and Valacich which covers topics like system types, the development process, and roles in system development projects.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It discusses the key concepts including:
1) System analysis specifies what the system should do by identifying objectives and decomposing the system into components.
2) System design focuses on how to accomplish objectives by defining system modules to satisfy requirements.
3) A system is an organized relationship between interdependent components that achieve a common goal.
The document provides an overview of system analysis and design (SAD). It introduces the lecturer and their background and qualifications. It defines SAD as originating in the 1960s to develop large-scale business systems. SAD involves information systems activities like data processing and analysis. It positions SAD within the software development methodology and lifecycle. The importance of SAD is discussed as well as solutioning and additional references for further reading.
The document discusses the system requirements analysis phase of a project. It describes the purpose of this phase as obtaining a thorough understanding of the business needs and breaking them down into discrete requirements that are clearly defined and agreed upon with stakeholders. The key goals and processes of this phase include creating detailed functional specifications, process models, data models, and reconciling requirements with these models. The phase aims to produce documentation that provides the foundation for all future design and development work.
This document outlines the topics covered in 5 units of a course on decision support systems. Unit 1 discusses the roles of managers and reasons for computerized decision support systems. It also defines systems and decision support frameworks. Unit 2 covers decision making design phases, decision styles, and relationships between decision making and personality/cognition. Unit 3 provides an overview of decision support systems, their components and classifications. Unit 4 describes group support systems, tools, and processes. Unit 5 covers knowledge management, the knowledge management cycle, and systems related to learning organizations and culture.
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Decision Support System & MIS course. It outlines 4 units that will be covered: [1] Decision Support System overview and components, [2] using information systems for strategic advantage, [3] information system analysis and design, and [4] specific types of information systems like marketing, manufacturing, accounting, and financial. It also provides sample questions and answers that define decision support systems, explain their characteristics and needs, and components and classifications.
The document discusses system design in object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It describes system design as deciding the high-level organization of a system into subsystems and allocating them to hardware and software components. Key aspects of system design covered include identifying inherent concurrency, defining concurrent tasks, allocating subsystems to processors and tasks, and estimating hardware resource requirements.
Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive computer-based systems designed to help decision makers utilize data and models to solve semi-structured or unstructured problems. There are several types of DSS including data-driven, model-driven, communications-driven, document-driven, and knowledge-driven systems. Group decision support systems (GDSS) are a specialized type of DSS that provide technology and structure to help groups make decisions and include additional capabilities to support collaboration.
The document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and classifications of software. It defines software as a set of programs and documentation that activate hardware to perform tasks. Software is classified as generic or customized and described in categories such as system software, business software, design software, embedded software, and artificial intelligence. The roles and skills of a system analyst/software engineer are also outlined, including technical skills like analysis, design, and project management as well as interpersonal skills. Finally, the document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process.
Software architecture is the set of principal design decisions about a software system. It includes decisions about the system's structure, behavior, and interactions. Principal design decisions are those that have a significant impact on the system and are important to stakeholders. A software system's architecture can change over time as design decisions are made and remade throughout the system's lifetime.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
An agent based approach for building complex software systemsIcaro Santos
1) The document discusses an agent-based approach for developing complex software systems. It argues that agent-oriented approaches are well-suited for building distributed systems due to their ability to model complexity, interactions, and organizational relationships.
2) Complex systems inherently exhibit hierarchy, nearly decomposable subsystems, and changing interactions. An agent-based approach models a system as autonomous agents that can achieve objectives through flexible and decentralized interactions.
3) Key advantages of the agent approach include its use of agents, interactions, and organizations as natural abstractions to represent subsystems, components, and relationships in complex systems. It also allows runtime determination of interactions to reduce coupling between components.
This document discusses the skills required of a systems analyst, including analytical skills, technical skills, management skills, and interpersonal skills. It focuses on analytical skills, describing four key areas: systems thinking, organizational knowledge, problem identification, and problem analysis and solving. Systems thinking involves understanding systems concepts like decomposition, modularity, coupling, and cohesion. Systems analysts must be able to represent information systems as systems using tools like data flow diagrams. Organizational knowledge of how an organization works is also important.
DSS and decision support system and its typesHammalAkhtar
The document discusses a group project on decision support systems (DSS). It defines DSS as a computer-based system that supports business or organizational decision-making. It describes the key components and characteristics of DSS, including that they facilitate decision-making, allow interaction, and are intended for repeated use to improve decision accuracy and quality. The document also outlines several applications of DSS and lists advantages like time savings and competitive benefits, as well as potential disadvantages like information overload.
Decision support systems (DSS) are computer-based systems that analyze data and help decision-makers make better judgments. A DSS has three main components: a database, a model, and a user interface. DSS can classify data inputs, user expertise, outputs, and generated decisions. They are used in various fields like healthcare, business, and transportation to improve efficiency, speed up decision-making, and gain a competitive advantage. Key benefits of DSS include faster problem solving, increased organizational control, and promoting learning.
System analysis and design logical designGirdharRatne
when development of systems takes place then we thought about the designing of the system in two phases one is Front-end and another one is Back-end.
Physical Design is the real implementation of your system but the logical design gives you the way to understand the systems data flow and the conceptual things.
Training Slides of Decision Support System, discussing how the system as an interactive computer-based system that is being effectively used in communications technologies.
Some keypoints:
- The Decision Support Paradigm
- Basic Concepts of DSS
- Examples of DSS
For further information regarding the course, please contact:
info@asia-masters.com
The document discusses decision support systems (DSS), which are computer-based systems that help organizational decision-making. It describes the components, tools, and models used in DSS, including databases, model bases, dialog generation systems, and mathematical models like linear programming. Linear programming is used to optimize outcomes under constraints by finding the best values for decision variables. DSS can help decision-making but also have disadvantages like overemphasizing decisions or obscuring responsibility.
The document defines decision support systems (DSS) as interactive computer systems that help decision-makers use data and models to solve structured, unstructured, or semi-structured problems. It discusses how DSS can aid in decision-making by integrating information and supporting alternatives. The document also outlines the key stages of decision-making - intelligence, design, choice, and implementation - and describes different types of DSS like data-driven, model-driven, and knowledge-driven systems. Examples are provided of how DSS are used in domains like airline reservations and loan approval.
1) Decision support systems (DSS) offer potential to assist in solving both semi-structured and unstructured problems.
2) DSS can handle large amounts of data from different sources, perform complex analysis, and support different solution approaches.
3) DSS can support decision making at different levels from strategic to operational and for problems with varying structures and frequencies.
Cis 2303 lo1 part 1_weeks_1_2 - student verAhmad Ammari
This document outlines the learning objectives and content for a course on systems analysis and design. The course will describe the evolution of software development processes and methodologies, with a focus on structured analysis. It will cover the components of information systems, systems development life cycle models, and the roles and tasks of systems analysts in gathering requirements and designing specifications. The structured analysis approach and systems development life cycle model involve planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support phases to develop high-quality information systems.
This chapter discusses automated tools for systems development, known as Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. It describes the different categories of CASE tools, including upper CASE, lower CASE, cross life-cycle CASE, and visual development tools. A key component is the CASE repository, which centrally stores information generated throughout the systems development life cycle, including diagrams, forms, reports, and code. The repository includes an information repository and data dictionary. CASE tools aim to improve productivity and quality by facilitating integration and automation across the development process.
This document provides an introduction and overview of decision support systems (DSS). It begins by defining DSS as interactive computer-based systems that help support semi-structured decision-making. It then discusses the evolution of DSS from early frameworks developed by Gorry and Scott Morton. The document outlines the key components, functions, classifications, users and development methods of DSS. It concludes by noting that DSS are now widely used around the world to help solve complex problems in business, government and other organizations.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
1) Design creates representations of software architecture, data structures, interfaces and components that provide details for implementation beyond what is in requirements.
2) Design allows modeling of a system before implementation to assess quality.
3) Good design should exhibit firmness, commodity, and delight according to a "software design manifesto."
The document discusses data warehouses, including their history, structure, components, applications, and how they support decision making processes by storing integrated data from various sources over time to enable analysis and informed decisions. A data warehouse contains subject-oriented data from multiple sources that is integrated, non-volatile, and time-variant to support reporting, analysis, and decision support systems. It also reviews the various components involved in collecting, transforming, storing, and accessing the data to make it available for analysis.
Chapter02 succeeding as a systems analystDhani Ahmad
This document discusses the skills needed to be a successful systems analyst. It identifies analytical skills like systems thinking and problem solving. Technical skills that require constant updating like programming languages and operating systems are also discussed. Management skills involving resources, projects, risk and change are covered. Interpersonal skills like communication, teamwork and managing expectations are identified. The document concludes by discussing standards of practice, ethics and various career paths for systems analysts.
Function-oriented design views a system as modules with clearly defined behaviors that interact to meet requirements. It discusses various design methodologies including structured design methodology which involves identifying inputs/outputs and transformations, and factoring modules into submodules. Design quality can be evaluated using metrics related to cohesion, coupling, complexity, and information flow.
The document discusses system design in object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD). It describes system design as deciding the high-level organization of a system into subsystems and allocating them to hardware and software components. Key aspects of system design covered include identifying inherent concurrency, defining concurrent tasks, allocating subsystems to processors and tasks, and estimating hardware resource requirements.
Decision support systems (DSS) are interactive computer-based systems designed to help decision makers utilize data and models to solve semi-structured or unstructured problems. There are several types of DSS including data-driven, model-driven, communications-driven, document-driven, and knowledge-driven systems. Group decision support systems (GDSS) are a specialized type of DSS that provide technology and structure to help groups make decisions and include additional capabilities to support collaboration.
The document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and classifications of software. It defines software as a set of programs and documentation that activate hardware to perform tasks. Software is classified as generic or customized and described in categories such as system software, business software, design software, embedded software, and artificial intelligence. The roles and skills of a system analyst/software engineer are also outlined, including technical skills like analysis, design, and project management as well as interpersonal skills. Finally, the document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) process.
Software architecture is the set of principal design decisions about a software system. It includes decisions about the system's structure, behavior, and interactions. Principal design decisions are those that have a significant impact on the system and are important to stakeholders. A software system's architecture can change over time as design decisions are made and remade throughout the system's lifetime.
discuss about System system analysis, system design, system analyst's role, Development of System through analysis, SDLC, Case Tools of SAD, Implementation, etc.
An agent based approach for building complex software systemsIcaro Santos
1) The document discusses an agent-based approach for developing complex software systems. It argues that agent-oriented approaches are well-suited for building distributed systems due to their ability to model complexity, interactions, and organizational relationships.
2) Complex systems inherently exhibit hierarchy, nearly decomposable subsystems, and changing interactions. An agent-based approach models a system as autonomous agents that can achieve objectives through flexible and decentralized interactions.
3) Key advantages of the agent approach include its use of agents, interactions, and organizations as natural abstractions to represent subsystems, components, and relationships in complex systems. It also allows runtime determination of interactions to reduce coupling between components.
This document discusses the skills required of a systems analyst, including analytical skills, technical skills, management skills, and interpersonal skills. It focuses on analytical skills, describing four key areas: systems thinking, organizational knowledge, problem identification, and problem analysis and solving. Systems thinking involves understanding systems concepts like decomposition, modularity, coupling, and cohesion. Systems analysts must be able to represent information systems as systems using tools like data flow diagrams. Organizational knowledge of how an organization works is also important.
DSS and decision support system and its typesHammalAkhtar
The document discusses a group project on decision support systems (DSS). It defines DSS as a computer-based system that supports business or organizational decision-making. It describes the key components and characteristics of DSS, including that they facilitate decision-making, allow interaction, and are intended for repeated use to improve decision accuracy and quality. The document also outlines several applications of DSS and lists advantages like time savings and competitive benefits, as well as potential disadvantages like information overload.
Decision support systems (DSS) are computer-based systems that analyze data and help decision-makers make better judgments. A DSS has three main components: a database, a model, and a user interface. DSS can classify data inputs, user expertise, outputs, and generated decisions. They are used in various fields like healthcare, business, and transportation to improve efficiency, speed up decision-making, and gain a competitive advantage. Key benefits of DSS include faster problem solving, increased organizational control, and promoting learning.
System analysis and design logical designGirdharRatne
when development of systems takes place then we thought about the designing of the system in two phases one is Front-end and another one is Back-end.
Physical Design is the real implementation of your system but the logical design gives you the way to understand the systems data flow and the conceptual things.
Training Slides of Decision Support System, discussing how the system as an interactive computer-based system that is being effectively used in communications technologies.
Some keypoints:
- The Decision Support Paradigm
- Basic Concepts of DSS
- Examples of DSS
For further information regarding the course, please contact:
info@asia-masters.com
The document discusses decision support systems (DSS), which are computer-based systems that help organizational decision-making. It describes the components, tools, and models used in DSS, including databases, model bases, dialog generation systems, and mathematical models like linear programming. Linear programming is used to optimize outcomes under constraints by finding the best values for decision variables. DSS can help decision-making but also have disadvantages like overemphasizing decisions or obscuring responsibility.
The document defines decision support systems (DSS) as interactive computer systems that help decision-makers use data and models to solve structured, unstructured, or semi-structured problems. It discusses how DSS can aid in decision-making by integrating information and supporting alternatives. The document also outlines the key stages of decision-making - intelligence, design, choice, and implementation - and describes different types of DSS like data-driven, model-driven, and knowledge-driven systems. Examples are provided of how DSS are used in domains like airline reservations and loan approval.
1) Decision support systems (DSS) offer potential to assist in solving both semi-structured and unstructured problems.
2) DSS can handle large amounts of data from different sources, perform complex analysis, and support different solution approaches.
3) DSS can support decision making at different levels from strategic to operational and for problems with varying structures and frequencies.
Cis 2303 lo1 part 1_weeks_1_2 - student verAhmad Ammari
This document outlines the learning objectives and content for a course on systems analysis and design. The course will describe the evolution of software development processes and methodologies, with a focus on structured analysis. It will cover the components of information systems, systems development life cycle models, and the roles and tasks of systems analysts in gathering requirements and designing specifications. The structured analysis approach and systems development life cycle model involve planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support phases to develop high-quality information systems.
This chapter discusses automated tools for systems development, known as Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools. It describes the different categories of CASE tools, including upper CASE, lower CASE, cross life-cycle CASE, and visual development tools. A key component is the CASE repository, which centrally stores information generated throughout the systems development life cycle, including diagrams, forms, reports, and code. The repository includes an information repository and data dictionary. CASE tools aim to improve productivity and quality by facilitating integration and automation across the development process.
This document provides an introduction and overview of decision support systems (DSS). It begins by defining DSS as interactive computer-based systems that help support semi-structured decision-making. It then discusses the evolution of DSS from early frameworks developed by Gorry and Scott Morton. The document outlines the key components, functions, classifications, users and development methods of DSS. It concludes by noting that DSS are now widely used around the world to help solve complex problems in business, government and other organizations.
Architectural styles and patterns provide abstract frameworks for structuring systems and solving common problems. [1] An architectural style defines rules for how components interact and is characterized by aspects like communication, deployment, structure, and domain. [2] Examples include service-oriented architecture, client/server, and layered architecture. [3] Similarly, architectural patterns are reusable solutions to recurring design problems documented with elements, relationships, constraints, and interaction mechanisms.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
1) Design creates representations of software architecture, data structures, interfaces and components that provide details for implementation beyond what is in requirements.
2) Design allows modeling of a system before implementation to assess quality.
3) Good design should exhibit firmness, commodity, and delight according to a "software design manifesto."
The document discusses data warehouses, including their history, structure, components, applications, and how they support decision making processes by storing integrated data from various sources over time to enable analysis and informed decisions. A data warehouse contains subject-oriented data from multiple sources that is integrated, non-volatile, and time-variant to support reporting, analysis, and decision support systems. It also reviews the various components involved in collecting, transforming, storing, and accessing the data to make it available for analysis.
Chapter02 succeeding as a systems analystDhani Ahmad
This document discusses the skills needed to be a successful systems analyst. It identifies analytical skills like systems thinking and problem solving. Technical skills that require constant updating like programming languages and operating systems are also discussed. Management skills involving resources, projects, risk and change are covered. Interpersonal skills like communication, teamwork and managing expectations are identified. The document concludes by discussing standards of practice, ethics and various career paths for systems analysts.
Function-oriented design views a system as modules with clearly defined behaviors that interact to meet requirements. It discusses various design methodologies including structured design methodology which involves identifying inputs/outputs and transformations, and factoring modules into submodules. Design quality can be evaluated using metrics related to cohesion, coupling, complexity, and information flow.
The document discusses various skills needed by systems analysts, including analytical skills, technical skills, management skills, and interpersonal skills. It focuses on analytical skills, describing system thinking, organizational knowledge, problem identification, and problem analysis and solving. System thinking involves understanding systems and their components, boundaries, inputs/outputs, and relationships. Organizational knowledge refers to understanding how organizations work. Problem identification is comparing the current and desired situations, while problem analysis breaks problems down and finds solutions.
The document discusses key principles of software design including data design, architectural design, user interface design, abstraction, refinement, modularity, software architecture, control hierarchy, structural partitioning, software procedure, and information hiding. These principles provide a foundation for correctly designing software and translating analysis models into implementable designs.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture. It discusses what software architecture is, popular architecture styles, quality attributes of a system, and architecture design guidelines. The key points are:
- Software architecture is the high-level design of a system that guides its construction and development. It defines the relationship between major structural elements.
- Popular architecture styles include layered, pipes and filters, and event-based. Each style has advantages and disadvantages for certain quality attributes.
- Quality attributes include implementation attributes like maintainability, runtime attributes like performance and availability, and business attributes like time to market. There are often tradeoffs between attributes.
- Architecture design guidelines include thinking about requirements before design, using abstraction, considering non-
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, information hiding, and functional independence. It explains that software design is an iterative process that transforms requirements into a blueprint for constructing the software through design models, data structures, system architecture, interfaces, and components. Good software design exhibits qualities like being bug-free, suitable for its intended purpose, and a pleasurable user experience.
Function Oriented and Object Oriented Design,Modularization techniquesnimmik4u
Design activity & its objectives – Function Oriented and Object Oriented Design- Modularization techniques - module structure and its representation, interface and information hiding, categories, specific techniques to accommodate change, stepwise refinement, top-down and bottom-up design - Handling anomalies.
The document summarizes key aspects of architectural design for software systems. It defines software architecture as the structure of system components and relationships between them. Architecture is important for analyzing design effectiveness, considering alternatives, and managing risks. Key architectural styles described include data-centered, data flow, call and return, object-oriented, and layered. The document also discusses defining architectural context diagrams, archetypes, and components to design system architecture.
The document discusses software architecture and design patterns. It covers topics like envisioning architecture, quality attributes, architectural patterns, reference models and architectures. It describes the architecture business cycle and how architecture is influenced by technical, business and social factors. It also discusses creating and designing architecture, documenting architectures, and reconstructing software architectures. The key aspects covered include architectural structures and views, tactics for achieving qualities like availability, modifiability and more.
The document discusses architectural design concepts for a university project. It introduces architectural decisions, system organization patterns like repository, client-server, and layered models, and decomposition techniques like object-oriented and pipeline partitioning. It also covers control styles such as centralized and event-based models. The conclusion emphasizes that architectural design is important for structuring complex systems and supporting requirements.
The document discusses various design concepts and elements of the design model in software engineering. It covers 12 key design concepts including abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, and information hiding. It also discusses design classes, refinement, aspects, and refactoring. Additionally, it outlines elements of the design model including data design, architectural design, interface design, component-level design, and deployment-level design. The goal of design is to create a model of software that will correctly implement requirements and provide joy to users.
This document discusses key concepts in software architecture. It defines software architecture as the set of principal design decisions about a software system. These decisions encompass structure, behavior, interaction, and non-functional properties. The document also discusses architectural styles, patterns, models, views and visualizations as important concepts for understanding and communicating a system's architecture.
This document provides an overview of software architecture. It defines software architecture as the fundamental organization of a system embodied in its components, their relationships to each other, and the environment. This includes high-level structures like modules, components and connectors, as well as views like logical, process, development and physical. It also discusses architectural patterns, reference models, reference architectures and the importance of architecture in enabling qualities like performance and modifiability. The architecture business cycle and influences on architecture are described. Finally, it outlines common architectural structures like modules, layers, classes, and deployment.
Chapter 7 Design Architecture and Methodology1.docxmccormicknadine86
Chapter 7:
Design: Architecture and Methodology
1
Design Topics Covered
Architectural vs. detailed design
“Common” architectural styles, tactics, and reference architectures
Basic techniques for detailed design
Basic issues with user-interface design
2
Design
Starts mostly from/with requirements (evolving mostly from functionalities and other non-functional characteristics).
How is the software solution going to be structured?
What are the main components—(functional comp)?
Often directly from requirements’ functionalities
(use cases).
How are these components related?
Possibly re-organize the components (composition/decomposition).
Two main levels of design:
Architectural (high level)
Detailed design
How should we depict design—notation/language?
3
Relationship between Architecture and Design
Detailed Design
Comes from
Requirements &
Architecture
4
Software Architecture
Structure(s) of the solution, comprising:
Major software elements
Their externally visible properties
Relationships among elements
Every software system has an architecture.
May have multiple structures!
Multiple ways of organizing elements, depending on the perspective
External properties of components (and modules)
Component (module) interfaces
Component (module) interactions, rather than internals of components and modules
5
Views and Viewpoints
View – representation of a system structure
4+1 views (by Krutchen)
Logical (OO decomposition – key abstractions)
Process (run-time, concurrency/distribution of functions)
Subsystem decomposition
Physical architecture
+1: use cases
Other classification (Bass, Clements, Kazman)
Module
Run-time
Allocation (mapping to development environment)
Different views for different people
6
Architectural Styles/Patterns
Pipes and filters
Event driven
Client-server
Model-view-controller (MVC)
Layered
Database centric
Three tier
We discuss architectural styles/patterns as
“reusable” starting point for design activities.
7
Pipe-Filter Architecture Style
The high-level design solution is decomposed into two “generic” parts (filters and pipes):
Filter is a service that transforms a stream of input data into a stream of output data.
Pipe is a mechanism or conduit through which the data flows from one filter to another.
Input
time cards
Prepare for
check processing
Process checks
Problems that require batch file processing seem to fit this architecture: e.g., payroll, compilers, month-end accounting.
** Reminds one of DFD without the data store or source sink.**
8
Event Driven (Real Time)
The high-level design solution is based on an event dispatcher, which manages events and the functionalities that depend on those events. These have the following characteristics:
Events may be a simple notification or may include associated data.
Events may be prioritized or be based on constraints such as time.
Events may require synchronous or asynchronous processing.
Events may be “registered” ...
Information systems analysis and design is a method used by companies to create and maintain information systems that perform basic business functions. It involves developing or acquiring application software and training employees to use it, with the goal of improving organizational systems. Key components of information systems include application software designed to support specific functions, as well as other system components collectively called computer-based information systems. Methodologies, techniques, and tools help analysts develop information systems through a sequence of structured steps.
Software Architecture Standard IEEE 1471vconovalov
This presentation covers the IEEE 1471/4210 Architecture Standard for the Software Intensive System. Following areas such as Stakeholders and their concerns, Architecture Description and System Qualities Attributes were mainly addressed. The audience consisted of Development leads, developers & testers. Hope other disciplines such as Architects and Business Analysts will find it useful as well.
Lecture-_-5-_SDA_software design and architecture.docesrabilgic2
This lecture discusses software architecture. It begins by explaining that software architecture refers to the structure of a system, including its software elements, their properties, and relationships. An example diagram is shown but it is noted that the diagram alone does not represent the full architecture. Common architectural structures like patterns, reference models, and reference architectures are introduced. The lecture emphasizes that architecture is important because it enables communication between stakeholders, represents early critical design decisions, and can provide reusable abstractions of systems.
The document provides an overview of system analysis and design (SAD). It defines a system as a collection of elements organized for a common purpose. It explains that SAD involves analyzing a system to understand its requirements and designing the system components. The importance of SAD is that it is critical for the success of information systems and businesses. An example of a system is presented to illustrate system boundaries and the automated vs manual parts. Characteristics of systems and the analyst's approach to problem solving are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of system analysis and design. It begins by defining a system, system analysis, and system design. It describes the principal roles and functions of a systems analyst, which include understanding business problems and how technology can solve them. The document then outlines the phases of the system development life cycle, including feasibility analysis, design, development, implementation, and maintenance. It also discusses different types of systems like transaction processing systems, office automation systems, and executive support systems. Finally, it covers topics like integrating new technologies, enterprise resource planning, wireless systems, and open source software.
This document introduces systems analysis and design. It defines a system as a collection of components that work together to achieve objectives. It describes the main phases of the system development life cycle as preliminary study, feasibility study, detailed study, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Each phase is described in 1-2 sentences. The purpose is to explain the process of developing and maintaining systems through an organized approach.
Similar to System analysis and design Class 2 (20)
operating systems , ch-05, (CPU Scheduling), 3rd level, College of Computers, Seiyun University. انظمة التشغيل لطلاب المستوى الثالث بكلية الحاسبات بجامعة سيئون المحاضرة 05
operating systems , ch-04 third level, Faculity of Applied Scinces, Seiyun University. انظمة التشغيل لطلاب المستوى الثالث بكلية الحاسبات بجامعة سيئون المحاضرة 04
operating systems , ch-03 third level, Faculity of Applied Scinces, Seiyun University. انظمة التشغيل لطلاب المستوى الثالث بكلية العلوم التطبيقية المحاضرة 01
operating systems , ch-02 part1, third level, Faculity of Applied Scinces, Seiyun University. انظمة التشغيل لطلاب المستوى الثالث بكلية العلوم التطبيقية المحاضرة 01
operating systems , ch-02 part1, third level, Faculity of Applied Scinces, Seiyun University. انظمة التشغيل لطلاب المستوى الثالث بكلية العلوم التطبيقية المحاضرة 01
The document discusses human-computer interaction (HCI), including definitions of HCI, goals of HCI to improve interactions between users and computers, and the importance of user interface design. It covers factors in interface design like user abilities and system limitations. The document is from Seiyun University in Yemen for a class on HCI taught by Dr. Mazin Md. Alkathiri and focuses on introducing concepts around how humans interact with and use computer systems.
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It describes how a computer accepts input, processes data according to stored instructions, and produces output. The key components include hardware like the system unit, storage and input/output devices, as well as software programs. The system unit contains a motherboard with a processor, memory, and other electronic components to process data. The processor fetches and decodes instructions before performing arithmetic and logic operations with data stored temporarily in registers. Memory comes in volatile and non-volatile forms that store instructions and data in unique address locations.
operating systems concepts, ch-01, third level, Faculity of Applied Scinces, Seiyun University. انظمة التشغيل لطلاب المستوى الثالث بكلية العلوم التطبيقية المحاضرة 01
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
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4. Analytical Skills for Systems Analysis
Four Sets of Analytical Skills
Systems Thinking
Organizational Knowledge
Problem Identification
Problem Analyzing and Solving
Systems Thinking
System
A system is an interrelated set of components, with an
identifiable boundary, working together for a purpose
A system exists within an environment
A boundary separates a system from its environment
A system has nine characteristics
2.4
5. Systems Thinking
Characteristics of a System
Components
An irreducible part or aggregation of parts that make up a
system, also called a subsystem
Interrelated Components
Dependence of one subsystem on one or more subsystems
A Boundary
The line that marks the inside and outside of a system and
that separates the system from its environment
A Purpose
The overall goal or function of a system
An Environment
Everything outside the system’s boundary that interacts with
2.5 the system
6. Systems Thinking
Interfaces
Point of contact at which the system meets its environment
or where subsystems meet each other
Input
Whatever a system takes from its environment in order to
fulfill its purpose
Output
Whatever a system returns to its environment in order to
fulfill its purpose
Constraints
Limits to what it can do and how it can achieve its purpose
within an environment (capacity, speed or capabilities)
7.
8. Systems Thinking
Important System Concepts
Open Systems
Interact freely with their environments, taking in input and
returning output
As environment changes, systems much adapt to
changes or suffer consequences
Closed Systems
Does not interact with environments
Adaptability are not issues for closed systems
Business Information Systems are open Systems
9. Systems Thinking
Important System Concepts (Continued)
Decomposition
The process of breaking down a system into smaller
components which can be further broken down
Allows the systems analyst to:
Break a system into small, manageable subsystems
Focus on one area at a time
Concentrate on component relating to one group of
users
Build different components at independent times
2.9
10. Systems Thinking
Important System Concepts (Continued)
Modularity
Process of dividing a system into modules of a relatively
uniform size
Direct result of decomposition
Modules simplify system design
Coupling
The extent to which the subsystems depend on each
other
Subsystems should be as independent as possible else
failure of one subsystem fails the entire system.
Cohesion
Extent to which a system or a subsystem performs a
single function
2.10
11. Systems Thinking
Important System Concepts (Continued)
Logical System Description
Portrays the purpose and function of the system
Does not tie the description to a specific physical
implementation
Physical System Description
Focuses on how the system will be materially constructed
2.11
12. Systems Thinking
Benefits
Able to identify something as a system
Recognizing each of the system’s characteristics
Identifying boundaries
Relevant inputs
Identification of a system leads to abstraction
From abstraction you can think about essential
characteristics of specific system
Abstraction allows analyst to gain insights into specific
system, to question assumptions, provide
documentation and manipulate the system without
disrupting the real situation
2.12
13. Systems Thinking
Applying Systems Thinking to Information Systems
Information systems are subsystems in larger
organizational systems
Taking input from, and returning output to, their
organizational environments
Data flow diagrams represent information systems as
systems (clearly illustrate)
Inputs
Outputs
System boundaries
Environment
Subsystems
Interrelationships
2.13
14. Organizational Knowledge
Understanding of how organizations work
Knowledge of specific functions and procedures of
organization and department
How work officially gets done
How departments operates, its purpose, its relationships
with other departments, its relationships with customers and
suppliers
Internal policies
Competitive and Regulatory Environment
Organizational Strategies and Tactics
2.14
15. Problem Identification
Problem: Difference between an existing situation and a
desired situation
Problem solving: the process of finding a way to reduce
differences
Identification is process of defining differences
Differences are defined by comparing the current situation
to the output of a model that predicts what the output
should be
2.15
16. Problem Analyzing and Solving
Must analyze the problem and determine how to
solve it
Four Phases
Intelligence
All relevant information is collected
Design
Alternatives are formulated
Choice
Best alternative solution is chosen
Implementation
Solution is put into practice
2.16
17. Technical Skills for Systems Analysis
Constant re-education is necessary as technology
changes rapidly
Activities to keep skills up-to-date
Trade publications
Professional societies
Attend classes or teach at a local college
Attend courses sponsored by organization
Conferences and trade shows
Browse Websites
Participate in new groups and conferences
2.17
18. Technical Skills for Systems Analysis
Understanding of a wide variety of technologies is
required (requires continuous learning)
Microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers and
mainframe computers
Programming languages
Operating systems
Database and file management systems
Data communication standards
Systems development tools and environments
Web development languages and tools
Decision support system generators
2.18
19. Management Skills for Systems Analysis
Know how to manage your work and use organizational
resources in the most productive way
Four categories
Resource Management
Project Management
Risk Management
Change Management
2.19
20. Resource Management
Systems analyst needs to know how to get the most out of
the resources of an organization, including team members
Includes the following capabilities
Predicting resource usage
Tracking resource consumption
Effective use of resources
Evaluation of resource quality
Securing resources from abusive use
Relinquishing resources when no longer needed
2.20
21. Project Management
Two Goals
Prevent projects from coming in late
Prevent projects from going over budget
Assists management in keeping track of project’s progress
Consists of several steps
Decomposing project into independent tasks
Determining relationships between tasks
Assigning resources and personnel to tasks
Independent contractors
2.21
22. Risk Management
Ability to anticipate what might go wrong in a project
Minimize risk and/or minimize damage that might result
Placement of resources
Prioritization of activities to achieve greatest gain
Change Management
Ability to assist people in making transition to new system
Ability to deal with technical issues related to change
Obsolescence
Reusability
2.22
23. Interpersonal Skills for Systems Analysis
Mastery of interpersonal skills is paramount to success as
a Systems Analyst
Four types of skills:
Communication skills
Working alone and with a team
Facilitating groups
Managing expectations
2.23
24. Communication Skills
Effective communication helps to establish and maintain
good working relationships with clients and colleagues
Clearly and Effectively communicate with others
Three types used by Systems Analyst
Interviewing and Listening
Questionnaires
Written and Oral Presentations
Skills improve with experience
2.24
25. Interviewing and Listening
Means to gather information about a project
Listening to answers is just as important as asking questions
Effective listening leads to understanding of problem and generates
additional questions
Expensive and time-consuming
Questionnaires
Advantages:
Less costly than interviews
Results are less biased due to standardization
Disadvantages
Less effective than interviews due to lack of follow-up
2.25
26. Written and Oral Presentations
Used to document progress of project and communicate
this to others
2.26
27. Working Alone and with a Team
Working alone on aspects of project involves managing:
Time
Commitments
Deadlines
Team work involves establishing standards of cooperation
and coordination
Know when to trust judgment of others and when to question it
Understand strengths and weakness of team members
2.27
28. Facilitating Groups
Involves guiding a group without being a part of the group
Must work to keep the effort on track
Useful skill for sessions such as Joint Application Development
(JAD)
Managing Expectations
Managing expectations is directly related to successful
system implementation
Skills for successful expectation management
Understanding of technology and workflows
Ability to communicate a realistic picture of new system to
users
Effective education of management and users throughout
2.28 systems development life cycle
29. Systems Analysis as a Profession
Standards have been established for education, training,
certification and practice
Standard ways of analyzing, designing, and implementing
systems
Society for Information Management
Association of Information Technology Professionals
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Certified Computing Professional (CCP) exam
Several aspects:
Standards of Practice
Ethics
Career Paths
2.29
30. Standards of Practice
Endorsed Development Methodology
Specific procedures and techniques to be used during
development process
Promote consistency and reliability across all of an
organization’s development projects
Approved Development Platforms
Organizations standardize around a specific platform,
sometimes tied to development methodology
Standardization of Roles
Roles are becoming better defined across organizations
Development of a Common Language
Common programming languages
Common modeling languages, such as Unified Modeling
Language (UML)
2.30
31. Ethics
Professional Ethics
ACM Code of Ethics – See Figure 2-10
Business Ethics
Stockholder approach
Any action taken by a business is acceptable as long as
it is legal and maximizes stockholder profit
Stakeholder approach
Any action that violates rights of stakeholder must be
rejected
Social Contract approach
Any action that is deceptive, can dehumanize employees
or that could discriminate is rejected
2.31
32. Career Paths
Consulting
Information Systems within a large corporation
Software vendors
Other opportunities outside of systems analysis
2.32