Murashige and Skoog medium was originally formulated in 1962 to optimize tobacco callus growth and study cytokinins. It has since become widely used for micropropagation, organ culture, callus culture, and suspension culture of plant tissues. The medium is a nutrient blend of inorganic salts, vitamins, and amino acids that provides the necessary nutritional requirements for cultured plant cells and tissues to grow. It contains macro and micro nutrients, vitamins, amino acids or other nitrogen supplements, sugars or other organic supplements, solidifying agents, and plant growth regulators.

1. By
Abrar Yousuf
University of
Kashmir

2. Introduction
 Murashige and Skoog Medium (MS) was
originally formulated by Murashige and Skoog
in 1962 to optimize tobacco callus bioassay
system for facilitating the study of cytokinins
,since then , it is widely used for micro
propagation ,organ culture ,callus culture, and
suspension culture, The formulation is a
nutrient blend of inorganic salts ,vitamins and
amino acids .

3. Principle
 The success of getting callus and morphogenesis
of plant tissues and applications of in vitro
methods is largely governed by the better
understanding of nutritional requirements of the
cultured cells and tissue composition of the
cultured media.

4. Media Components
 Macro-nutrients
 Micro-nutrients
 Vitamins ,Amino-acids or other nitrogen
supplements .
 Sugar and other undefined organic supplements .
 Solidifying agents or support system .
 Plant growth Regulators .

9. Requirements
 Glass-ware

10.  Plastic-ware

11. Chemicals

13. Equipments

14. Reagent Preparation

18. Thank you