This document discusses the challenges involved in reviving the woolly mammoth from extinction by cloning or genetic engineering. It would require obtaining a high quality genome sequence with very few errors, synthesizing entire chromosomes, constructing a functional nucleus, and obtaining elephant eggs - all of which present significant technical obstacles. While mammoth cloning is not currently possible, advances in genome sequencing and synthesis may someday make reviving extinct species more feasible if these many difficult steps can be overcome.
RNA plays an essential role in biology by carrying genetic information from DNA and helping to synthesize proteins. It was discovered in the late 1950s that an intermediary RNA copy of a gene, called messenger RNA (mRNA), is required to translate genetic information stored in DNA into proteins. This established the central dogma of molecular biology whereby genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Some viruses also use RNA as their genetic material. Carl Woese later hypothesized that an "RNA world" may have existed before DNA and proteins, where RNA served both genetic and catalytic functions essential for life.
This document summarizes theories on the origin and evolution of viruses. It discusses that viruses likely arose very early in the evolution of life on Earth and may have evolved from primitive RNA replicons. Viruses can emerge through mechanisms like mutation, recombination, and reassortment involving both cellular and viral genetic material. RNA viruses in particular evolve extremely rapidly due to high mutation rates, though some viruses can exhibit periods of evolutionary stasis. Selection plays a key role in driving virus evolution.
This document discusses the origin and evolution of viruses and proposes several hypotheses. It suggests that viruses may have played an important role in accelerating evolution by facilitating horizontal gene transfer between species through viral vectors. It also proposes that the ability of genomes to emit DNA/RNA sequences or create new viruses provided an evolutionary advantage as a natural form of biological warfare against predators or competitors. Finally, it cites HIV as an example of a virus that may have evolved from simian viruses as a natural biological weapon that was able to make the jump from non-human primates to humans.
This document summarizes a scientific paper on understanding the contributions of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) to the eukaryotic genome through a network approach. The paper characterized six types of evolutionary units, five of which involve mosaic lineages generated by horizontal gene transfer. It introduced terminology based on networks of three nodes ("P3s") and "mosaic P3s" to detect these units. Recognizing these evolutionary relationships beyond vertical descent stimulates rethinking key questions in evolution, like early evolution, novelty origins, and lineage formation. This expands understanding of biological complexity beyond genealogy to additional sources of diversity.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
The document discusses the longstanding rivalry between RNA and DNA, which are described as warring cousins. It suggests RNA was originally the dominant molecule involved in early life before DNA usurped its role. Now, RNA wages guerrilla warfare against DNA's supremacy through viruses. The internecine conflict between RNA and DNA plays out through continual mutations and spread of contagions within and between species. Possible outcomes of this warfare include one cousin achieving final dominance, a negotiated peace, or organisms developing independence from both molecules.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
This document discusses the challenges involved in reviving the woolly mammoth from extinction by cloning or genetic engineering. It would require obtaining a high quality genome sequence with very few errors, synthesizing entire chromosomes, constructing a functional nucleus, and obtaining elephant eggs - all of which present significant technical obstacles. While mammoth cloning is not currently possible, advances in genome sequencing and synthesis may someday make reviving extinct species more feasible if these many difficult steps can be overcome.
RNA plays an essential role in biology by carrying genetic information from DNA and helping to synthesize proteins. It was discovered in the late 1950s that an intermediary RNA copy of a gene, called messenger RNA (mRNA), is required to translate genetic information stored in DNA into proteins. This established the central dogma of molecular biology whereby genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. Some viruses also use RNA as their genetic material. Carl Woese later hypothesized that an "RNA world" may have existed before DNA and proteins, where RNA served both genetic and catalytic functions essential for life.
This document summarizes theories on the origin and evolution of viruses. It discusses that viruses likely arose very early in the evolution of life on Earth and may have evolved from primitive RNA replicons. Viruses can emerge through mechanisms like mutation, recombination, and reassortment involving both cellular and viral genetic material. RNA viruses in particular evolve extremely rapidly due to high mutation rates, though some viruses can exhibit periods of evolutionary stasis. Selection plays a key role in driving virus evolution.
This document discusses the origin and evolution of viruses and proposes several hypotheses. It suggests that viruses may have played an important role in accelerating evolution by facilitating horizontal gene transfer between species through viral vectors. It also proposes that the ability of genomes to emit DNA/RNA sequences or create new viruses provided an evolutionary advantage as a natural form of biological warfare against predators or competitors. Finally, it cites HIV as an example of a virus that may have evolved from simian viruses as a natural biological weapon that was able to make the jump from non-human primates to humans.
This document summarizes a scientific paper on understanding the contributions of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) to the eukaryotic genome through a network approach. The paper characterized six types of evolutionary units, five of which involve mosaic lineages generated by horizontal gene transfer. It introduced terminology based on networks of three nodes ("P3s") and "mosaic P3s" to detect these units. Recognizing these evolutionary relationships beyond vertical descent stimulates rethinking key questions in evolution, like early evolution, novelty origins, and lineage formation. This expands understanding of biological complexity beyond genealogy to additional sources of diversity.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
The document discusses the longstanding rivalry between RNA and DNA, which are described as warring cousins. It suggests RNA was originally the dominant molecule involved in early life before DNA usurped its role. Now, RNA wages guerrilla warfare against DNA's supremacy through viruses. The internecine conflict between RNA and DNA plays out through continual mutations and spread of contagions within and between species. Possible outcomes of this warfare include one cousin achieving final dominance, a negotiated peace, or organisms developing independence from both molecules.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
Dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii (krings et al.)Kristian Pedersen
1) The authors determined the DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVRII) of mitochondrial DNA from the Neandertal type specimen.
2) When combined with the previously published HVR1 sequence, phylogenetic analysis found the Neandertal mtDNA to fall outside the variation of contemporary human mtDNA sequences.
3) The estimated date of divergence between Neandertal and modern human mtDNA sequences was 465,000 years before present, with a confidence interval of 317,000 to 741,000 years. This supports the Neandertals having a separate evolutionary history from modern humans.
Evolution theory and science eng.12.1.2021Heinonen Matti
This document discusses and summarizes various perspectives on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It examines evidence both supporting and questioning Darwin's view that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random mutations over long periods of time. Some key points made include that while microevolution has been observed, macroevolution has not; the cell is vastly more complex than Darwin knew; and the origin of life itself remains mysterious as no research has been able to demonstrate how the first living cell could arise from non-living chemicals through random processes. Overall the document aims to draw conclusions on whether evolution is a scientifically valid theory or more of a secular ideology.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities in applying mRNA sequencing (mRNAseq) to non-model organisms. It describes using digital normalization to cope with large amounts of lamprey mRNAseq data that would otherwise be too computationally intensive to assemble. Digital normalization was applied successfully to Molgula ascidian mRNAseq data, enabling transcriptome analysis. The lamprey transcriptome was assembled from over 5 billion reads from 50 tissues, producing over 600,000 transcripts. Next steps include addressing contamination issues and using the more complete transcriptome to enable various evolutionary and biological studies of lamprey. The document advocates making protocols and data openly available to help characterize genes in non-model organisms.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities in applying mRNA sequencing (mRNAseq) to non-model organisms. It describes using digital normalization as a way to cope with having a massive amount of lamprey mRNAseq data but an incomplete genomic reference. Digital normalization enables assembly and analysis that would otherwise not be possible. The document also discusses applying digital normalization to ascidian mRNAseq data, where it results in substantial time savings and comparable transcriptomes to those assembled without normalization. Finally, it discusses next steps for lamprey transcriptome analysis including enabling various evolutionary and biological studies.
The document outlines 4 stages in the origin of life on Earth:
1) Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers like amino acids, sugars, lipids, and ATP.
2) Abiotic polymerization of monomers into proteins and other polymers.
3) Origin of self-replicating molecules like RNA that could fuel replication.
4) Formation of pre-cell structures that had some life-like properties but a huge gap existed between them and true cells.
1. The document discusses the nature and structure of genes based on research in microbiology and genetics.
2. It describes genes as units of heredity located on chromosomes that direct protein synthesis. Genes are made of DNA and contain multiple sites where mutations can occur.
3. Research has found that genes have a complex internal structure, with many subunits or sites arranged linearly along the DNA molecule. Mutations at different sites can result in different alleles or variants of a gene.
Third Natural Eukaryotic Epigenetic Mark Found.pdfCreative BioMart
A group at the Marine Biology Laboratory (MBL) now found a third epigenetic mark in this freshwater invertebrate, Adineta vaga, which has previously been found only in bacteria. For the first time, a horizontally transferred gene has been shown to remodel gene regulatory systems in eukaryotes.
Close correspondence between quantitative and molecular-genetic divergence t...Kristian Pedersen
This document presents a new method for estimating divergence times between populations based on quantitative traits like cranial measurements. The authors develop a phenotypic divergence time (PTD) estimator modeled after genetic divergence time estimators. They apply their PTD estimator to cranial measurements from over 2,500 modern humans and 20 Neandertals. Their analysis estimates the Neandertal-modern human divergence at either 311,000 years ago or 435,000 years ago, depending on assumptions. These dates are similar to estimates from ancient DNA, implying cranial and genetic divergence largely track population history through neutral evolution.
This document contains vocabulary terms from various topics in life science, including experimental design, cells, cell structures, heredity and DNA, and evolution. It lists over 100 key terms related to these topics, organized by semester and unit, to introduce students to foundational vocabulary in life science.
This document contains vocabulary terms from various topics in life science, including experimental design, cells, cell structures, heredity and DNA, and evolution. It lists over 100 key terms related to these topics, organized by semester and unit, to introduce students to foundational vocabulary in life science.
Excerpts from Wagner's books on InnovabilityR. Sosa
This document discusses several key ideas related to evolution and natural selection:
- Natural selection is not a creative force itself, but rather selects from existing phenotypic variation. The true mystery is the creation of new phenotypes.
- Evolution occurs through both gradual changes over time as well as rare bursts of rapid change and speciation.
- Even small changes at the molecular level, such as alterations to individual molecules or genes, can have major consequences and drive evolutionary innovation over generations.
- Genetic variation, gene regulation, duplication and rearrangement of DNA, and the vast amounts of non-coding DNA allow for continual generation of novel phenotypes and complexity over long timescales.
This document contains vocabulary terms from various topics in life science including experimental design, cells, parts of cells, heredity and DNA, and evolution and the geologic time scale. It lists over 100 key terms organized under topic headings such as hypothesis, diffusion, cell theory, DNA, natural selection, and geologic eras. The terms provide foundational vocabulary for understanding core concepts across life science subjects in the first semester.
PowerPoint presentation that highlights chapters 13 and 14 in Campbell's Essential Biology (3rd. edition). It can also be used for Miller & Levine's Biology (2006 Ed.) for chapters 15-18.
This document discusses organic nonvolatile memory, specifically:
1. Electrical bistability allows a material to switch between two conducting states in response to an applied voltage. This enables memory applications.
2. There are two approaches for organic nonvolatile memory - at the single molecule level using molecules or thin films, and in bulk using small molecules, polymers, or nanoparticles.
3. Density functional theory simulations can provide insight into relevant parameters like molecular orbitals, reorganization energies, and charge transfer rates that influence electrical bistability and memory performance.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Memory is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving. There are three stages of memory - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds environmental information for a brief period of time, short-term memory stores information for 2-30 seconds, and long-term memory stores unlimited information over long periods of time. How information is encoded, whether through shallow or deep processing, determines how well it can be remembered later.
RNAi is a highly specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process, a powerful tool for functional genomics. This guide includes protocol reviews, handy tips and troubleshooting help.
The memory process consists of three steps: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding involves receiving information through visual, acoustic, or semantic means. Storage is the process of rehearsing the encoded information over time. Retrieval is the last step where stored information is recalled after intervals of time have passed. Overall, the memory process allows humans to store and retrieve memories through encoding, storage, and retrieval, with visual encoding seen as one of the more effective methods.
The document summarizes different types of storage devices used in computers. It discusses primary storage devices like ROM and RAM that provide temporary data storage and secondary storage devices like optical discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs) and magnetic storage (hard disks, pen drives, memory cards) that provide permanent and portable storage. Optical discs can be read-only, recordable, or rewritable while magnetic storage allows editing, reusing, and rewriting data. Common uses of these secondary storage devices include permanently storing data with read-only optical discs, temporarily storing and transferring data with rewritable optical discs and removable magnetic storage, and mass storage of software, applications, and files with hard disks.
In this paper the author presents a general assessment of the labour market situation of older workers in the Czech Republic, starting with a more general overview of the demographic situation and emphasizing the generational differences among the young-old and older cohorts, underlying a number of different problems as well as solutions. Further in the paper she addresses the impact of the recent economic situation on employment levels, showing that the recovery in terms of employment has not yet begun and that the impact on older workers is (at least) two-fold: firstly, for older workers it is very difficult to find a new job once unemployed; secondly, if employed, the pressure on workability and the increasing demands of workplaces may be harder to bear for the older the worker. She describes a National Action Plan Supporting Positive Ageing (2013-2017) and other examples of good and transferable praxes which address some of the active ageing issues in an innovative way.
The second part of this report examines the issues of employability, workability and age-management as perceived by some of the key actors. The report goes into greater detail on the topic of paid work after retirement, which is considered an important part of the Czech economy, despite the fact that the employment of sizable groups of older workers after retirement is undeclared. Self-entrepreneurship and independent work in later life are another realm of employment that is increasing in importance in the Czech economy; however, as consulted experts argue, it is not to be taken as an unproblematic solution to late-life careers. In the last chapter the author turns her attention to the lifelong learning of older workers and to their up-skilling/retraining. In the concluding remarks, she reemphasizes the need to address the heterogeneity of the older workforce, in the sense of age/generational affiliation, health, socio-economic and other characteristics.
Authored by: Lucie Vidovicova
Published in 2014
Dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii (krings et al.)Kristian Pedersen
1) The authors determined the DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVRII) of mitochondrial DNA from the Neandertal type specimen.
2) When combined with the previously published HVR1 sequence, phylogenetic analysis found the Neandertal mtDNA to fall outside the variation of contemporary human mtDNA sequences.
3) The estimated date of divergence between Neandertal and modern human mtDNA sequences was 465,000 years before present, with a confidence interval of 317,000 to 741,000 years. This supports the Neandertals having a separate evolutionary history from modern humans.
Evolution theory and science eng.12.1.2021Heinonen Matti
This document discusses and summarizes various perspectives on Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. It examines evidence both supporting and questioning Darwin's view that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random mutations over long periods of time. Some key points made include that while microevolution has been observed, macroevolution has not; the cell is vastly more complex than Darwin knew; and the origin of life itself remains mysterious as no research has been able to demonstrate how the first living cell could arise from non-living chemicals through random processes. Overall the document aims to draw conclusions on whether evolution is a scientifically valid theory or more of a secular ideology.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities in applying mRNA sequencing (mRNAseq) to non-model organisms. It describes using digital normalization to cope with large amounts of lamprey mRNAseq data that would otherwise be too computationally intensive to assemble. Digital normalization was applied successfully to Molgula ascidian mRNAseq data, enabling transcriptome analysis. The lamprey transcriptome was assembled from over 5 billion reads from 50 tissues, producing over 600,000 transcripts. Next steps include addressing contamination issues and using the more complete transcriptome to enable various evolutionary and biological studies of lamprey. The document advocates making protocols and data openly available to help characterize genes in non-model organisms.
This document discusses challenges and opportunities in applying mRNA sequencing (mRNAseq) to non-model organisms. It describes using digital normalization as a way to cope with having a massive amount of lamprey mRNAseq data but an incomplete genomic reference. Digital normalization enables assembly and analysis that would otherwise not be possible. The document also discusses applying digital normalization to ascidian mRNAseq data, where it results in substantial time savings and comparable transcriptomes to those assembled without normalization. Finally, it discusses next steps for lamprey transcriptome analysis including enabling various evolutionary and biological studies.
The document outlines 4 stages in the origin of life on Earth:
1) Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers like amino acids, sugars, lipids, and ATP.
2) Abiotic polymerization of monomers into proteins and other polymers.
3) Origin of self-replicating molecules like RNA that could fuel replication.
4) Formation of pre-cell structures that had some life-like properties but a huge gap existed between them and true cells.
1. The document discusses the nature and structure of genes based on research in microbiology and genetics.
2. It describes genes as units of heredity located on chromosomes that direct protein synthesis. Genes are made of DNA and contain multiple sites where mutations can occur.
3. Research has found that genes have a complex internal structure, with many subunits or sites arranged linearly along the DNA molecule. Mutations at different sites can result in different alleles or variants of a gene.
Third Natural Eukaryotic Epigenetic Mark Found.pdfCreative BioMart
A group at the Marine Biology Laboratory (MBL) now found a third epigenetic mark in this freshwater invertebrate, Adineta vaga, which has previously been found only in bacteria. For the first time, a horizontally transferred gene has been shown to remodel gene regulatory systems in eukaryotes.
Close correspondence between quantitative and molecular-genetic divergence t...Kristian Pedersen
This document presents a new method for estimating divergence times between populations based on quantitative traits like cranial measurements. The authors develop a phenotypic divergence time (PTD) estimator modeled after genetic divergence time estimators. They apply their PTD estimator to cranial measurements from over 2,500 modern humans and 20 Neandertals. Their analysis estimates the Neandertal-modern human divergence at either 311,000 years ago or 435,000 years ago, depending on assumptions. These dates are similar to estimates from ancient DNA, implying cranial and genetic divergence largely track population history through neutral evolution.
This document contains vocabulary terms from various topics in life science, including experimental design, cells, cell structures, heredity and DNA, and evolution. It lists over 100 key terms related to these topics, organized by semester and unit, to introduce students to foundational vocabulary in life science.
This document contains vocabulary terms from various topics in life science, including experimental design, cells, cell structures, heredity and DNA, and evolution. It lists over 100 key terms related to these topics, organized by semester and unit, to introduce students to foundational vocabulary in life science.
Excerpts from Wagner's books on InnovabilityR. Sosa
This document discusses several key ideas related to evolution and natural selection:
- Natural selection is not a creative force itself, but rather selects from existing phenotypic variation. The true mystery is the creation of new phenotypes.
- Evolution occurs through both gradual changes over time as well as rare bursts of rapid change and speciation.
- Even small changes at the molecular level, such as alterations to individual molecules or genes, can have major consequences and drive evolutionary innovation over generations.
- Genetic variation, gene regulation, duplication and rearrangement of DNA, and the vast amounts of non-coding DNA allow for continual generation of novel phenotypes and complexity over long timescales.
This document contains vocabulary terms from various topics in life science including experimental design, cells, parts of cells, heredity and DNA, and evolution and the geologic time scale. It lists over 100 key terms organized under topic headings such as hypothesis, diffusion, cell theory, DNA, natural selection, and geologic eras. The terms provide foundational vocabulary for understanding core concepts across life science subjects in the first semester.
PowerPoint presentation that highlights chapters 13 and 14 in Campbell's Essential Biology (3rd. edition). It can also be used for Miller & Levine's Biology (2006 Ed.) for chapters 15-18.
This document discusses organic nonvolatile memory, specifically:
1. Electrical bistability allows a material to switch between two conducting states in response to an applied voltage. This enables memory applications.
2. There are two approaches for organic nonvolatile memory - at the single molecule level using molecules or thin films, and in bulk using small molecules, polymers, or nanoparticles.
3. Density functional theory simulations can provide insight into relevant parameters like molecular orbitals, reorganization energies, and charge transfer rates that influence electrical bistability and memory performance.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Memory is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving. There are three stages of memory - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds environmental information for a brief period of time, short-term memory stores information for 2-30 seconds, and long-term memory stores unlimited information over long periods of time. How information is encoded, whether through shallow or deep processing, determines how well it can be remembered later.
RNAi is a highly specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process, a powerful tool for functional genomics. This guide includes protocol reviews, handy tips and troubleshooting help.
The memory process consists of three steps: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding involves receiving information through visual, acoustic, or semantic means. Storage is the process of rehearsing the encoded information over time. Retrieval is the last step where stored information is recalled after intervals of time have passed. Overall, the memory process allows humans to store and retrieve memories through encoding, storage, and retrieval, with visual encoding seen as one of the more effective methods.
The document summarizes different types of storage devices used in computers. It discusses primary storage devices like ROM and RAM that provide temporary data storage and secondary storage devices like optical discs (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs) and magnetic storage (hard disks, pen drives, memory cards) that provide permanent and portable storage. Optical discs can be read-only, recordable, or rewritable while magnetic storage allows editing, reusing, and rewriting data. Common uses of these secondary storage devices include permanently storing data with read-only optical discs, temporarily storing and transferring data with rewritable optical discs and removable magnetic storage, and mass storage of software, applications, and files with hard disks.
In this paper the author presents a general assessment of the labour market situation of older workers in the Czech Republic, starting with a more general overview of the demographic situation and emphasizing the generational differences among the young-old and older cohorts, underlying a number of different problems as well as solutions. Further in the paper she addresses the impact of the recent economic situation on employment levels, showing that the recovery in terms of employment has not yet begun and that the impact on older workers is (at least) two-fold: firstly, for older workers it is very difficult to find a new job once unemployed; secondly, if employed, the pressure on workability and the increasing demands of workplaces may be harder to bear for the older the worker. She describes a National Action Plan Supporting Positive Ageing (2013-2017) and other examples of good and transferable praxes which address some of the active ageing issues in an innovative way.
The second part of this report examines the issues of employability, workability and age-management as perceived by some of the key actors. The report goes into greater detail on the topic of paid work after retirement, which is considered an important part of the Czech economy, despite the fact that the employment of sizable groups of older workers after retirement is undeclared. Self-entrepreneurship and independent work in later life are another realm of employment that is increasing in importance in the Czech economy; however, as consulted experts argue, it is not to be taken as an unproblematic solution to late-life careers. In the last chapter the author turns her attention to the lifelong learning of older workers and to their up-skilling/retraining. In the concluding remarks, she reemphasizes the need to address the heterogeneity of the older workforce, in the sense of age/generational affiliation, health, socio-economic and other characteristics.
Authored by: Lucie Vidovicova
Published in 2014
The document discusses GEL (Generic Execution Language) scripts in CA Clarity PPM. It provides background on GEL, describes common script structures and tags used in GEL, and provides examples of how to use GEL to perform various automated tasks like database operations, logging, and handling exceptions. Key topics covered include basics of GEL scripts, commonly used tags for conditionals, loops, variables, databases, SOAP/XOG, files, and email, examples of SQL queries and updates in GEL, and best practices for GEL scripting.
El documento revela que Mariano Rajoy pide "extra de whisky y vino" en los vuelos oficiales en aviones del gobierno. El gasto en bebidas para los viajes de las autoridades del estado ha superado los 128,000 euros en 2011. Rajoy prefiere whisky cuando vuela para relajarse, y pide tres botellas en lugar de una.
La casa del columpio - Capítulo primero (http://lacasadelcolumpio.blogspot.com)Franklin Díaz Lárez
Este documento es la introducción de una novela titulada "La casa del columpio". Presenta al protagonista, Luis Guzmán, recordando los grandes cambios en su vida en los últimos tres años, incluyendo casarse, tener una hija, y lograr mucho éxito en su carrera como abogado, profesor universitario y juez de paz. También describe el clima siempre caluroso de su ciudad natal de Maturín.
EMF, What is it, and why should you care?Shannon Hall,
A Primer on what EMF is. Examples of it in our day to day life. Its history, types, its pros and cons. A must read for those that want optimal well being in life.
El documento describe la sucralosa, un edulcorante no calórico 600 veces más dulce que el azúcar que se obtiene mediante un proceso que reemplaza átomos de hidrógeno-oxígeno en la molécula de sacarosa por cloro. Los estudios muestran que la sucralosa no es absorbida ni metabolizada por el cuerpo, no afecta los niveles de glucosa y es segura para el consumo humano. Se usa comúnmente en alimentos y bebidas bajas en calorías.
Al gan ultraviolet photodetectors grown by molecular beam epitaxy on si(111) ...Kal Tar
The performance of AlGaN metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors grown on Si(111) substrates is presented. Three key points:
1) An adequate AlN buffer layer is critical to achieve visible-blind photodetectors and electrically insulate the epitaxial film from the conductive substrate.
2) Increasing the Al content produced a transition from photoconductor to MSM photodiode behavior, as seen from responsivity, temporal response, and UV/visible contrast.
3) Contact metal affects photoconductive gain and UV/visible contrast. Pt/Ti/Au contacts showed higher contrast than Ti/Al contacts due to lower dark currents.
6 Awesomely Practical Tips: Making content better for everyoneWhitney Quesenbery
Tips 6 - 12 from 31 Awesomely Practical Tips, a one-day online conference by Rosenfeld Media and Environments for Humans. Recordings available: http://rosenfeldmedia.com/events/practical-ux-tips/
El uso de facebook y el trabajo áulicoEloísa Toriz
El documento analiza cómo Facebook puede utilizarse para reforzar el trabajo en el aula. Explica que los estudiantes usan las redes sociales con frecuencia para tareas escolares y proyectos grupales. También presenta los resultados de encuestas realizadas a estudiantes de secundaria sobre su uso de Internet y Facebook. Argumenta que Facebook puede servir para apoyar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes fuera del aula.
Networking ejecutivo: Importancia del LinkedInCAMTIC
Este documento describe la importancia de LinkedIn como una herramienta de networking profesional. Explica que LinkedIn es la mayor red social profesional a nivel mundial con más de 55 millones de miembros y permite establecer conexiones, promocionar su perfil profesional y marca personal, y obtener visibilidad para su negocio. También ofrece consejos sobre cómo mantener un perfil actualizado en LinkedIn y ser proactivo en compartir información relevante y comentar publicaciones de otros para crear una sólida red de contactos profesionales.
This document discusses the idea of "placeless people" or "third culture individuals" who see themselves as global citizens rather than citizens of a single nation. It suggests that in today's globally connected world, some people have multiple cultural influences and feel less defined by their country of origin. The ability to speak multiple languages and have an internationally diverse social network may be indicators that someone has adopted a placeless identity and broadened their mental models beyond a single culture. The limits of human cognition are also discussed, noting how people can chunk or categorize information to process more than the "magical number" of seven items at a time.
The document discusses evidence that supports evolution being real, including fossil records, embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and direct observation. Fossil records show remains of ancestral species and how creatures have changed over time. Embryology and comparative anatomy demonstrate homologous and analogous structures between species. Molecular biology reveals DNA comparisons between past and present species. Direct observation allows seeing how species adapt in their environments. Taken together, this evidence substantiates evolution as occurring through genetic changes in populations over generations in response to their environments.
The Imperfection of Evolution and the Evolution of ImperfectionDan Graur
Evolution has three major flaws that prevent it from producing good design: (1) The preponderance of Darwinian evolutionary mechanisms over Lamarckian ones, i.e., a lack of feedback from the phenotype to the genotype; (2) The finite effective size of biological populations; and (3) Historical contingency & developmental constraint.
Physical anthropology involves studying human physical variation and evolution through metrics like osteology, anthropometry, and primatology. Cultural anthropology examines human cultures and customs. Together, these fields seek to understand humans and human ancestors through skeletal remains, comparative studies of living primates, and observations of cultural practices.
This document discusses memetics as a way to understand cultural evolution in humans. It proposes that memes, defined as units of cultural information or ideas that are replicated between minds, drive sociocultural evolution in a similar way that genes drive biological evolution. The document outlines Richard Dawkins' concept of memes and how they spread through imitation and communication. It suggests that analyzing the replication and selection of memes could provide insights into how complex human cultures and social systems have formed over time.
The Theory of Evolution and its limitsRemy Taupier
The laws of Natural Selection explain the adaptation of a species (why we have dogs, or horses or tortoise of different colors, shapes and sizes) but not the evolution of a species into another species. To this day no scientific fact can prove the Theory of Evolution to be true. Evolutionists live with the hope that one day Science will prove them right. It's just a belief.
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Linnaeus developed the first hierarchical system for classifying organisms in the 18th century based on observable traits. While useful, it did not reflect evolutionary relationships. Modern systematics aims to classify organisms based on their evolutionary history and common ancestry, as revealed by anatomical similarities, genetic data, and the fossil record. Phylogenetic trees illustrate evolutionary relationships and shared ancestors between modern species and are constantly refined as new evidence emerges.
Mary Rodwell - The New Human Lecture Slides. Her websites: maryrodwell.com.au, experiencer.org . Video source: Mary Rodwell: Extraterrestrial Abductees & Contactee Experiences, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1iib20VBPwo
81018, 1018 AMWhat Defines a Meme Arts & Culture Smith.docxsleeperharwell
1) The document discusses the concept of a meme, first proposed by Richard Dawkins, as a unit of cultural transmission or unit of imitation that spreads from person to person via language.
2) Memes are described as analogous to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures as they spread. Common examples of memes mentioned are tunes, catchphrases, images, and ideas.
3) The rise of digital technology and the internet has allowed memes to spread more rapidly than ever before, taking on "viral" properties as they propagate online from brain to brain. The concept of the meme has itself become a very successful meme.
The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence the entire human genome. Over a decade, more than 1,100 scientists from around the world collaborated to decode over 3 billion letters of genetic code. This provided insights into human development and held promise to discover the genetic causes of diseases and develop new treatments. However, the project also raised ethical issues such as potential for genetic discrimination and "designer babies".
Information Theory and the Demise of DarwinismFred Williams
Evolutionists claim that life arose by random mutation and natural selection. While numerous holes in this “theory” have been exposed time and again across the scientific spectrum, perhaps the greatest unmasking has come from the fields of molecular biology and genetics. Intersecting these fields is the science of information, which by itself poses overwhelming problems for any concept that relies on randomness and chance outside of intelligence. This presentation will walk you through the different ideas of what information is, and how its presence in the biological world is an insurmountable hurdle for evolution to overcome.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was a British naturalist and biologist best known for his theory of evolution by natural selection. His theory proposed that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Darwin argued that complex organs and systems could evolve step-by-step through numerous, successive, slight modifications over many generations from a simpler ancestral form. His theory revolutionized scientific thought and remains the foundation of modern biology.
1. The document discusses applications of DNA in forensic science, including DNA profiling, prenatal paternity testing, and paternity testing.
2. It also discusses using DNA analysis to determine elements of biological evidence to solve crimes and legal disputes. DNA testing provides certainty that helps law enforcement and influences society.
3. The document then discusses population evolution and microbial life, biological diversity evolution, plant and animal development, population growth, and biomes and ecosystems.
Essay on the Book Night - PHDessay.com. Night Essay Writing Help, Topic Ideas, Examples, Prompts. Buy essay no plagiarism Cheap write my essay night by elie weisel book .... Night Essay. Night essay guidelines. night book summary chapter 1 - Kaylene Escalante. Critical Lens Essay on the book Night by Elie Wiesel Free Essay Example. Night Literrary Essay - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Night Themes—Pre-reading Essay. night essay notes. night book essay - YouTube. Elie wiesel biography essay introduction. Night book essay - Reliable Writing Aid From Top Writers. What Does Night Mean In The Book Night - Laskoom. Night Worksheet #1– Literary Terms. A good hook for an essay on the book night - studyclix.web.fc2.com. Elie Wiesel's Night: The Art of Writing a Persuasive Essay | TpT. The Night Before Essay Planner is not a book you need to read from .... Thesis statement on the book night. A summary of the book night iatt-ykp.org. Pin by Nata on Lit units | Night by elie wiesel, Book report, Night book. Night+by+elie+wiesel+quotes. Passage Commentary of Night by Elie Wiesel - A-Level English - Marked .... Nursing Essay. The Night Before. - A-Level English - Marked by Teachers.com. Night Essay Topics. Ebook essay on the book night by elie wiesel read.
Evolution Vs Macroevolution Research PaperKatie Parker
The document discusses the theories of evolution and intelligent design as explanations for the origin of life. It provides definitions of key concepts like creation, intelligent design, and natural processes. The document also notes some of the perspectives Christians have regarding the origin of life based on accounts in the Bible, as well as examples evolutionists use regarding traits evolving through natural selection over time.
This document discusses speciation in finches on an island where the food supply changes over time. Scientists observe the evolution of four finch species - Pherous robustus, Tweezeris bentails, Plierous normalis, and Tweeseris pointus - as the main food source switches from corn to block plants. Pherous robustus does well when corn is abundant but its population declines as block plants become the only available food. The changing environment exerts selective pressure that influences the finch populations over multiple generations.
Heredity and evolution class 10th Questionssinghaniya12
Ncert chapter heredity and evolution class X you can find questions for exam preparation and there is lot of questions based on heredity and evolution chapter for it is doc file it contain short or long answer type question and it is like question paper of school
I developed this powerpoint when I taught River Out of Eden by Richard Dawkins. Most of the students found Dawkins to be fascinating, but they weren't so hot on the actual book.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
2. Fractal images
• Our marvellous computing tools and chaos
mathematics enable us to create images that
evoke well the unity of the living in its interiority,
its complexity, its plasticity and temporality.
Feedback loops, interaction and inscriptions
networks, where memory entanglement seems to
be appearing in the virtual field. That’s why I
choose to present to you, in parallel to this
exposé, the fractal art of Gilles Nadeau, one of the
best in his discipline.
• This faculty of memory must have preceded the
living beings on planet Earth, as Yves Couder, a
complex system’s physicist, recently received at
l’Académie des Sciences de France, declares:
“We are currently studying an oil drop surfing on
the waves it creates in a vibrating oil bath. These
waves contain in their structure a memory of their
preceding trajectory. Our fascination for this
system comes from their specific auto-
organisational regimes, almost biological, where
the information coded in the past contributes in
determining the present.”
• “In a same way, the appearing of the Fibonacci
number in vegetal spirals has a deep link with
quasi-crystals.”
Gaz incandescent Gilles Nadeau
3. Le tourbillon de la vie
• In the nineteenth century, the great physiologist Claude
Bernard introduced the concept of “milieu intérieur”
which is equivalent, in a certain way, to an “inner
ecology”. In the twentieth century, genetics and
molecular biology have revealed to us always more
numerous and unexpected actors of life. It seems that
even in the cell’s nucleus, viruses have been recruited or
domesticated to become collaborators of the cell. With
Lynn Margulis, we will see endosymbiosis becoming a
decisive factor of evolution in all eucaryotes. The story of
this very uncommon scientist will allow us to reflect
upon the frontiers and the links between strictly scientific
research and philosophy of biology. Then, inspiring
ourselves from the works of Philippe J. Sansonetti and
Jules Hoffman, we will see that man himself is an
eucaryote-procaryote hybrid. We will turn ourselves
toward symbiosis in the vegetal kingdom, like those
existential relations between trees and fungus and finally,
will regard men nature relations. At all scales, we are
looking at molecular, cellular, tissular, etc., dialogues.
These are messages and signalling pathways and we’ll be
talking about biosemiotics, a neglected branch of
ethology. At all scales also, we will see how much we’ve
been blurred by the “all genetic” approach. Oiseaux de nuit Gilles Nadeau
4. Paradigm shift?
• By sequencing the genome, geneticists have cut
the branch on which they sat: population genetics.
And as biology had placed population genetics at
the center of its interpretation, the whole thing
crumbles. It would be more accurate, maybe, to
talk about a conceptual Titanic, reputably
unsinkable, slowly drowning in the ocean, after
crashing into an iceberg: epigenetics.
• What’s left of the “classical genetics” ? 2% of the
genome, the famous genetic code, which finally
looks like a keyboard on which life plays.
• Here are a few phrases taken from the course
program presentation “Analyse des génomes”
2013-2014 at l’Institut Pasteur:
• “But if it is so difficult to define genes models, we
have to remember that finally each genome is only
a snapshot taken from a process of permanent
changes.
• If, the more we learn about genes, the less we
know what they are, may be is it that, in reality,
they don’t exist. At least, not as a molecular object
we could precisely define.”
Embrangle (lumière diffuse) Gilles Nadeau
5. The magnitude of our ignorance
• The more recent studies concerning viruses showed that
there are between 10 billion and 1000 billion virus
species.
We know 10, 000 of them. (Didier Raoult, L’Autre en
nous 2013) Are we going to continue giving them names?
• Around 10 billions viruses are detectable in one litre of
ocean water, and sometimes more in clear water, that
which can allow 10 23 bacterial infections per second
(Hendrix 2003). This lets us imagine the number of gene
transfers happening at every second in all aquatic milieus.
(Yves Chupeau)
• There are between 100,000 and 1 million protein
“species” in our body. 900 000 unknowns.
• RNA, at first supposed to be a unidirectional messenger,
becomes multiform and multi-featured ; it is often RNA
who decides! We have discovered thousands of RNA
variants, small and long. They sometimes act like an
enzyme, which is a protein, and sometimes have two
strands, like DNA. They are changing roles and costumes.
The concept of the gene has been dissolved and the
codons are often degenerated or homonyms. There are
many exceptions to the rule, the code. The traditional
genetic model now looks completely simplistic. Nature
and culture, innate and acquired seem to be inextricably
intertwined and all those processes are inside us, like an
organic memory from the past.
• Only 2% of the genome encodes proteins, our ancient
definition of a gene. More than 45% of our genome comes
from a retroviral origin.
Spirit of Buddharot Gilles Nadeau
6. Plasticity of life, even in the nucleus
• Darwin had already underlined the unity of the
living, but the unity we are now discovering is
much more profound, engaging numerous actors
evolving in networks unexpectedly complex. It is
doubled with a plasticity that classical genetics
excluded by principle. One is overcome by
vertigo in front of such complexity.
• Modern biology has reached a dead end, facing
the comeback of the two heresies that it had
thought to be completely eliminated, Lamarckism
and vitalism.
• Organisms do participate in their evolutive
transformation. They are not simply acted on like
things. They are real actors changing their
environment, not only submitting to chance and
genes.
Without denying the role of contingency, I will
propose the idea that there is in the living an
interiority which corresponds more or less with
Spinoza’s “conatus”, Nietzsche’s “will for
power”, “ Husserl’s “intention”, or Bergson’s
“vital impulse” .
• All these philosophers have in common the
notion of “desire”. Life is desire. Gilles Nadeauperroquet
7. Classical genetics and selfish DNA
• At the beginning of the twentieth century, we rediscovered the work of Gregor Mendel who, by studying heredity in the
green peas, had been the founding father of genetics. Biologists were still largely Lamarckians and could hardly believe that
the Darwinian natural selection was sufficient to comprehend the evolution of species.
• It is August Weissman who separated completely the innate from the acquired, the interior from the exterior, the future
from the past, cutting the tails of mice on many generations. The siblings were born with long and normal tails and this
became the proof that Lamarck was wrong. Weissman demonstrated that mutilations were not transmitted!
• Fifty years later, Francis Crick imposes the central dogma of genetics. In the living cell, information goes one way only: from
the nucleus toward the outside.
DNA > RNA > proteins.
• It’s Francis Crick himself that baptises this the “central dogma”. This is a monologue, a closing of the nucleus that allows the
saving of a mechanistic theory of life.
• Genes are the particles of heredity.
Spirale marchante Gilles Nadeau
8. New generation sequencing
• 50 years later, the new generation sequencing
(NGS) enabled scientists to analyse the
transcriptome and the epigenome, which means
the way DNA is being read in the living cell. It’s
only then that they realized that cellular
differentiation is an epigenetic phenomenon.
• 2% of the DNA encodes protein. In the 98% left
over once called “junk DNA”, we now know that
45% of it transcribes in reverse sense in association
with a family of enzymes present everywhere in
the living, reverse transcriptases.
• It has now been demonstrated that the
retrotransposons LINE-1 (Long Interspersed
Nuclear Elements) play a key role in the human
genome. Utilising reverse transcriptase, these
jumping genes are violating the central dogma of
genetics. They are roughly 30 times more
numerous than the “real genes” (coding for
proteins) in the genome. They are ATGC like the
rest. We generally consider them as retroviruses
that had invaded the genome.
Le dinausore disparu Gilles Nadeau
9. Proteins > RNA > DNA ?
• Retrotransposition is a common
mechanism in all eucaryotes. It has
largely contributed in evolution
and genome plasticity. LINE-1
retrotransposons represent more
than 17% of the human genome. It
is the only mobile and
autonomous active element and is
responsible for the amplification
of non autonomous
retrotransposons like Alu
sequences and retropseudogenes.
Thus, through evolution, LINE-1
has contributed in forming almost
a third of our genome mass.”
Génomique, génétique, bioinformatique et biologie systémique (Blanc SVSE 6)
2012 : projet RETROGENO Agence nationale de recherche Fr.
Slope embrangle Gilles Nadeau
10. A different interpretation
• Patrick Forterre presented recently a theory
regarding the origin of DNA from an RNA world. It
is important to recognize that the origin of life
and in particular the genetic code is still very
mysterious. Meanwhile, it appears more and
more clearly that RNA preceded DNA in the
evolution of life.
• “It is currently admitted today that competitive or
symbiotic interactions between viruses and cells
represent the principal motor of biological
evolution. (Forterre et Prangishvili, 2013; Koonin et Dolja,
2013, )
• RNA viruses (retroviruses) produce complex
molecules and some are able to repair their RNA.
Viruses can create new proteins. There are new
genes in the viruses and that was unexpected.
Viruses create novelty.
• In this interpretation, viruses didn’t only invade
genome, they co-created it. nuit étoilée Gilles Nadeau
11. Yamanaka, the come back of
embryology
• Mr Yamanaka, the 2012 Nobel prize in biology, amazed
the scientific community by producing the first IPS
(Induced Pluripotent Stem cells). Using only 4
transcription factors, he succeeded in bringing back an
adult cell to its stem cell pluripotency. This was
considered impossible.
• The interaction cascade that he initiates must be very
complex and operates in multilevel networks, but he
succeeds in inducing it without understanding all the
wheels of the machine. The important is the message:
in this case, 4 transcription factors.
• Mr Yamanaka started his research from 24
transcription factors (proteins) that he had “spotted”
while studying embryonic stem cells.
• He tried all sorts of combinations to finally find that
with only 4 proteins, and using a virus as Trojan horse,
we could reprogram a cell. This opens the way to
therapy and some leukemia are now being cured using
these techniques.
• Other ways are possible. One must find the right
cocktail. Small RNAs and C vitamins can improve the
effiiciency of the process.
• “And thus the wonderful truth became manifest that a
single cell may contain within its microscopic compass the
sum total of the heritage of the species” EB Wilson 1900.
Reflets dans l’eau Gilles Nadeau
12. Cellular memory, epigenetics
• We are witnessing, in the cell’s interiority, molecular
dialogues largely more complex than what we
expected. (We were expecting monologues, reflexes).
During the embryonic development, the pluripotent
stem cell interprets the genome regarding temporal and
spatial signals from its milieu. Therefore , we could
consider the black matter of the genome , the trash
DNA, as a memory, a recipe book or a repertoire of past
evolution. There are feedback loops everywhere.
• This hypothesis calls back a forgotten tradition in
biology: organic memory. Théodule Ribot, Ewald
Hering, Ernst Haeckel and Francis Darwin participated
in the elaboration of it. Almost a century ago, in 1918,
Richard Semon committed suicide when his
Lamarckian theory of organic memory was ruined by
the apparent triumph of August Weissman genetic
theory. Richard Semon had created the concept of
“mneme” and biological engrams.
• Some recent experiences using DNA to stock
information have demonstrated the gigantic capacities
of the double strand genome as memory stocking space.
Oeuf décoratif Gilles Nadeau
13. Lynn Margulis, the symbiosis
• Lynn Margulis will be recognized as a
great biologist of her time. Against
most of her contemporaries, she
criticized the genetic theory, and made
lots of powerful enemies. She looked
in old papers and resuscitated
discredited theories. (Merezhkovsky)
• Her journey demonstrates that an
isolated researcher, open to something
else than “nouveauté” in this case
genetics, and equipped with a different
philosophy, can achieve extraordinary
results. She had to demonstrate lots of
courage and tenacity to have her point
of view accepted and finally teach to
young students as it is today. Coquille de pierre Gilles Nadeau
14. Symbiosis, endosymbiosis
• We can think that she went too far, but one
cannot deny that the chloroplast symbiosis
among vegetal and the mitochondrial
symbiosis among both plants and animals
constitute fundamental steps in the
evolution of species. We are discovering
more and more animals utilising
chloroplasts. (bioluminescent bacteria).
• Considering the “Gaïa” theory that she
developed with James Lovelock, we can
also think that she went too far. However, it
is true that the atmosphere and the
temperature of our planet were deeply
modified by the living beings. We’re
thinking upside down in pretending that life
only reacts to its environment. It is life
itself that first changed the environment and
its regulation. Here, once again, there are
dialogues and feedback loops.
Loupe Gilles Nadeau
15. Symbiosis in the symbiosis
• In the last twenty years, the number of discoveries
revealing the importance of symbiosis in the living
beings exploded.
• Every eucaryote that we know has, or had
mitochondria. Genes are transferred from the
mitochondria to the cell nucleus. The mitochondria
looses some autonomy, but receives proteins in
return.
An eucaryote incorporates another eucaryote. Lots
of secondary endosymbiosis and tertiary , loss of
secondary and further reacquisition. Endosymbiosis
with bacteria, fungus, and protists. Leguminous
symbiosis with rhizobium which allows nitrogen
fixation, essential for the plant metabolism.
• Around sub-oceanic volcanos, an incredible
diversity of organisms are utilising chemo-
synthesis. It’s another biochemistry. Mussels, clams
and worms authorizing bacterial infections in some
parts of their bodies.
• We observe a reduction in genome size of the
symbiote. (bacteria). Evolution often goes from the
complex to less complex. Toward the simple. Two spheres for Keith Gilles Nadeau
16. Symbiosis avalanche
• Greenflies, ants, bees,
integrating different type
bacteria that fulfill their
shortages in vitamins and
amino acids.
• When the insect changes his
diet, a new shortage brings up
a new symbiosis. There is
mutual recognition of
partners and those symbiosis
are intimately linked to
immunity.
• Take note that different
symbiotes and different
symbionts are using the same
signalling pathways to
produce different proteins. Tête de tyrannausore Gilles Nadeau
17. Immunity, microbiome,
supersymbiosis
• Recent discoveries concerning the microbiome, the immune
system and the genetic and epigenetic interactions between
the gut flora and physiology made our understanding of
biology much more complicated.
• The innate immune system can recognize around 100
enemies. It already exists among the simplest organisms.
Just like for the genetic code, we know nothing about its
origin. It is required for the starting of the induced immune
system. Until recently, we didn’t even know that bacteria
and archaea had an adaptative immune system: CRISPR, a
far more precise gene editing tool than anything we did
before.
• The acquired or induced immune system can recognize
millions, may be billions of microbial structures.
• Its adaptation capacities seems infinite. The unfolded
mucous intestinal membrane (epithelium) would cover a
tennis court. What an interface! What a playing ground for
billions of bacteria and viruses. The capacity to discriminate
between a pathogen and a commensal in order to respect the
microbiome and to destroy pathogens could be seen as an
essential motor of the immune system evolution.
• Looking at it from a co-evolutive perspective, the
microbiome and the pathogens have forged the immune
system and in return, the immune system sculpts the
microbiome and eliminates the pathogens.
loupe
s
Gilles Nadeau
18. The epithelium, a fertile ground
• Axenic mice (without microbiome) seem
unable to efficiently extract calories from
foods. They are also very nervous. The gut
microbiome does influence the mood, the
behaviour and even the brain development.
• Natural delivery and breastfeeding are very
important. During the first year of life, some
bacteria will form a “niche” leading to the
expression of enzymes which themselves will
create a favourable environment for other
microbes. The microbiome must be
constructed.
• Fecal transplantations have proven their
efficacy and represent a shortcut in treating
digestive system dysfunctions.
• We must adopt a larger look on immunity
than the old Koch and Pasteur point of view.
Biological reality is more a matter of internal
ecology and balanced microbe population.
We should replace the notion of pathogen by
the concept of dysbiosis (unbalanced
microbiome, not necessarily pathogen).
Petit bonhomme vert Gilles Nadeau
19. Mycorhizes, evolution by
cooperation
• It is a symbiosis between a blue
algae and a fungus (mushroom)
that created lichens, inaugural
flora of terrestrial environments.
• “Almost all living plants are
prospering using the mycorhizian
symbiosis. An ancient and happy
relation dating from more than
400 million years. A real motor of
evolution.
André Fortin (Découvrir Le magazine de l’ACFAS mars 2014).
Roches magnétiques Gilles Nadeau
20. Biosemiotics
• We just saw how much symbiosis played a
major role in evolution. At the basis of
photosynthesis in vegetal and of respiration
in animals, it is still a symbiosis that allowed
living beings to emerge from water, and to
create the placenta in mammalians.
• Endosymbiosis theory has been rejected for
a long time. Why? It contradicts gradual
evolution and shortcuts vertical heredity,
being the source of horizontal gene transfers.
• These gene transfers happen far more
frequently than previously thought.
“Symbiotic associations are the rule, not the
exception. Every development is a co-
development. All organisms are mixed,
heterogeneous, non pure. It’s unity in the
plurality.”
Thomas Pradeu, (development, information and causation) dec.
6 2013 Collège de France.
Does biological sympathy exist?
Bois sculpté Gilles Nadeau
21. The logic of the living: a language?
• For more than a century now, biology has been inspired by
physical science, aspiring to the same status as physics. Many
thinkers are now proposing that the genetic system’s
complexity could be more easily understood as a natural
language. Actually, genes resemble words, sequence evokes
the phrases and the code is like syntax and/or grammar. In
language, every laws have exceptions. Language is alive. It is a
historical, contingent, plastic and creative construction. A
“bricolage” . Just like living things had to improvise to create
new proteins to face the unpredictable reality, we need new
concepts and words to enrich our thinking, and this process
doesn’t seem to be limited. Even the meaning of words
changes through the centuries. But also regarding their
position in the phrase and, in many languages, a small accent
can mean very much. Natural language possesses that fluidity
and plasticity characterizing the living. It largely outworks
mathematical language in terms of fluidity, specially the verbs,
real time and action words.
• The word “sense” (in French) has three different meanings.
Perception, orientation, and meaning. Even the simplest
organisms perceive and orientate themselves to survive and
reproduce. Even in its small world (umwelt) and without being
conscious of the meanings and concepts, it lives them,
embodies and incarnates them.
• There is a neglected branch of ethology: biosemiotics.
• Perception is signification, without any words or concepts. Plantes tropicales Gilles Nadeau
22. Charles Peirce, Jacob von Uexküel
Inspired from Charles Peirce triad (the sign, the
interpret, the object), biosemiotics was developed
in the works of Jacob von Uexküel. At the opposite of
Watson and Skinner’s behaviourism (reflexes), Von
Uexküel proposed an ethology where each organism
interprets the world according to its needs, forging
the world itself in many manners. Even though Von
Uexküel inspired many thinkers such as Heidegger,
Deleuze, Merleau-Ponty, Canguilhem and many
others, his school of thought was in minority. Richard
Dawkins is an ethologist.
Joseph Hoffmeyer writes: “Cells, like organisms, are
historical entities wearing in their cytoskeleton and
their DNA traces from the past, going back at more
than 3 billion years. They are perpetually measuring
actual situation by comparing it to their ancestral
background and make choices based on such
interpretations.
Thus, we could say that the sign, instead of the
molecule, is the basic unity to study life.”
(Hoffmeyer, 1996)
Yin-Yang Gilles Nadeau
23. Ecology
• Just as humanity is facing
a major ecological
challenge, how can we
succeed, equipped with
an almost “fixist” theory,
and a philosophy affirming
that conscience and free
will are pure illusions?
(Daniel Dennett). We are
now at a crossroads. After
more than a century of
Mendelian genetics, we
still haven’t found life,
which has brought many
scientists and
philosophers to declare it
does not exist!
Pleine lune Gilles Nadeau
24. Bergson
Chaotic phoenix Gilles Nadeau
As for the idea that the living body might be treated by some superhuman calculator in the
same mathematical way as our solar system, this has gradually arisen from a metaphysic which
has taken a more precise form since the physical discoveries of Galileo, but which, as we shall
show, was always the natural metaphysic of the human mind. Its apparent clearness, our
impatient desire to find it true, the enthusiasm with which so many excellent minds accept it
whithout proof, all the seductions, in short, that it exercises on our thought, should put us on
our guard against it. » (Henri Bergson, L’Évolution créatrice, p.20)
25. Memory
• “But Bergson’s warning was not taken
seriously by the biologists, too much
occupied at pushing the “living” in the
frame of their contemporary physics.
Outside the closed circle of real
philosophers, Bergson’s theses were
deformed, even ridiculed. The “élan
vital” he was talking about was
confused with a simplistic vitalism.
• This misunderstanding is quite salutary,
because it permits in one shot to
discredit every argument he presented.
Bergson was however showing a
prudence that was lacking in his
protagonists.
Without a doubt, Bergson argues, “the
vital principle doesn’t explain much: at
least, it has the advantage of keeping a
signboard on our ignorance, while
mechanism invites us to forget it.”
(E.C.p 42)
Gérard Nissim Amzallag, L’Homme végétal, pour une
autonomie du vivant, éd. Albin Michel, 2003 pp.321-329).
Vincent Gilles Nadeau