The laws of Natural Selection explain the adaptation of a species (why we have dogs, or horses or tortoise of different colors, shapes and sizes) but not the evolution of a species into another species. To this day no scientific fact can prove the Theory of Evolution to be true. Evolutionists live with the hope that one day Science will prove them right. It's just a belief.
theories of evolution by Lamark and Darwin.pptxUOP
This presentation consists of theories of mechanism of evolution defined by Lamark and Darwin that gives an idea about how evolution took place and how organisms evolved in nature. Also it gives a very good idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest. This pptx will give u an idea about the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the survival of the fittest.
theories of evolution by Lamark and Darwin.pptxUOP
This presentation consists of theories of mechanism of evolution defined by Lamark and Darwin that gives an idea about how evolution took place and how organisms evolved in nature. Also it gives a very good idea about natural selection and survival of the fittest. This pptx will give u an idea about the adaptation of organisms to their environment and the survival of the fittest.
Evolution of management theory,Scientific Management School
Classical Organization Theory school
Behavioral School
Management Science School
The System Approach
The Contingency Approach
Dynamic Engagement Approach
Part of Management Process. How the management process evolved from the early years.
Many experts contributed for this evolution. I compiled the list and little bit history along with the theory developed by each contributor for this process.
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Online-1 Online Chapter NandaWarms, Cultural Anthropo.docxhopeaustin33688
Online-1
Online Chapter: Nanda/Warms, Cultural Anthropology 11e
Human Evolution
Learning Objectives
After you have read this chapter, you will be able to:
• Describe the relationship between culture and evolution for human beings.
• Explain the basic principles of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
• List some traits that humans have in common with our closest animal relations.
• Describe social relations among nonhuman primate species.
Online-2
• Describe australopithecines, and tell when and where they lived and what their social
lives might have been like.
• Describe Homo habilis, and tell when and where they lived and what their social lives
might have been like.
• Describe Homo erectus, and tell when and where they lived and what their social lives
might have been like.
• Tell where and when Homo sapiens evolved, and describe their early material culture.
• Compare variation among humans to that found among other species.
• Explain some of the sources of human variation, particularly variation in skin color.
In its broadest sense, evolution refers to directional change. Biological evolution, however, is
something more specific. For biologists, evolution is descent with modification from a single
common ancestor or ancestral population. Evolution is a characteristic of populations, not
individual organisms. As individuals, we may grow and learn. We may create inventions or alter
our lifestyles. But, for a change to be evolutionary in a biological sense, it must affect the genes
we pass along to the next generation. Evolution is the primary way we understand the biological
history of humanity and, indeed, of all life.
In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of human evolution. We start with a discussion of
Darwin and the theory of natural selection, move on to talk about primates, their social lives, and
tool usage, before turning to a summary of what we know about human evolution. We talk about
the ways that remains are found, and then survey the major fossil finds, including the
australopithecines, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. We end with a discussion of
human variation. Along the way, we describe some of the experiences of fossil hunters Raymond
Dart and Mary Leakey, discuss forensic anthropology, and consider the fate of primates in the
world today.
Speculation about human history and the natural world plays an important role in most societies.
For example, the notion that human beings came from earlier life forms was well developed
among ancient European philosophers. In the 6th century BCE, the Greek thinker Anaximander
of Miletus speculated that humans arose from fish. A century later, his disciple, Xenophanes of
Colophon, used evidence of fossil fish from numerous places around the Mediterranean to
support Anaximander’s theory.
We are often asked why, in a text on cultural anthropology, there should be an extensive chapter
on human evolution.
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Similar to The Theory of Evolution and its limits (20)
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. This image is the typical cliché of the theory of evolution: Man evolved from a monkey to a
cave-man and finally to today’s man: Homo Sapiens
3.
4. Natural Selection
Darwin studied how animals adapted to their environments.
The genius of Darwin was to apply the laws of adaptation to explain the apparition of new species.(adaptation is not
evolution)
He developed the concept of Natural Selection.
Natural Selection is the process by which random mutations are selected by Nature over tens of thousands of years.
Darwin said that a given species will evolve until it results in a new species.
Darwin developed the idea of common decent.
Every existing species are descending from a common unicellular amoeba that evolved into fishes, reptiles, birds,
mammals and men during a period of 500 millions years .
If you are new to the Theory of Evolution you can watch a short video at this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grU
6. Mutations
A mutation is caused by a mistake in the replication in the proteins of the DNA:
According to Darwin and modern evolutionists the accumulation of mutations will
at some point give birth to a new species.
8. 1- The total absence of any transitional fossil proving
the Theory of Evolution
9. 1- The total absence of fossils
proving the Theory of Evolution
According to the Theory of Evolution,
each species has evolved from another
species over millions of years. There are
more than 2 million different species
today. It meand there must have been
millions of millions of
intermediaries/transitional beings
produced by the Evolution between
species.
If this theory was true, we should be able
to find fossils of plants , fishes , bird or
animals that are in an unachieved
development.
99% of all existing fossils have been
discovered after Darwin, but none of
them show any transitional state of
10. 1- The total absence of fossils proving
the Theory of Evolution
Evolutionists say: ape A evolved in many different branches, one of these
branches evolved into ape B. Same for ape B, one branch evolved into ape C.
Ape C evolved into half ape/half human D. Finally Human F came to exist.
If the theory of Evolution was true, we should find many fossil bones of intermediary apes/human
(The famous “Missing Link”). But to this day, not even one intermediary fossil has been found.
The same for whales: Evolutionists say that a mammal decided to return in the water and evolved over
millions of years to become a whale; no intermediary fossil bone has ever been found.
The same between any other of the 1.5 million species recorded to this day.
11. 1- The total absence of fossils proving
the Theory of Evolution
Evolutionists say that birds evolved from reptiles. When the fossil of the Archaeopteryx
was found it was claimed to be a transitional half reptile/half bird . But scientists agree
today to say the Archeopteryx was just a bird, an extinct bird.
12. What about Lucy ?
“Several investigators, including Richard Leakey, have now concluded that two or perhaps three species have been
wrongly combined in "Lucy." She was not a human ancestor. At best, she was a form of extinct ape; at worst, she was a
mosaic.” From John D. Morris, Ph.D in http://www.icr.org/article/was-lucy-ape-man/
(In April 2015, the American Museum of Natural History found out that one of the bones was from a baboon monkey.)
Now most scientists recognize Lucy to be from a species of ape rather than a human intermediary.
Discovered in 1974, the 3.2 million-year-old skeleton was found in an isolated
spot in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It was given the name of Lucy and was claimed
to be the bones of a transitional half monkey/half human.
- “Johanson seldom reminds us that he found the knee joint—the strongest
evidence for upright stance—in a location some two to three kilometers away,
and in a layer of rock some 200 feet lower. Clearly, the knee does not belong
with the rests.” Oxnard, in his 1987 book, ”Fossils, Teeth and Sex ”
13. • Neanderthal babies are similar to human beings
• “Japanese and European anthropologists recently published a study they conducted on the remains of
Neanderthal children. Neanderthal skeletons resemble those of modern humans but are characterized by
larger heads, thicker brow ridges, and heavier bones. The researchers compared reconstructions of a
newborn Neanderthal with the skeletons of infant Neanderthals to gauge the growth rate of their heads. They
found that “Neanderthal brain size at birth was similar to that in recent Homo sapiens.”
• They also estimated that the growth rate of Neanderthal baby skulls was as slow as, or slower than, those of
modern human babies.” by Brian Thomas, M.S quoting the work of Ponce de Leon, M. S. et al. 2008. Neanderthal brain
size at birth provides insights into the evolution of human life history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
105 (37): 13764-13768
• Several recent DNA analysis of Neanderthal men have shown their DNA to be close to today human’s DNA.
• See the following studies:
• 1- Vernot, B. and J. M. Akey. Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes. Science Express.
• Published on sciencemag.org January 29, 2014.
• 2- Sankararaman, S. et al. The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans. Nature. Published on
• nature.com January 29, 2014.
• 3- Prüfer, K. et al. 2014. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature. 505 (7481): 43-49.
• That means Neanderthal men were just Homo Sapiens like you and me.
”Evolutionists can find lots of monkey bones. And they can find lots of human bones. They just can’t find the half-monkey,
half-human bones. This presents a huge problem for them because if man has been evolving from monkeys for millions of
years, you would expect to find millions of these intermediary half-monkey, half-man bones.” Wired Science, 2011
What about Neanderthal cave-men ?
14. 2- The Theory of Evolution doesn't
explain the apparition of life
"Based on probability factors . . any viable DNA strand having over
84 nucleotides cannot be the result of haphazard mutations. At
that stage, the probabilities are 1 in 4.80 x 1050 .
"Mathematicians agree that any requisite number beyond 1050 has,
statistically, a zero probability of occurrence.
In fact, single cell bacteria display about 3,000,000 nucleotides,
aligned in a very specific sequence. This means that
there is no mathematical probability whatever
for any known species to have been the product
of random mutations.”
From I.L. Cohen, Darwin was Wrong (1984), p. 205.
There is no way a living cell can come to exist
haphazardly. It’s beyond any mathematical
probability.
15. Mutations are generally harmful
The chromosomes of the fruit-fly are big
and it’s easy to induce mutations on
them.
For more than 40 years, scientists have
tried to alter the DNA of the fruit-flies in
order to create a new species.
16. Theodosius Dobzhansky, a prominent evolutionary
biologist, spent 40 years irradiating fruit flies for
thousands of generations to artificially induce
mutations. What were the results? When asked, he
couldn't think of a single mutant that was more viable
out in nature. He could only think of several which
might be more viable at unusual conditions like very
elevated temperatures.
But even those are still just fruit flies. Nothing near a
new species.
3- Mutations are harmful
Mutations cause to impoverish the DNA. It looses
genetic information.
“ In order for a species to undergo change in shape
and function to such an extent that it becomes an
altogether different species, some creative input
must be applied to it.” Dr. Sang-Hun Lee, in Unification
Thought, 2001
17. From mouse to bat
Evolutionists say that a mouse started to
become a bat.
“The stages when the mouse cannot run
well anymore and before the bat can fly are
disadvantageous times for their existence.
(Contradiction in Darwinism).” from Nelson,
1967, 96
According to the laws of natural selection,
they cannot survive.
Evolutionists say that a mammal decided to
return in the water and evolved into a whale.
But when the mammal had legs evolving into
fine, it was not good on earth and it was not
good in water; according to the laws of natural
selection, it cannot survive.
18. • According to the Theory of Evolution,
mutations never stop; they happen
continuously, so today species should be
continuously evolving. (Including human beings too …)
• However among the 1.5 million species known,
existing today, it has never been found even
one species in transition or half evolved.
4- Species are stable
19. In the short movie, it was saying: “Natural Selection is true so evolution is a fact.” It didn’t
prove that evolution is a fact, It only proved that adaptation of the species is true. There is a
brown mice at the beginning and there is a black mice at the end. But it’s still a mice, not
another species. Same for the two other cases. Using evolution for the meaning of adaptation
is misguiding and an abuse of language: There is no evolution here, only adaptation.
20. Slide Title
In the movie, it presented these various cabbages as having evolved
from a wild common cabbage species. However it’s only an idea, an
hypothesis. There is no scientific proof of that.
21. 4- The theory of Evolution doesn't explain the beauty,
harmony and diversity of the creation
According to the laws of Natural Selection, there is no reason to have such a variety of
flowers (variety of colors, of smells, of sizes, of shapes) . Evolutionists have no plausible
explanation about this.
22. 4- The theory of Evolution doesn't explain the beauty,
harmony and diversity of the creation
What about the variety of butterflies? Did it happen just at random?
23. 4- The theory of Evolution doesn't explain the beauty,
harmony and diversity of the creation
And most amazingly, it seems that only Man happens to be able to
enjoy and appreciate this variety of food, fruits and flowers. Is it just
pure coincidence?
Too good to have happened just randomly, isn’t it?
"Fruit Stall in Barcelona Market" by Daderot.
What about the variety of fruits and the variety of vegetables?
24. The Theory of Evolution is only a belief
• The theory of Evolution is not based on any scientific observation, but even if many scientists are well
aware of the limits of this theory they still hope that one day, Science will prove it to be right.
• It’s faith. The Theory of Evolution is just a belief
• Many scientists realize the limits of the Theory of Evolution but the only alternative they have is the
Creation story in 6 days in the Bible which doesn’t satisfy them.
The Creation story in the Bible is challenged by the observation that it took 550 millions years for life to
develop from tiny unicellular amoeba until today’s mammals and human beings. This is an observable
fact and seems to contradict the creation in 6 days as found in the Bible.
• We need a New Theory of Creation that can reconcile our faith and our reason and allow God to be our
loving Creator.
• You can click to our next presentation: “A New Theory of Creation.”
https://www.slideshare.net/taupier/a-new-theory-of-creation
• All the credit goes to Dr. Sang-hun LEE and Rev. Sun Myung Moon .
• To read Dr. Sang-hun Lee’s work: http://www.slideshare.net/taupier/from-theory-of-evolution-to-a-new-theory-of-creation
• To read Rev. Sun Myung Moon’s work: http://familyfed.org/