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Memory
Memory is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving. There are three stages of memory - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds environmental information for a brief period of time, short-term memory stores information for 2-30 seconds, and long-term memory stores unlimited information over long periods of time. How information is encoded, whether through shallow or deep processing, determines how well it can be remembered later.
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Memory
- 2. MEMORY •Memory isthe ability to retain information over time through 3 processes: encoding , storing & retrieving
- 3. MEMORY PROCESS EncodingStoring Retreieving making mental representation s of information so that it is placed in memories placing encoded info into relatively permanent memory for later recall getting, recalling information that was placed in short-term and long term storage
- 4. 3 STAGES OFMEMORY • ATKINSON & SHRIFFIN MODEL (1968) 1. SENSORY MEMORY >Initial process >holds environmental Information >From an instant to several seconds > aka Working Memory > holds limited information 2. SHORT-TERM MEMORY 3. LONG-TERM MEMORY > 2-30 seconds >stores almost unlimited information over long periods of time
- 5. SENSORY MEMORY EXAMPLES: • Iconic Memory • Echoic Memory FUNCTIONS: •Prevents being overwhelmed •Gives decision time •Provides stability •Playback Recognition
- 6. SHORT-TERM MEMORY LimitedDuration- 2-30 seconds, can be prolonged with Maintenance Rehearsal Limited Capacity-an average of 7 items, FUNCTIONS: •Attending •Rehearsing •Storing
- 7. LONG-TERM MEMORY Capacity& Permanency Chances of retrieval Accuracy
- 8. Incoming Information Sensory Memory Selective attention Short-term Memory Encoded for Storage Long-Term Memory NO ATTENTION FORGOTTEN NOT ENCODED FORGOTTEN
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- 10. LEVELS OF PROCESSING • CRAIK & LOCKHART MODEL (1972) “Remembering depends on how information is encoded.” 1.SHALLOW PROCESSING 2.DEEP/ SEMANTIC PROCESSING
- 11. SHALLOW PROCESSING •Structural • Phonemic • Graphemic • Orthographic Paying attention to basic or physical features. Encoding information at a shallow level may result to poor recall.
- 12. SEMANTIC PROCESSING Encodinginformation by the use of associating old or familiar info with new information. This type of processing results in better recall. *Elaborative Rehearsal
- 13. FORGETTING Can bedescribed as the loss of information already stored in long-term memory.
- 14. FORGETTING WHY DO PEOPLE FORGET?
- 15. 1. CUE DEPENDENT Unavailable stimuli during attempted recall. 2. ORGANIC Physiological brain damage. 3. INTERFERENCE THEORIES 1. Proactive- old interferes with new 2. Retroactive- new interferes with old 4. DECAY THEORIES “Memory Trace’ vanishes because it hasn’t been used for a long
- 16. THANK YOU FORLISTENING. :)
Editor's Notes
- #3 -Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve information. -Memory is the ability to retain information over time through 3 processes: encoding, storing & retrieving
- #4 Encoding- refers to making mental representations of information so that it is placed in memories. -associating something with something else -processing info into memory -paying attention, sometimes we need to pay attention to remember, sometimes we don’t even have to try Storing- process of placing encoded info into relatively permanent for later recall - Retrieving- process of getting, recalling information that was placed in short-term and long term storage
- #5 Three types of memory Sensory- initial process that receives and holds environmental information in raw form for a brief period of time, for an instant to several seconds Short-term- aka Working Memory process that holds limited information for a short period of time, 2-30 seconds Long-term- Process of storing almost unlimited amounts of info over long periods of time.
- #6 (Blinking, Iconic Memory) (“What?”, Echoic) Funct: Prevents being overwhelmed, gives decsion time, Provides stability, playback recognition
- #7 Limited Duration- 2-30 seconds, can be prolonged with Maintenance Rehearsal Limited Capacity- an average of 7 items,