Memory is the ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving. There are three stages of memory - sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds environmental information for a brief period of time, short-term memory stores information for 2-30 seconds, and long-term memory stores unlimited information over long periods of time. How information is encoded, whether through shallow or deep processing, determines how well it can be remembered later.

2. MEMORY
•Memory is the ability to retain information
over time through 3 processes: encoding ,
storing & retrieving

3. MEMORY PROCESS
Encoding Storing Retreieving
making mental
representation
s of information
so that it is
placed in
memories
placing
encoded info
into relatively
permanent
memory for
later recall
getting,
recalling
information
that was
placed in
short-term and
long term
storage

4. 3 STAGES OF MEMORY
• ATKINSON & SHRIFFIN MODEL (1968)
1. SENSORY MEMORY
>Initial process >holds environmental Information
>From an instant to several
seconds
> aka Working Memory > holds limited information
2. SHORT-TERM MEMORY
3. LONG-TERM MEMORY
> 2-30 seconds
>stores almost unlimited information over long
periods of time

5. SENSORY MEMORY
EXAMPLES:
• Iconic Memory
• Echoic Memory
FUNCTIONS:
•Prevents being
overwhelmed
•Gives decision time
•Provides stability
•Playback
Recognition

6. SHORT-TERM
MEMORY
Limited Duration-
2-30 seconds, can be
prolonged with
Maintenance
Rehearsal
Limited Capacity-an
average of 7 items,
FUNCTIONS:
•Attending
•Rehearsing
•Storing

7. LONG-TERM
MEMORY
Capacity & Permanency
Chances of retrieval
Accuracy

8. Incoming
Information
Sensory
Memory
Selective
attention
Short-term
Memory
Encoded
for Storage
Long-Term
Memory
NO ATTENTION
FORGOTTEN
NOT ENCODED
FORGOTTEN

9. LEVELS OF
PROCESSING

10. LEVELS OF
PROCESSING
• CRAIK & LOCKHART MODEL (1972)
“Remembering depends on how
information is encoded.”
1.SHALLOW PROCESSING
2.DEEP/ SEMANTIC
PROCESSING

11. SHALLOW PROCESSING
• Structural
• Phonemic
• Graphemic
• Orthographic
Paying attention to basic or
physical features. Encoding
information at
a shallow level may result to
poor recall.

12. SEMANTIC
PROCESSING
Encoding information by the use of associating old or familiar
info with new information. This type of processing results in better
recall.
*Elaborative Rehearsal

13. FORGETTING
Can be described as the loss of information already
stored in long-term memory.

14. FORGETTING
WHY DO
PEOPLE FORGET?

15. 1. CUE DEPENDENT
Unavailable stimuli during attempted recall.
2. ORGANIC
Physiological brain damage.
3. INTERFERENCE THEORIES
1. Proactive- old interferes with new
2. Retroactive- new interferes with old
4. DECAY THEORIES
“Memory Trace’ vanishes because it hasn’t been used for a long

16. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.
:)