Evolution and the 98% Chimpanzee
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This presentation will address the claim that humans share up to 98% of the same DNA with chimpanzees.
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Cane toads were introduced to Australia in 1935 and are toxic to most native snakes. Scientists later found that red-bellied black snakes had increased in length by 3-5% since then. This is because longer snakes are less susceptible to cane toad toxins, so the survivors of snake attacks on toads were longer and passed this characteristic to future generations through reproduction.
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2. Different genes are suitable for phylogenetic analysis, with some like rRNA being problematic due to paralogs. Studies using multiple genes from different genomic compartments provide better resolution.
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- The goals of the Human Genome Project including mapping genes, storing DNA data, and developing analysis tools.
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- Scientific advancements in cloning extinct species like mammoths and debates around human cloning and genetic engineering.
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2. Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and observations of variations within populations and the struggle for existence led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology which show conservation and diversification of genes matching evolutionary relationships.
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Instructions for Written Assignment 2
For the second (and final!) writing assignment, you get to select
one
of the five articles below. Take a brief look at each of the articles to see which one appears the most interesting to
you
. As with the previous written assignment, read the selected article and write a 3-4 page paper (double-spaced, 10-12 pt font, 1000-1500 words) for submission. Each paper should consist primarily of a review of the article (tell me what the article was about), with a short discussion at the end (1/2 page or 2-3 paragraphs)
Do not cut-n-paste from the text or other sources, and please do not include quotations. For the discussion section, pick out and discuss some aspect of the article that you found to be the most interesting, surprising, and/or problematic. Please discuss why this topic was noteworthy to you. Feel free to express your personal opinions, including agreement or disagreement with the arguments (and your reasoning behind these stances).
Again, don't worry about a particular 'style' (e.g., APA, Chicago), but do use college-level grammar, paragraph and sentence formatting, etc.
This the Article
The Article 8. The 2% Difference
If you find yourself sitting close to a chimpanzee, staring face to face and making sustained eye contact, something interesting happens, something that is alternately moving, bewildering, and kind of creepy. When you gaze at this beast, you suddenly realize that the face gazing back is that of a sentient individual, who is recognizably kin. You can't help but wonder, What's the matter with those intelligent design people?
Chimpanzees are close relatives to humans, but they're not identical to us. We are not chimps. Chimps excel at climbing trees, but we beat them hands down at balance-beam routines; they are covered in hair, while we have only the occasional guy with really hairy shoulders. The core differences, however, arise from how we use our brains. Chimps have complex social lives, play power politics, betray and murder each other, make tools, and teach tool use across generations in a way that qualifies as culture. They can even learn to do logic operations with symbols, and they have a relative sense of numbers. Yet those behaviors don't remotely approach the complexity and nuance of human behaviors, and in my opinion there's not the tiniest bit of scientific evidence that chimps have aesthetics, spirituality, or a capacity for irony or poignancy.
What accounts for those differences? A few years ago, the most ambitious project in the history of biology was carried out: the sequencing of the human genome. Then just four months ago, a team of researchers reported that they had likewise sequenced the complete chimpanzee genome. Scientists have long known that chimps and humans share about 98 percent of their DNA. At last, however, one can sit down with two scrolls of computer printout, march through the two genomes, and see exactly where our 2 percent differe.
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3. The document then discusses population evolution and microbial life, biological diversity evolution, plant and animal development, population growth, and biomes and ecosystems.
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- Types of genetic disorders like single gene, chromosome abnormalities, and multifactorial disorders.
- Scientific advancements in cloning extinct species like mammoths and debates around human cloning and genetic engineering.
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2) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry will be used to identify and quantify the two target chemicals in spray samples collected from skunks in areas of high and low mammalian and avian predation risk.
3) Three hypotheses are that skunks in riskier areas will have more variable spray potency, juveniles will have stronger spray, and bolder
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This document discusses several key concepts and theories related to evolution:
1. It describes Lamarck's theory of evolution which proposed that acquired traits could be inherited. It notes this theory is no longer supported.
2. It summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, noting the key principles of overproduction, variation, adaptation, and natural selection.
3. It discusses Hugo de Vries' mutation theory which proposed evolution occurs through accumulation of mutations in genes.
4. It notes the modern synthesis combines Darwinian evolution through natural selection with Mendelian genetics.
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- Brain imaging of early human fetuses and infants shows asymmetries are present from a very early age, indicating they are inborn traits under partial genetic control. However, the specific genes involved are not well established.
- While the left hemisphere dominates language functions, both hemispheres contribute to complex cognitive tasks. Myths persist about the hemispheres having strictly complementary functions, but evidence does
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1. Evolution is the change in populations over time through natural selection and common descent. Microevolution refers to changes within populations while macroevolution creates and eliminates species.
2. Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and observations of variations within populations and the struggle for existence led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology which show conservation and diversification of genes matching evolutionary relationships.
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Various life forms can develop cancer, including sea lions, birds, green turtles, sharks, mice, beluga whales, and the South African clawed toad. Cancer rates have increased in some species like green turtles and beluga whales, possibly due to pollution. While some animals rarely develop tumors, like the South African clawed toad, others like sea lions and birds have higher risks depending on genetics and lifestyle factors. Studies on mice may help develop prostate cancer vaccines for humans. Spider venom is also being researched for its potential to destroy breast cancer cells.
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Instructions for Written Assignment 2
For the second (and final!) writing assignment, you get to select
one
of the five articles below. Take a brief look at each of the articles to see which one appears the most interesting to
you
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Do not cut-n-paste from the text or other sources, and please do not include quotations. For the discussion section, pick out and discuss some aspect of the article that you found to be the most interesting, surprising, and/or problematic. Please discuss why this topic was noteworthy to you. Feel free to express your personal opinions, including agreement or disagreement with the arguments (and your reasoning behind these stances).
Again, don't worry about a particular 'style' (e.g., APA, Chicago), but do use college-level grammar, paragraph and sentence formatting, etc.
This the Article
The Article 8. The 2% Difference
If you find yourself sitting close to a chimpanzee, staring face to face and making sustained eye contact, something interesting happens, something that is alternately moving, bewildering, and kind of creepy. When you gaze at this beast, you suddenly realize that the face gazing back is that of a sentient individual, who is recognizably kin. You can't help but wonder, What's the matter with those intelligent design people?
Chimpanzees are close relatives to humans, but they're not identical to us. We are not chimps. Chimps excel at climbing trees, but we beat them hands down at balance-beam routines; they are covered in hair, while we have only the occasional guy with really hairy shoulders. The core differences, however, arise from how we use our brains. Chimps have complex social lives, play power politics, betray and murder each other, make tools, and teach tool use across generations in a way that qualifies as culture. They can even learn to do logic operations with symbols, and they have a relative sense of numbers. Yet those behaviors don't remotely approach the complexity and nuance of human behaviors, and in my opinion there's not the tiniest bit of scientific evidence that chimps have aesthetics, spirituality, or a capacity for irony or poignancy.
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2. It also discusses using DNA analysis to determine elements of biological evidence to solve crimes and legal disputes. DNA testing provides certainty that helps law enforcement and influences society.
3. The document then discusses population evolution and microbial life, biological diversity evolution, plant and animal development, population growth, and biomes and ecosystems.
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- Learning: Define classical and operant conditioning. Understand principles of reinforcement, punishment, extinction. Know examples of different conditioning paradigms.
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Biology Ch 13
This document summarizes an interview with Terry Orr-Weaver, a biologist who studies chromosome partitioning during cell division and DNA replication. Some key points:
- Orr-Weaver switched from yeast to fruit flies as her model organism to study how cell division and pattern formation are coordinated during development.
- Her research group uses genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology approaches like microscopy to study these processes directly. For example, they tagged a protein involved in DNA replication to see where it localizes in cells.
- Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid by having an extra round of chromosome separation where maternal and paternal chromosomes are separated. This ensures sperm and eggs have one copy of
1 05 questionsandconclusions. (1)
The document contains 5 questions about early atmosphere and the origin of life on Earth. It asks about the universal genetic code shared by all living organisms, how this relates to hypotheses about the origin of life, how self-replicating molecules were essential to popular hypotheses, how genetic codes and proteins can determine how closely related species are, and which species humans appear most and least closely related to based on amino acid sequence data.
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Evolutionary stuff like macroevolution
New alleles usually enter a gene pool as single copies. Gregor Mendel showed through pea plant experiments that offspring are not a blending of parents' traits, disproving the prevailing theory of blending inheritance. Population genetics founded by Fisher, Wright, and Haldane examines how allele frequencies change in populations over time through natural selection and genetic drift. Speciation, when one species splits into two, is a mechanism of macroevolution as it allows major evolutionary changes between lineages. Evidence for macroevolution comes from fields like comparative anatomy, biogeography, and taxonomy.
Chapter4-Systematics.ppt
Linnaeus developed the first hierarchical system for classifying organisms in the 18th century based on observable traits. While useful, it did not reflect evolutionary relationships. Modern systematics aims to classify organisms based on their evolutionary history and common ancestry, as revealed by anatomical similarities, genetic data, and the fossil record. Phylogenetic trees illustrate evolutionary relationships and shared ancestors between modern species and are constantly refined as new evidence emerges.
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Evolution and the 98% Chimpanzee
- 1. Evolution and the 98% Chimpanzee
- 2. The claim is often made that humans share up to 98% of the same DNA with chimpanzees – is this true?
- 3. DNA is a linear array of four bases—A,G,C, and T
- 7. Finding similarities does not prove common ancestry.
- 8. Of the 5,000 best-known human genes, 75% have matches in the nematode
- 9. We also share about 50% of our DNA with bananas
- 10. That doesn’t make us half bananas, either from the waist up or the waist down. There are limits in what genetics can tell us about what it means to be human.
- 11. New research suggests that the 2 genomes might not be quite as similar after all. “ Jumbled DNA Separates Chimps and Humans” Science magazine: October 25, 2002
- 12. It is obvious that we are very different from chimpanzees
- 13. If we are almost the same as chimpanzees in our DNA sequence, this simply means that … … the DNA sequence is the wrong place to look in trying to understand what makes humans different.
- 14. We now know that the 98.5% figure is very misleading
- 15. Only 76% of the human genome aligns
- 16. Artificial gaps are introduce to make an exact alignment
- 17. The difference is now at around 72%
- 18. Further copy and alignment differences cause more differences between the two species
- 19. The total similarity of the genomes could be below 70%
- 20. Our new knowledge of the genomes contradicts the idea that humans are 98% chimpanzee…
- 21. … and undermines the implications that have been drawn from this figure
- 22. The differences between a man and a chimpanzee are more astonishing
- 24. Textbooks make much of the similarity between the limb skeletons of different animals to indicate their common origin.
- 25. If these structures were transmitted by the same genes, varied from time to time by mutations, the theory would make good sense. Unfortunately this is not the case.
- 26. The concept of homology in terms of similar genes handed on from a common ancestor has broken down…
- 27. Darwin originally thought that all life was related and could be traced back to a single simple life form
- 28. He drew a tree diagram showing a proposed evolutionary pathway charting the different species.
- 29. The tree would later grow to include more and more species.
- 30. Eventually this diagram becomes too complex
- 32. Researchers say although for much of the past 150 years biology has largely concerned itself with filling in the details of the tree it is now obsolete and needs to be discarded.
- 33. Dr. Eric Bapteste, an evolutionary biologist at the Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, said: “For a long time the holy grail was to build a tree of life. We have no evidence at all that the tree of life is a reality.”
- 34. Current research is finding a far more complex scenario than Darwin could have imagined – particularly in relation to bacteria and single-celled organisms.
- 35. Dr. Bapteste said: “If you don’t have a tree of life what does it mean for evolutionary biology. At first it’s very scary – but in the past couple of years people have begun to free their minds.”
- 36. Dr. Rose said: “The tree of life is being politely buried – we all know that. What’s less accepted is our whole fundamental view of biology needs to change.”
- 37. The more one examines the evidence for evolution, the more apparent the many gaps, misrepresentations and oversimplifications become.
- 38. Lo, this only have I found, that God hath made man upright; but they have sought out many inventions. – Ecclesiastes 7:29
- 39. truthseekers.ca