Swe3643 2006 Decision Table Based Testing
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The document discusses decision table-based testing. A decision table lists conditions and their possible values along with corresponding actions. It allows testing all combinations of condition values to check for completeness and inconsistencies. While decision tables initially consider all combinations, some may be dependent or impossible, reducing the number of test cases needed. The document provides examples of using decision tables to test problems like determining triangle types and calculating next dates.
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2. It explains how to calculate determinants of matrices. The determinant of a 1x1 matrix is the single element. The determinant of a 2x2 matrix is calculated using a formula. Determinants of higher order matrices are calculated by expanding along rows or columns.
3. It introduces concepts of minors, cofactors, and explains how the value of a determinant can be written in terms of its minors and cofactors. It also lists some properties and operations for determinants.
Determinants and matrices.ppt
1. The document discusses matrices and determinants, including types of matrices like rectangular, square, diagonal, and scalar matrices.
2. It defines determinants and provides rules for computing determinants of matrices of order 2 and 3 by expanding along rows or columns.
3. Key concepts covered include minors, cofactors, properties of determinants like how row operations affect the determinant value, and examples of computing determinants.
Which if statement below tests if letter holds R (letter is a char .pdf
Which if statement below tests if letter holds R? (letter is a char variable)
if ( letter == \"R\")
if ( letter >= \'R\')
if ( letter == R)
if ( letter = \'R\')
if ( letter == \'R\')
What are if statements used for in programs?
Repeating commands
Storing data
Numeric calculations
Numeric casts
Making decisions
The following if statement tests the rainfall in New York’s Central Park during the months of
June, July and August.
if (low <= rain && rain <= high)
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is normal.\");
else
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is abnormal.\");
It could be replaced with:
I.
if (rain >= low)
{
if (rain <= high)
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is normal.\");
}
else
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is abnormal.\");
II.
if (rain >= low)
{
if (rain <= high)
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is normal.\");
else
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is abnormal.\");
}
else
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is abnormal.\");
III.
if (rain >= low)
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is normal.\");
else if (rain <= high)
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is normal.\");
else
System.out.println(\"Rainfall amount is abnormal.\");
I only
II only
III only
II or III
I, II or III
What is output by the following code?
int x = 36 % 8;
if (x >= 10)
System.out.println( 1);
else if (x >= 8)
System.out.println( 2);
else if (x >= 6)
System.out.println( 3);
else if ( x >= 4)
System.out.println( 4);
else
System.out.println( 5);
1
2
3
4
5
Consider the code:
if ( y == 0 || x * y > 10)
Which of the following is an example of short circuit evaluation?
if x * y > 10 is false it evaluates y ==0
if x * y > 10 is false it doesn\'t evaluate y ==0
if y == 0 is false it doesn\'t evaluate x * y > 10
if y == 0 is true it doesn\'t evaluate x * y > 10
if y == 0 is false it evaluates x * y > 10
The following truth table matches which boolean condition?
A && ( A || B)
A || ( !A && !B)
A && ( A && B)
!A && ( A || !B)
A || ( A || B)
Consider the code:
if (a < b && c != d)
Which of the following is an example of short circuit evaluation?
if a < b is true it doesn\'t evaluate c != d
if a < b is false it doesn\'t evaluate c != d
if c != d is false it evaluates a < b
if c != d is true it doesn\'t evaluate a < b
if a < b is true it evaluates c != d
! ( x < y && w == z) is the same as which boolean expression?
x <= y && w == z
x >= y || w != z
x <= y || w != z
x <= y && w != z
x < y && w != z
Assume that x and y are boolean variables and have been properly initialized.
!(x || y) || (x || y)
The result of evaluating the expression above is best described as:
always true
always false
true only when x is true and y is true
true only when x and y have the same value
true only when x and y have different values
What is output to the screen by the following code?
int c = 2;
while (c < 6)
{
System.out.print((int)Math.pow (-1, c)+\" \");
c++;
}
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
How many times will the following loop repeat?.
chp-1-matrices-determinants1 (2).ppt
The document discusses matrices and determinants. It defines different types of matrices like rectangular, square, diagonal, scalar, row, column, identity and zero matrices. It explains how to find the determinant of matrices of order 1, 2 and 3 by expansion along the first row. It also defines minors, cofactors and properties of determinants. It describes how to perform row and column operations to evaluate determinants. Finally, it provides examples to calculate determinants.
Topic 2b .pptx
transport economic - topis 2
Review Basics of Demand Analysis
Estimation and Forecasting of Demand
Review of Basic Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Spread
Simple Hypothesis Test
Correlation
Basic Trend Analysis
Basic Regression Analysis
what is sastistic?
“There are lies, damned lies and statistics”
(former British Prime Minister)
“Statistics is like a bikini; it reveals a lot but also covers some of the most important parts”
(student in Singapore)
“If I had one day left to live, I would live it in my statistics class, it would seem so much longer”
(American student)
Correlation and regression
This document provides an introduction to correlation and regression analysis. It defines correlation as a measure of the association between two variables and regression as using one variable to predict another. The key aspects covered are:
- Calculating correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient r to measure the strength and direction of association between variables.
- Performing simple linear regression to find the "line of best fit" to predict a dependent variable from an independent variable.
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This document discusses problem solving through state space search. It explains that state space search involves representing a problem as an initial state, goal state, set of actions that can transform one state into another, and the set of all possible states. The document provides examples of applying state space search to problems like the missionaries and cannibals problem and the 8-queens puzzle. It also discusses strategies for controlling the order of applying actions during the search.
2012 mdsp pr03 kalman filter
1) The document outlines the key steps and equations of the Kalman filter algorithm for optimal state estimation.
2) It describes the Kalman filter as a recursive algorithm that uses a system's dynamics model and noisy measurements to produce optimal estimates of unknown variables.
3) The algorithm involves two main steps - prediction using the system model to produce an estimate, and correction using new measurements to update the estimate.
Planning Under Uncertainty With Markov Decision Processes
This document summarizes techniques for abstraction in Markov decision processes (MDPs) using logical and structured representations. It discusses decision-theoretic regression, which produces a logical description of the Q-function given a description of the value function. Decision-theoretic regression can be done propositionally or in first-order logic. It allows for structured value and policy iteration algorithms that exploit the logical and probabilistic structure of MDPs. Approximate decision-theoretic regression can provide more compact representations by pruning value distinctions.
Module code 124ms Tajvinder Virdee Sets and Log.docx
Module code: 124ms
Tajvinder Virdee
Sets and Logic Coursework 1
1. Find the truth value of P (Q R) if P is false, Q is true, and R is false. What is the truth
value of this expression if the brackets are removed?
Substituting in the truth values, we obtain
f (t f)
As there is a set of brackets, the brackets have to be done first as they have a higher order of
precedence. So (Q R), becomes (t f) which we can say is false, as if Q is true and R is
false the truth value of this implication is false. This then becomes
f f
which is equivalent to
f
If the brackets are removed, then the order of the procedure changes.
The expression now becomes
P Q R, where P is false, Q is true, and R is false.
Inserting the truth values of P, Q and R, we get
f t f
Since has higher priority than , we have to work out the f t first. This gives us the
value false as not both parts are true.
f f
This gives t
As false implies false, the truth value is true, meaning that the expression has truth value
true.
Both answers are different as once the brackets were removed the order of the procedure
changes, resulting in the steps taking to complete the expression to be different.
2. Consider the proposition
((C ( C S)) (S P)) S P.
(a) Interpreting these symbols as the atomic sentences
C : I am a careful programmer.
S : My program will meet its specification.
P : My program will pass the validation test.
Interpret the above proposition as an argument in natural English.
I started by drawing up a table, in which I explained the possible connectives and translated
them into natural English.
I then started to convert the proposition in English.
This is as can only be true if both parts are true,
so as both parts are false, the expression has the
truth value f (false).
Connectives (symbols) Natural English
“AND”
“OR”
“IMPLIES”, so if this ... then....
“IF AND ONLY IF”
“NOT”, so the negative of a sentence.
Module code: 124ms
Tajvinder Virdee
I am a careful programmer and if I am not a careful programmer, then my program will not
meet its specification, and if my program will meet its specification then my program will
pass the validation test. This implies that my program will meet its specification and then my
program will pass the validation test.
(b) By means of a truth table, find out whether the argument is valid.
I started by calculating how many rows my truth table would need. As there are only two
truth values, true and false, I would have to have the value 2 to the power n, where n would
be the amount of sentence letters, in the proposition.
In this case as there are 3 types of sentence letters, C, S and P, n would be 3.
So ...
vtu----DecisionTableBasedTesting-m5.pptx
Decision tables provide a precise yet compact way to model complex logic by associating conditions with actions. Key terminology includes condition stubs, condition entries, action stubs, and action entries. For testing, conditions represent input equivalence classes and actions represent major functional processing or output. Complete decision tables provide a full set of test cases. Several examples of decision tables are provided, including for printer troubleshooting, triangles, and calculating the next date, demonstrating how tables can be refined over time. Guidelines note decision tables work best when there is significant decision-making logic and advise ensuring tables are complete and consistent before deriving test cases.
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X Bar R Charts
This document discusses x-bar and R control charts, which are statistical process control tools used to monitor quality and identify changes in a manufacturing process. X-bar charts monitor the average value or mean of a process over time, while R charts monitor process variation. The document outlines the steps to construct each chart type, including calculating control limits, plotting data points, and interpreting results to determine if the process is in statistical control. An example is provided showing data from measuring engine shaft diameters and the corresponding x-bar and R chart calculations and limits.
X Bar R Charts
This document discusses x-bar and R control charts, which are statistical process control tools used to monitor quality and identify changes in a manufacturing process. X-bar charts monitor the average value or mean of a process over time, while R charts monitor process variation. The document outlines the steps to construct each chart type, including calculating control limits, plotting data points, and interpreting results to determine if the process is in statistical control. An example is provided demonstrating the construction and analysis of x-bar and R charts for measurement data from an engine shaft manufacturing process.
Lecture 3
The document discusses various arithmetic, relational, and logical operators in C++. It provides examples of using operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus, comparison, logical AND, logical OR, and logical NOT. It explains concepts like operator precedence and associativity. Code samples are provided to demonstrate the use of various operators in C++ programs.
chp-1-matrices-determinants1.ppt
The document discusses matrices and determinants. It defines different types of matrices like rectangular, square, diagonal, scalar, row, column, identity and zero matrices. It explains how to find the determinant of matrices of order 1, 2 and 3 by expansion along the first row. It also defines minors, cofactors and properties of determinants. It describes how to perform row and column operations to evaluate determinants.
Forecasting demand planning
The document discusses various topics related to statistics including:
1) Different types of numbers such as natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers.
2) Qualitative and quantitative data types as well as different measurement scales such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
3) Key concepts in time series analysis including time series, cross-sectional, and panel data.
4) Various forecasting techniques like naive method, moving average, exponential smoothing, Holt's method, and regression analysis.
Programming for Problem Solving
18 css101j pps unit 2
Relational and logical Operators - Condition Operators, Operator Precedence - Expressions with pre / post increment operator - Expression with conditional and assignment operators - If statement in expression - L value and R value in expression -
Control Statements – if and else - else if and nested if, switch case - Iterations, Conditional and Unconditional branching
For loop - while loop - do while, goto, break, continue
Array Basic and Types - Array Initialization and Declaration - Initialization: one Dimensional Array - Accessing, Indexing one Dimensional Array Operations - One Dimensional Array operations - Array Programs – 1D
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How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing Days
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalization
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
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