This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
This document provides an overview of assessing soil quality. It discusses the importance of evaluating soil quality to understand the impacts of management practices on soil functions. Key parameters for assessing soil quality are organized into physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Common methods for evaluating soil quality indicators include statistical analysis, soil quality indexing, and case studies. Maintaining or improving soil quality is important for ensuring soil health and sustainable agricultural productivity over the long term.
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
Unit 1 lecture-1 soil fertility and soil productivityLuxmiKantTripathi
The document discusses the concepts of soil fertility and productivity, outlining key factors that affect each such as parent material, climate, organic matter and crop management practices. It also reviews the history of understanding soil fertility from ancient Greek and Roman scholars to modern scientists who established theories of plant nutrition and developed agricultural experiments. The overall goal is for students to understand essential plant nutrients and their roles in agriculture and crop production.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
potassium fixation in different clay mineralsBharathM64
This document discusses potassium fixation in different clay minerals. It explains that potassium fixation was first reported in 1887 and involves potassium penetrating between clay layers and becoming tightly held. The degree of potassium fixation varies between clay types, with vermiculite showing the highest fixation due to its high charge density and large interlayer space, followed by illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Factors like charge density, interlayer space size, solution concentration, and presence of other cations can influence how much potassium is fixed within clay minerals. The practical implication is that fixed potassium contributes to long-term potassium availability in soils.
This document discusses soil acidity and pH. It begins by explaining how various natural and anthropogenic factors can contribute to soil acidity in humid regions. It then discusses how pH impacts nutrient availability and toxicity, with most nutrients being optimally available between pH 5.5-7. It also covers aluminum toxicity, how it is more prevalent at lower pH, and how different crop varieties have varying sensitivities. The document provides an overview of the multiple forms of soil acidity and explains pH in terms of hydrogen ion concentration.
This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
This document provides an overview of assessing soil quality. It discusses the importance of evaluating soil quality to understand the impacts of management practices on soil functions. Key parameters for assessing soil quality are organized into physical, chemical, and biological indicators. Common methods for evaluating soil quality indicators include statistical analysis, soil quality indexing, and case studies. Maintaining or improving soil quality is important for ensuring soil health and sustainable agricultural productivity over the long term.
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, Opening Ceremony of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Luca Montanarella from EU Commission’s Joint Research Centre, in FAO Hq, Rome
Unit 1 lecture-1 soil fertility and soil productivityLuxmiKantTripathi
The document discusses the concepts of soil fertility and productivity, outlining key factors that affect each such as parent material, climate, organic matter and crop management practices. It also reviews the history of understanding soil fertility from ancient Greek and Roman scholars to modern scientists who established theories of plant nutrition and developed agricultural experiments. The overall goal is for students to understand essential plant nutrients and their roles in agriculture and crop production.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
potassium fixation in different clay mineralsBharathM64
This document discusses potassium fixation in different clay minerals. It explains that potassium fixation was first reported in 1887 and involves potassium penetrating between clay layers and becoming tightly held. The degree of potassium fixation varies between clay types, with vermiculite showing the highest fixation due to its high charge density and large interlayer space, followed by illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Factors like charge density, interlayer space size, solution concentration, and presence of other cations can influence how much potassium is fixed within clay minerals. The practical implication is that fixed potassium contributes to long-term potassium availability in soils.
This document discusses soil acidity and pH. It begins by explaining how various natural and anthropogenic factors can contribute to soil acidity in humid regions. It then discusses how pH impacts nutrient availability and toxicity, with most nutrients being optimally available between pH 5.5-7. It also covers aluminum toxicity, how it is more prevalent at lower pH, and how different crop varieties have varying sensitivities. The document provides an overview of the multiple forms of soil acidity and explains pH in terms of hydrogen ion concentration.
This document summarizes the key findings from long-term fertilizer experiments in India. The experiments showed that:
1) Applying a balanced ratio of 100% NPK fertilizer with farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 tons/hectare produced the highest crop yields across different soil and cropping systems.
2) Applying 150% NPK fertilizer resulted in the highest yields for crops grown in alluvial and red loam soils.
3) The rice-wheat cropping system yielded an average of 10.7 tons/hectare/year with balanced NPK and FYM.
4) Continuous application of nitrogen alone reduced yields in acidic soils that were
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
The document discusses soil degradation, quality, and health. It defines soil degradation as changes that diminish a soil's ability to provide goods and services. Several types of degradation are described, including water erosion, chemical degradation like acidification, and physical degradation like compaction. Causes include deforestation, overgrazing, and inappropriate irrigation. Key processes are discussed, such as the degradation of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. Soil quality and health are defined as a soil's ability to perform functions like supporting plant growth and nutrient cycling. Important indicators for assessing soil quality and health are identified, including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Characteristics of healthy soils include good structure, sufficient nutrients, low pollution, and
factor responsible for nutrient in soil and their contribution to soil fertility. importance of soil fertility, processes involved in sustaining soil productivity
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
The document discusses manures and fertilizers. It provides details on farmyard manure (FYM), including its composition, characteristics, and methods to improve it. FYM is a mixture of cattle dung, urine, litter, and fodder residues. It has low nutrient content of around 0.5% N, 0.25% P2O5, and 0.5% K2O. The document recommends the trench method for FYM preparation to reduce losses during handling and storage. It also suggests enriching FYM with superphosphate before field application.
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...MohanSahu35
This document provides information about a course assignment on phosphorus reactions in acid and alkaline soils. The assignment covers topics such as problems of phosphorus availability in acid and alkaline soils, reactions of phosphorus in soils including adsorption and precipitation, types of phosphorus fixation, behavior of phosphatic fertilizers in soils, and management of phosphorus under field conditions. The document outlines the contents to be covered in the assignment and provides details on various phosphorus reactions and processes in different soil types.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Soil carbon sequestration involves transferring carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the soil through crop residues and other organic materials. This helps offset carbon emissions while improving soil quality and productivity. Management practices that increase biomass additions to soils, minimize disturbance, conserve soil and water, and enhance soil structure and biology can sequester carbon through continuous no-till crop production. The document then discusses carbon sequestration in the context of Indian agriculture and the impacts of climate change on food production in India.
Biochar is produced through pyrolysis of biomass and used as a soil amendment. It improves soil health by increasing cation exchange capacity, water retention and nutrient availability. Different feedstocks produce biochars with varying chemical properties. Application rates of 5-50 tonnes per hectare can boost crop yields by enhancing soil quality and microbial activity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from soil. Quality of feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, soil type and application method influence the effectiveness of biochar as a soil conditioner.
Soil Organic Matter Content and Restoring Soil carbon Levels MutyaluSheshu
This document summarizes a master seminar presentation on managing organic matter content and restoring carbon levels in soil. It discusses the origin and nature of soil organic matter. The processes of decomposition are influenced by temperature, moisture, soil reaction, and nutrients. A proper C:N ratio is important for decomposition. Organic matter improves soil fertility through its effects on physical, chemical, and biological properties. Estimates show that large areas of Indian land are affected by soil degradation. Organic farming leads to higher nutrient availability and more microorganisms compared to chemical farming. Techniques for restoring carbon levels include conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and afforestation. Different regions of India have varying levels of soil organic carbon.
Development of wasteland under social forestry programmejaimangal tirkey
Development of Wasteland under Social Forestry Programme
The problem of wasteland has become a serious issue and it has increased with the development of technology for increasing the agricultural production (Swaminathan, 1997). The natural disturbances including the man-made problems, i.e. industrialization and urbanization, contribute to increasing trend of wastelands in various ways. The requirement by the increasing human population and cattle population and also the natural disasters cause the loss of natural resources and land degradation (Hegde, 1993).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992), the various forms of land degradation such as soil erosion, chemical poisoning, stalinization and loss through building or mining is of 5 to 7 million hectares from good cultivable lands
Wasteland
Wastelands include degraded forests, overgrazed pastures, drought-struck pastures, eroded valleys, hilly slopes, waterlogged marshy lands, barren land etc.
Types of Wastelands:
(a) Cultivable Wastelands
(b) Uncultivable Wastelands
This document summarizes the key findings from long-term fertilizer experiments in India. The experiments showed that:
1) Applying a balanced ratio of 100% NPK fertilizer with farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 tons/hectare produced the highest crop yields across different soil and cropping systems.
2) Applying 150% NPK fertilizer resulted in the highest yields for crops grown in alluvial and red loam soils.
3) The rice-wheat cropping system yielded an average of 10.7 tons/hectare/year with balanced NPK and FYM.
4) Continuous application of nitrogen alone reduced yields in acidic soils that were
Benefits of Soil Organic Carbon - an overviewExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Niels H. Batjes, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
The document discusses soil degradation, quality, and health. It defines soil degradation as changes that diminish a soil's ability to provide goods and services. Several types of degradation are described, including water erosion, chemical degradation like acidification, and physical degradation like compaction. Causes include deforestation, overgrazing, and inappropriate irrigation. Key processes are discussed, such as the degradation of physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. Soil quality and health are defined as a soil's ability to perform functions like supporting plant growth and nutrient cycling. Important indicators for assessing soil quality and health are identified, including physical, chemical, and biological properties. Characteristics of healthy soils include good structure, sufficient nutrients, low pollution, and
factor responsible for nutrient in soil and their contribution to soil fertility. importance of soil fertility, processes involved in sustaining soil productivity
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
Alkaline soil , Origin, Properties and Distribution in India Rahul Raj Tandon
This document discusses alkaline soils, including their origin, properties, and distribution. Alkaline soils have a high pH (>9) and develop naturally from weathering minerals or through irrigation with sodium-rich water. They are characterized by having an exchange complex containing appreciable quantities of exchangeable sodium. Alkaline soils form in arid regions with low rainfall and salty groundwater or due to the overflow of sea water, and cause nutrients like phosphorus to have low availability for plants. They are widespread in parts of India, Australia, and Canada.
The document discusses manures and fertilizers. It provides details on farmyard manure (FYM), including its composition, characteristics, and methods to improve it. FYM is a mixture of cattle dung, urine, litter, and fodder residues. It has low nutrient content of around 0.5% N, 0.25% P2O5, and 0.5% K2O. The document recommends the trench method for FYM preparation to reduce losses during handling and storage. It also suggests enriching FYM with superphosphate before field application.
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...MohanSahu35
This document provides information about a course assignment on phosphorus reactions in acid and alkaline soils. The assignment covers topics such as problems of phosphorus availability in acid and alkaline soils, reactions of phosphorus in soils including adsorption and precipitation, types of phosphorus fixation, behavior of phosphatic fertilizers in soils, and management of phosphorus under field conditions. The document outlines the contents to be covered in the assignment and provides details on various phosphorus reactions and processes in different soil types.
Conservation agriculture for resource use efficiency and sustainability BASIX
The Green Revolution era focused on enhancing the production and productivity of crops. New challenges demand that the issues of efficient resource use and resource conservation receive high priority to ensure that past gains can be sustained and further enhanced to meet the emerging needs. Extending some of the resource-conserving interventions developed for the agricultural crops are the major challenges for researchers and farmers alike. The present paper shares recent research experiences on resource conservation technologies involving tillage and crop establishment options and associated agronomic practices which enable farmers in reducing production costs, increase profitability and help them move forward in the direction of adopting conservation agriculture.
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production system that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while conserving the environment.
It is based on minimum tillage, crop residue retention, and crop rotations, has been proposed as an alternative system combining benefits for the farmer with advantages for the society.
Conservation Agriculture remains an important technology that improves soil processes, controls soil erosion and reduces production cost.
Characterisation and management of salt affected soils (1)aakvd
Salt affected soils are soils containing soluble salts that negatively impact plant growth. They are classified as saline soils containing neutral salts or alkali soils containing soluble sodium salts. Saline soils occur in arid regions due to insufficient rainfall for leaching salts out of the soil. Alkali soils form due to accumulation of soluble sodium salts that disperse soil particles. Management of salt affected soils involves physical measures like leaching and drainage, chemical amendments like gypsum, and soil management practices like basin irrigation and growing salt tolerant crops.
This document provides an overview of soil health and soil science concepts. It defines soil and describes its key properties. Soil is a complex, living system composed of physical, chemical and biological components. The document outlines the different types of soils based on taxonomy and discusses various soil profiles. It also addresses threats to soil health such as erosion, organic matter decline, contamination, salinization and others. The roles of soil in supporting plant growth, water regulation and environmental buffering are examined.
Soil carbon sequestration involves transferring carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into the soil through crop residues and other organic materials. This helps offset carbon emissions while improving soil quality and productivity. Management practices that increase biomass additions to soils, minimize disturbance, conserve soil and water, and enhance soil structure and biology can sequester carbon through continuous no-till crop production. The document then discusses carbon sequestration in the context of Indian agriculture and the impacts of climate change on food production in India.
Biochar is produced through pyrolysis of biomass and used as a soil amendment. It improves soil health by increasing cation exchange capacity, water retention and nutrient availability. Different feedstocks produce biochars with varying chemical properties. Application rates of 5-50 tonnes per hectare can boost crop yields by enhancing soil quality and microbial activity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from soil. Quality of feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, soil type and application method influence the effectiveness of biochar as a soil conditioner.
Soil Organic Matter Content and Restoring Soil carbon Levels MutyaluSheshu
This document summarizes a master seminar presentation on managing organic matter content and restoring carbon levels in soil. It discusses the origin and nature of soil organic matter. The processes of decomposition are influenced by temperature, moisture, soil reaction, and nutrients. A proper C:N ratio is important for decomposition. Organic matter improves soil fertility through its effects on physical, chemical, and biological properties. Estimates show that large areas of Indian land are affected by soil degradation. Organic farming leads to higher nutrient availability and more microorganisms compared to chemical farming. Techniques for restoring carbon levels include conservation agriculture, agroforestry, and afforestation. Different regions of India have varying levels of soil organic carbon.
Development of wasteland under social forestry programmejaimangal tirkey
Development of Wasteland under Social Forestry Programme
The problem of wasteland has become a serious issue and it has increased with the development of technology for increasing the agricultural production (Swaminathan, 1997). The natural disturbances including the man-made problems, i.e. industrialization and urbanization, contribute to increasing trend of wastelands in various ways. The requirement by the increasing human population and cattle population and also the natural disasters cause the loss of natural resources and land degradation (Hegde, 1993).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992), the various forms of land degradation such as soil erosion, chemical poisoning, stalinization and loss through building or mining is of 5 to 7 million hectares from good cultivable lands
Wasteland
Wastelands include degraded forests, overgrazed pastures, drought-struck pastures, eroded valleys, hilly slopes, waterlogged marshy lands, barren land etc.
Types of Wastelands:
(a) Cultivable Wastelands
(b) Uncultivable Wastelands
Soil degradation is a major threat to global food security and sustainable development. An estimated 33% of the world's soil is currently degraded due to unsustainable land management practices and climate change impacts. With the global population projected to reach over 9 billion by 2050, food demand is expected to increase 60% which will further stress soil resources. International programs are working to promote sustainable soil management, restore degraded lands, and build resilience to climate change in vulnerable regions. Key actions needed include use of sustainable technologies, soil protection projects, regulations on contaminants, and education on maintaining soil health.
Watershed/Landscape Management for Multiple Benefits and Climate Resilience ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Learn how watershed and landscape management can be made climate resilient and be designed for multiple benefits. This presentation by Sally Bunning, Senior Land/Soils officer of the FAO Land and Water Division focuses on the principles of integrated watershed management, experiences, strategy and lessons learned based on the experiences from East Africa.
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
The document discusses key challenges related to soil preservation and sustainable management. It notes that soil is a non-renewable resource under increasing pressure from population growth and competing land uses. Approximately one third of global land is currently degraded. Sustainable soil management is imperative for reversing degradation trends and ensuring future global food security given limited opportunities for agricultural expansion. The document outlines recommendations for promoting sustainable soil practices including technologies, policies, education, and investment to increase production while using less land and inputs.
Review of Evidence on Drylands Pastoral Systems and Climate Change - resumoBeefPoint
Dryland pastoral systems occupy 41% of the earth's land area and support the livelihoods of over 2 billion people. However, desertification is reducing the capacity of these systems to support livelihoods. Well-managed grasslands and rangelands can store large amounts of carbon, mitigate climate change impacts, and support pastoral livelihoods. A globally coordinated effort is needed to overcome socioeconomic barriers and support sustainable grassland management through incentives, pro-poor policies, integrated multi-stakeholder processes, and targeted research.
The document summarizes GEF-6 strategic programming directions. It discusses focusing on drivers of environmental degradation, integrating approaches across focal areas to deliver holistic solutions, and achieving impacts at scale. The GEF2020 vision is outlined as targeting drivers through relationships with stakeholders and ensuring complementarity across climate finance. Focal area strategies and programs are presented for biodiversity, land degradation, and international waters that align with conventions and achieve objectives through creative, integrated solutions.
Lindsay Carman STRINGER "Combating land degradation and desertification and ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Land degradation and desertification contribute to food insecurity by reducing the productivity of croplands and pasture. Addressing land degradation through sustainable land management practices such as crop rotation and soil fertility management can improve food security by increasing food production. However, fully solving food insecurity requires addressing both supply-side issues like land degradation as well as demand-side issues like reducing post-harvest food waste and unequal food consumption. Integrated solutions that blend supply-side and demand-side approaches across multiple stakeholders are needed.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
This document discusses the challenges of adopting a landscape management approach (LSM) for implementing India's Greening India Mission (GIM). It outlines some key challenges, including limited guidance in the GIM guidelines on achieving multiple objectives and managing trade-offs. There are also methodological challenges in selecting appropriate scales, integrating diverse data, addressing complexity and uncertainty, and defining and measuring landscape indicators. Integrating economic analysis and linking projects to decision-making are also challenges. Overall, while LSM is seen as important for GIM, there remain significant challenges to adopting this approach that need to be addressed.
The document discusses sustainable soil management in the Bahamas. It notes the Bahamas has over 700 islands with varied landscapes and four main soil types. Major challenges to soils include illegal dumping, uncontrolled burning, and unsustainable farming practices. Opportunities include encouraging organic farming and conservation incentives. Priorities are to review legislation, implement best practices, identify sensitive areas, develop educational tools, and address issues like land clearing and pollution. The long term focus is sustainable development, avoidance of environmental impacts, and identifying suitable land uses.
This document discusses integrated landscape management. It defines integrated landscape management as managing land production systems and natural resources across an area that is large enough to produce ecosystem services and small enough to be managed by local people. The document then provides context on why integrated landscape management is needed given pressures on land and resources. It outlines different types of integrated landscape management approaches and key aspects like taking an ecosystem approach and multi-stakeholder participation. The document also discusses challenges and examples of FAO's work in integrated landscape management programs around the world.
Similar to Sustainable Soil Management Pillar 1 of the Global Soil Partnership - Sally Bunning (20)
Agenda of the 5th NENA Soil Partnership meetingFAO
The Fifth meeting of the Near East and North African (NENA) Soil Partnership will take place from 1-2 April 2019 in Cairo, Egypt. The objectives of the meeting are to consolidate the NENA Soil Partnership, review the work plan, organize activities to establish National Soil Information Systems, agree to launch a Regional Soil Laboratory for NENA, and strengthen networking. The meeting agenda includes discussions on soil information systems, a soil laboratory network, and implementing the Voluntary Guidelines for Sustainable Soil Management. The performance of the NENA Soil Partnership will also be assessed and future strategies developed.
This document summarizes the proceedings of the first meeting of the Global Soil Laboratory Network (GLOSOLAN). GLOSOLAN was established to harmonize soil analysis methods and strengthen the performance of laboratories through standardized protocols. The meeting discussed the role of National Reference Laboratories in promoting harmonization, and how GLOSOLAN is structured with regional networks feeding into the global network. Progress made in 2018 included registering over 200 laboratories, assessing capacities and needs, and establishing regional networks. The work plan for 2019 includes further developing regional networks, standard methods, a best practice manual, and the first global proficiency testing. The document concludes by outlining next steps to launch the regional network for North Africa and the Near East.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
2. 1. What is Sustainable soil management (scope)
2. Soil management supports a range of ecosystem services
3. Soil management practices – knowledge and adoption
4. Soil knowledge and expertise
5. Governance and policy for sustainable soil management-
the Global soil partnership
6. Action plan: What is needed to bring about a trans-
formation towards SSM by farmers and other land users?
7. Next steps: Regional process to agree on priorities,
process and required support
Content
3. What is sustainable soil management?
Soil health: The capacity of a soil to function as a vital
living system within ecosystem and land use boundaries
to sustain plant and animal productivity and health and
maintain or enhance water and air quality (Doran, 1996)
Sustainable soil management requires balancing the
needs for human purposes with those for environmental
conservation and functioning
Soil quality /health is reduced through human-induced
degradation processes (erosion, nutrient mining,
compaction, acidification, pollution, etc.)
Soil quality: the capacity of a specific kind of soil to function, within natural
or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant & animal productivity,
maintain or enhance water and air quality, and support human health and
habitation" (SSS of America, Karlen et al., 1997).
4. Soil type, quality and management vary
across the landscape
A healthy living soil provides the basis for plant establishment
and growth and for crop, forest and livestock production.
• it provides support, nutrients and water for plant root uptake
• it contributes to the regulation of water, carbon and
atmospheric gases.
Soils vary across landscapes and with depth due to differences in
geology, topography, climate, vegetation and management over
long periods of time.
Soil productivity depends on managing
its properties (physical, chemical and
biological) and minimising erosion
Soil health, its productivity and
resilience are directly affected
by land use and management
practices
5. Soils contribute to a range of ecosystem
services and functions
A healthy soil is fundamental for sustained
production intensification and the
maintenance of other vital soil-mediated
ecosystem processes.
6. Soil management at diverse scales and
levels
• Management of soil properties (structure, SOM, soil moisture / water,
soil nutrients, mineral composition, pH, soil life/biological activity)
• On-farm management of soils (productivity; food, fibre, fuel, etc.)
• Land uses and habitat management (crop, rangeland, forests,
wetlands, urban areas for biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods).
•Landscape/ watershed level management (for hydrology, carbon and
nutrient flows/cycling, erosion control and climate regulation)
• Local and national soil governance (tenure, access, individual and
common property resources , protection)
7. Challenges of Managing soils sustainably
Soils in a human time frame are a non-renewable resource, but
increasingly degraded and being lost from productive use.
• Population and economic growth: Need to increase food, feed and
fiber production to meet demands (diet, income, urban, markets,)
• Environment: Need to reverse soil/land degradation, soil biodiversity
loss and adapt to and mitigate climate change (MEAs)
- Erosion and sediment load in water
- Nutrient mining and overload/pollution
- Water scarcity and climate change adaptation
- Compaction and sealing
• Competition over resources: Need to manage competing demands,
support smallholders (social equity) and protect productive land for
agricultural development, food security, sustainable development
8. Sustainable crop, grazing and forest systems can sequester
huge amounts of carbon from the atmosphere and store it
in soils and also in vegetation.
Estimates of global soil organic carbon (t/ha of carbon) from amended HWSD
The top metre of the world’s soils
holds some 2,200 GT of carbon, two
thirds of which is in the form of SOM.
This is more than 3 times the amount
of carbon held in the atmosphere!
Soil Carbon sequestration potential
9. 5 GSP Pillars (interrelated)
1. Promote sustainable management of soil resources.
2. Encourage investment, technical cooperation, policy,
education awareness and extension in soils.
3. Promote targeted soil research and development
focusing on identified gaps and priorities.
4. Enhance the quantity and quality of soil data and
information.
5. Support harmonization of methods, measurements and
indicators for sustainable soil management - with
national validation that takes into account the differences
of production systems and ecosystems.
GSP mandate and pillars of action
GSP Mandate: to improve governance of the limited soil resources of the
planet in order to guarantee healthy and productive soils for a food secure
world, as well as support other essential ecosystem services.
10. Soil Understanding & Knowledge for
SSM
Wealth of knowledge, data & expertise on soils worldwide, but:
• dispersed among technical specialisations, not shared or harmonized
• not accessible to key stakeholders: land users (farmers, livestock owners, foresters) or
policy makers/planners
• inadequately used in interdisciplinary, ecosystem approaches
• soil scientists are disappearing as lack of attention and support for soils
• countries have differing knowledge, data, capacities and expertise
11. Soils Training & Capacity
Development for SSM
Training and capacity development
• Build on / strengthen existing training capacities and efforts (universities, national &
regional institutes, private sector)
• Update and educate the next generation of soil expertise
• Coordinate knowledge & build synergy among work on soils to meet today’s challenges
• Knowledge management for farmers /producers associations
• Knowledge management for policy makers-
12. Sharing innovations and scaling up
The Traditional Minga system - ISFM and drought management: Farmers in Chiquitania region,
Santa Cruz, Bolivia community CC adaptation plan (30 years) Practice for improving soil structure, soil water
retention & nutrient availability to cope with increased rainfall variability and intensity (dig a trench close to
the plants , fill it with manure, cover with mulch or residues) It is being scaled up (FAO/INIAF) for increased
and reliable yields even in drought years.
13. There is a need to assess and support adaptive management and provide incentives for
adoption of systems & practices with greatest production, mitigation & adaptation
potential (win-win-win).
Adaptive management for Climate
Smart Agriculture- CSA
Principles for enhancing soil health and
its chemical, biological and physical
properties
Understanding effects of
management practices on
productivity and CC A & M
Assessing soil status and
trends (health,
degradation,
improvement)
Providing an enabling
environment for adaptive
management and
adoption of SLM and CSA
(systems)
14. Soils governance, policy & Institutional
Issues for SSM
• Raise awareness of policy makers of importance of soils (food security, climate
change, biodiversity conservation, water resources, poverty alleviation, human health, peace).
• Enhance land tenure security & access to natural resources (VG on tenure)
• Build synergy among and contribute to global commitments for SD
• Rio+20 targets(zero hunger; zero net land degradation targets)
• FAO (food security; sustainable production)
• UNCCD, CBD, UNFCCC….
•Mobilize technical cooperation
and investment in soils
• Identify areas with biggest
win-wins and effects on poverty
and food security
15. 1. Land users: capacity development for adaptive management of soils as
part of their crop, grazing and forest systems (to enhance productivity, cope
with climate change, and reduce GHGs- climate smart agriculture)
2. Technical sectors: improved understanding of biophysical & socio-
economic dimensions and develop SSM guidelines for different soils
• land use change and governance (effects of fragmentation, tenure security,
access rights of diverse land user groups)
• diversity and current status and trends of soils, NR and climatic conditions
(potentials and limitations)
• extent /severity of LD processes and effectiveness of various SLM measures.
• costs and access to seeds, fertilizers, markets, PES opportunities
• national & partners’ development objectives/decisions)
3. National assessment and targeted research to address major soil related
problems that impact on food security and climate change (e.g. salinity,
compaction, nutrient mining, agrochemical contamination, etc.)
4. Enabling environment for soil protection and sustainable
management : policy, investment and technical cooperation in
all regions to address key issues
Identify Actions with all stakeholders
16. Agree on Next steps for Pillar 1
• Expected Workshop output: Outline action plan for
sustainable soil management
Action: make it available for further regional and global
consultations, ensure involvement of all stakeholders.
• Regional consultations :
• 3 Regional partnerships started (Near East, Asia, Latin
America and Caribbean) initial focus on soils information
and data (Pillar 4) Action: need to mobilise their
consultation for Pillar 1 on SSM)
• 3 Regional partnerships being planned for Africa (West –
launched 1st week Feb; East & Central; and Southern)
Action: Need to ensure focus on information & data and
sustainable soil management (pillars 4 and 1)
• Finalise GSP Pillar 1 Action plan with inputs from each region
(priority actions, process, timing, actors/ partners, required
support) and Mobilise investment and technical cooperation
17. Soil health management
We are facing 5 global challenges:
1. food security / scarcity
2. water scarcity
3. climate change
4. Soil nutrient overload and mining
5. Soil loss through urbanization
… and soil management has to address all of them …
In this presentation I will give a short overview of:
• Integrated soil health management
• Soil and water management (WOCAT technologies, CA)
• soil nutrient and SOM management
• Soil variability and management
18. Soil health management
Characteristics:
1. Basis on sound SOM management and on organic material at the disposal of
farmers -> Bernard Vanlauwe (IITA) will present the details of it;
2. Taking into account soil-borne and non-soil-borne pest/diseases – examples:
• soil-borne: nematodes on plantain in the humid zone of Africa
• non-soil borne: maize stemborer – soil fertility interaction
3. Judicious use of mineral fertilizers, notably on degraded / nutrient depleted soils;
goal is to “kick-start” crop biomass and manure production, notably in SSA
-> the combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers has additional benefits
Integrated Soil Fertility / Health Management
19. Soil health management
Characteristics:
1. Locally adapted low-cost technologies, geared towards integrated land
management, and promoted by WOCAT (www.wocat.net) e.g., bunding,
terracing, etc.
2. Complete system approaches, such as Conservation Agriculture, with 3 basic
global principles:
• Cropping system diversification – integration of soil-improving legumes
• Soil surface mulching for permanent soil cover
• No tillage to keep natural soil structure and minimize SOM loss
Soil and water management (WOCAT technologies, CA)
20. Soil health management
Characteristics:
1. SOM is the basis of soil fertility management, but nutrient availability is yield-
constraining on many soils, thus we need a judicious top-up with mineral
fertilizers, in particular in SSA
2. Legumes need soluble soil-P (and Mo/Zn) in order to fix N to their full potential
3. P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients (Zn, B, ) are yield limiting on Nitisols in northern
Nigeria and on Ferralsols in southern Cameroon
-> Ca deficiency causes “pops” in groundnut (southern Cameroon)
K-deficiency increases stemborer attack on maize in West and Central Africa
N-P-K deficiency of plantain causes toppling and up to 100% yield loss
4. Rhizobia and mycorrhiza enhancement
Soil nutrient and SOM management
21. Institutional and policy issues
1. Capacity building for farmers and scientists
2. Fragmentation of soil work – need to create COP’s
3. Food security and climate change are intricately interlinked (CFS, 2012)
4. National soil policies are existing in some countries (e.g., U.K., Germany),
but are missing at regional (EU) and international level
-> soil degradation is NOT part of the MDG-7: Environmental Sustainability
22. Thank you for attention and coming to
this important workshop!