Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE: DOES HUMAN CAPITAL MATTER? THE CASE OF CASSAVA PRODUC...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Sustained growth in productivity is closely
associated with improvement in child nutrition, adult
health, and schooling. In other words, investment in
human capital is at a premium in rural development.
We examined the role of human capital (HC)on
farmer‟s resource use efficiency empirically (RUE).
Population sample covered 6 local government areas
in Oyo state from which 120 households were
selected using multistage sampling technique. An
index of human capital (HC) was developed using
principal component analysis. Controlling for other
covariates, the effect of human capital on resource
use efficiency (RUE) was estimated using the
frontier 4.1 package. Results showed that the mean
HC for the population was 40% and ranged from
11% to 71% maximum. RUE scores ranged from
18.56 percent to 94.42 percent with a mean of 65.18
percent. The result suggests potential increase in
cassava production by 54% through human capital
improvement.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
The economic impact of agricultural development on poverty reduction and welf...Caroline Chenqi Zhou
This study employs quantitative and qualitative methods to identify the relationship between agricultural development, poverty reduction, and income inequality. Building upon the World Bank’s Enabling the Business of Agriculture study (2016) and data from the World Development Indicators (2015) for the years 2000 to 2014, we test two hypotheses. The first pertains to agricultural development and poverty reduction to assess to what extent agricultural development reduces poverty. The second, in a similar fashion, addresses the relationship between agricultural development and income inequality. To supplement our quantitative analysis of these questions, we include a case study of agricultural development, agricultural policy reforms, and their impact in Vietnam and Tanzania. We find evidence that agricultural development reduces poverty.
EFFICIENT RESOURCE USE: DOES HUMAN CAPITAL MATTER? THE CASE OF CASSAVA PRODUC...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Sustained growth in productivity is closely
associated with improvement in child nutrition, adult
health, and schooling. In other words, investment in
human capital is at a premium in rural development.
We examined the role of human capital (HC)on
farmer‟s resource use efficiency empirically (RUE).
Population sample covered 6 local government areas
in Oyo state from which 120 households were
selected using multistage sampling technique. An
index of human capital (HC) was developed using
principal component analysis. Controlling for other
covariates, the effect of human capital on resource
use efficiency (RUE) was estimated using the
frontier 4.1 package. Results showed that the mean
HC for the population was 40% and ranged from
11% to 71% maximum. RUE scores ranged from
18.56 percent to 94.42 percent with a mean of 65.18
percent. The result suggests potential increase in
cassava production by 54% through human capital
improvement.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDGS TARGET AND...Hermanto .
This study analyzes the contribution of the agricultural sector on the reduction of poverty by using a model IndoTerm (Indonesia The Enormous Regional Model). It is Regional Computable General Equilibrium model in particularly for provinces in Indonesia
The Impact of Agricultural and Industrial Sectors on Economic Development in ...iosrjce
This study aimed at investigating the impact of the agricultural and industrial sector on the overall
economic development of the Nigeria using secondary data from 1981 – 2012. A multiple regression approach
was used for the estimation. To determine the stability of the time series data used in the study, Augmented
Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Philips–Perron (pp) unit root tests were adopted. The empirical results show
cointegration relations among Real GDP per capita (RGDPP), Agricultural contribution to RGDPP (ARG),
Industrial contribution to RGDPP (IND), Interest rate (INT) and Inflation rate (IFL) in the period under
investigation. Agricultural and industrial contributions to RGDPP are significant variables explaining
economic development in Nigeria. The overall result of the analysis indicates that these sectors have significant
positive effect on economic development of Nigeria both in the short-run and in the long-run. This research
therefore suggest that there is need for government and the private investors to focus their attention on these
sectors to boost the economy of the nation and efforts must be made to diversified the economy and focus should
be shifted away from export of crude oil only and more effort should be concentrated on agricultural and
industrial development. This would translate to meaningful development in these sectors which will trickle down
to create employment opportunities, enhance productivity and increase agricultural production for exports.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
Studying the Livelihood Diversification of Landowner Farmer in Tondong Tallas...inventionjournals
This study aim is to identify the trigger factors of farmer landowner to become labor to plant rice and to know the differences of expected income and factual income to identify the role of opportunity cost. This study was conducted by a survey method at 4 (four) village in Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Kepulauan District. Data is collected by observation, questionnaires, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques are descriptive and inferential statistic. The results of this study are follows. First, the trigger factors of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice of Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict are economic and cultural factors. From fourteen factors to affect of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice, the biggest three factors are culture of friends/relatives invitation, like to work to other people, like to work in groups, and income certainty. Second, the variance test result shows that the factual income is lower than expected income.
Towards Theoretically and Empirically Grounded Design of Behavior Change Tec...Evan Karapanos
Behavior Change Technologies can address key societal problems – from global warming, to the rising cost of healthcare worldwide, and emerging concerns of the technological age, such as online privacy and the propagation of misinformation online. But are the technologies we develop grounded on theories of behavior change? And, if not, why? In this talk we will argue for the need for theoretically and empirically grounded design, and will present our recent work on making behavioral theory accessible to design teams, along with empirical studies of the adoption, engagement with, and impact of behavior change technologies in the context of health.
** Presentation given at the "Considering Health Behavior Change" Symposium, on Feb 11, 2020, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
“Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries” Chall...IOSR Journals
Implications of economic policies initiated and pursued by the Government for the creation of
gainful employment opportunities. After independence, when India initiated the programme of economic
development through planning mechanism, neither of the two prevalent economic theories i.e. the Keynesian
theory of effective demand and the neo-classical theory of flexible wage rates was not found suitable to the
Indian conditions.
Poverty reduction has been an important goal of development policy since the inception of planning in
India. Various antipoverty, employment generation and basic services programmes have been in operation for
decades in India. The ongoing reforms attach great importance to removal of poverty, and addressing
specifically the wide variations across States and the rural-urban divide. Anti-poverty strategy has three broad
components: promotion of economic growth; promotion of human development; and targeted programmes of
poverty alleviation to address multi-dimensional nature of poverty. The various programmes targeted at the
poor have been streamlined and strengthened in recent years, including through the NREGS.
The influence of macro economic environment on the industry speeds ahead economy generates more
jobs and higher levels of wages and income through increasing productivity. To achieve these objectives, series
of outward oriented policy changes i.e. industrial reforms, fiscal reforms, monetary reforms, trade policy reform
etc. were introduced. An economic reform has been evolving historically and being propelled forward with
incredible speed by the technological revolution.
The Study on Components of the Rural Structure in TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study conducted the current state of the rural structure in Turkey. Primary data were obtained through face-to-face surveys with the target group in 2018, and secondary data were obtained from the State Institute of Statistics and State Hydraulic Works. In the last two decades’ rural migration reached a level that adversely affects agricultural production. For the 15-45 age group, which is defined as an efficient labor force in agriculture, the city meant benefiting from better jobs, education, and health services. According to land size distribution agribusiness were concentrated in the range of 20-49 decares. It has been determined that the mechanization tendency is the most in this group. The ownership of 2-5 parcels is highest in this size group, and the 6-9 parcel range followed this value. The share of agribusiness that small from 50 decares in the total number of enterprises is 64.8% and the share of these enterprises in the total agricultural land has been determined as 21.34%. It is seen that 1.6% of the arable land is not used. Studies such as land banking can play a key role in improving on land tenure system. These applications require large investments and significant legal regulations.
We examined the effect of bank credit on agricultural productivity in Nigeria so as
to ascertain the existence of causal relationship between the dual. To achieve this
objective, the time frame secondary data used in the study includes: written materials
such as books and journals and also the use of time series data such as Agricultural
Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), commercial bank credit to agricultural sectors
(CBCA), Interest rate charges (INT), Government spending on agriculture (GSA), and
Agricultural Credit Guarantee scheme (ACGSF).THE DATA collected were all
sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The statistical
tool of analysis is the Toda and Yamamoto granger non causality techniques.
Conversely the variables were exposed to the Unit Root Test to ensure stationarity
both with and without structural break, the Johansen Co-Integration Test which
showed that a long term relationship does not exist among variables and also the
Vector Autoregression Estimates Decompositions Test was also computed to shows
the contribution of each endogenous variable to the forecast of other variables before
the application of the Toda and Yamamoto non granger causality test to determine if
a causal relationship exist among variable of which the result attained was that there
is a unidirectional causality running from ACGSF to AGDP thereby buttressing the
estimate of the VAR model with respect to the role of ACGSF in explaining changes
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Determinants of Savings Among Members of Cooperative Societies in Anambra Sta...ijtsrd
This study examines the determinants of savings among members of cooperative societies in Anambra state. Specifically, it provides empirical evidence on the socio-economic characteristics of members of the co-operatives and ascertains which of the socio-economic characteristics significantly determine savings mobilization among members of the cooperative groups. It also ascertained the range of savings of the members of the cooperative groups and identified the cooperative members' reasons for saving. Data for the study were obtained from 100 cooperative members with the aid of well structured questionnaires through a simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results obtained showed that on the average the members saved N12, 241.57 every month. The average monthly savings is encouraging considering the fact that their monthly income is low. The major reasons for saving as indicated by the respondents include Security, Statutory as Cooperative Member, Investment and to obtain Loans. This is obtained from their mean statistics of 4.00, 3.87, 3.53 and 3.00 respectively. The R2 value of 0.916 obtains indicates that about 91.6 of observed variation in savings by farmers could be attributed to the combined influence of the various independent variables included in the regression equation. The F-statistic with 95.342 was significant at 0.000 levels of significance. There is a significant variation in the range of savings of the members of the cooperative groups. Socio-economic characteristics of members significantly determine the savings of members of cooperative societies in the state. Based on the analysis and findings of this study, the researcher therefore recommends that To increase the farmers' savings potentials, saving should be made statutory as cooperative member. The members should also be encouraged to invest more no matter how small. It is good to save but members should have predefined reasons before saving to enable them make judicious use of whatever amount saved. There is the need to improve the livelihood strategies of the farmers to bridge the noticeable gap that exist in the farmers' savings range. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | , Chikodiri Scholastica | Okeke, Uju M "Determinants of Savings Among Members of Cooperative Societies in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19075.pdf Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/19075/determinants-of-savings-among-members-of-cooperative-societies-in-anambra-state-nigeria/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
The Role of Cooperatives in Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Ushongo Loca...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to determine the role of cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural produce in a rural community. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from a random sample of 115 respondents drawn from five of the eleven Council Wards in the Local Government Area. It was found that respondents’ socio-economic characteristics had no significant influence on farmers’ participation in cooperatives. The study showed further that cooperatives were able to regulate only a small proportion of the volume of produce farmers took to the market. However, three quarters (74.8%) of respondents believed that cooperatives determined prices of produce. Some of the constraints facing cooperatives identified included the large number of middlemen (75.5), inadequate storage (67.0%) and low literacy of members (67.8). It is concluded that cooperatives would better impact farmers if identified constraints are addressed by both governmental and non-governmental stakeholders.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MDGS TARGET AND...Hermanto .
This study analyzes the contribution of the agricultural sector on the reduction of poverty by using a model IndoTerm (Indonesia The Enormous Regional Model). It is Regional Computable General Equilibrium model in particularly for provinces in Indonesia
The Impact of Agricultural and Industrial Sectors on Economic Development in ...iosrjce
This study aimed at investigating the impact of the agricultural and industrial sector on the overall
economic development of the Nigeria using secondary data from 1981 – 2012. A multiple regression approach
was used for the estimation. To determine the stability of the time series data used in the study, Augmented
Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and Philips–Perron (pp) unit root tests were adopted. The empirical results show
cointegration relations among Real GDP per capita (RGDPP), Agricultural contribution to RGDPP (ARG),
Industrial contribution to RGDPP (IND), Interest rate (INT) and Inflation rate (IFL) in the period under
investigation. Agricultural and industrial contributions to RGDPP are significant variables explaining
economic development in Nigeria. The overall result of the analysis indicates that these sectors have significant
positive effect on economic development of Nigeria both in the short-run and in the long-run. This research
therefore suggest that there is need for government and the private investors to focus their attention on these
sectors to boost the economy of the nation and efforts must be made to diversified the economy and focus should
be shifted away from export of crude oil only and more effort should be concentrated on agricultural and
industrial development. This would translate to meaningful development in these sectors which will trickle down
to create employment opportunities, enhance productivity and increase agricultural production for exports.
Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non C...ijtsrd
This study examined the determinants of agricultural innovations adoption among cooperative and non cooperative farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The research design used in this study is descriptive survey research design. The area of study was Imo State, and data were gotten from the three zones, namely, Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe. Data were generated from a total population of 1184 registered cooperatives and non cooperative farmers. Using Taro Yamane formula, a total of 464 respondents were selected from both cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Questionnaire was the instrument of data collection. Descriptive statistics and one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA were employed to address the research questions and to test the promulgated hypothesis. The findings revealed that important determinant of adoption include educational level, annual income, farm experience, frequency of contact, cooperative membership, price of the produce, type of media used, government policy, availability of success stories, frequency of training, attitude to novel ideas, household size, extent of livelihood diversification, availability of markets and parents occupation. Determinants of agricultural innovation adoption were also the same for cooperative and non cooperative farmers. Based on the findings made in the study, the study recommends that cooperative extension services need to be revolutionalized and given adequate attention. This can be achieved by developing new framework for cooperative extension and forging a common ground for both cooperative and agricultural extension work. Apart from recruitment and deployment of competent and well motivated staff, there is the need for provision of work gadget and work tools that are in tune with technological changes. Supervision and retraining of extension staff should also become a priority. Michael, Maureen Chinenye | Ojiagu, Nkechi Cordelia | Umebali, E. Emmanuel "Determinants of Agricultural Innovations Adoption among Cooperative and Non-Cooperative Farmers in Imo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30329.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/30329/determinants-of-agricultural-innovations-adoption-among-cooperative-and-noncooperative-farmers-in-imo-state-nigeria/michael-maureen-chinenye
Studying the Livelihood Diversification of Landowner Farmer in Tondong Tallas...inventionjournals
This study aim is to identify the trigger factors of farmer landowner to become labor to plant rice and to know the differences of expected income and factual income to identify the role of opportunity cost. This study was conducted by a survey method at 4 (four) village in Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict, Pangkajene and Kepulauan District. Data is collected by observation, questionnaires, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques are descriptive and inferential statistic. The results of this study are follows. First, the trigger factors of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice of Tondong Tallasa Subdistrict are economic and cultural factors. From fourteen factors to affect of landowner farmer to become labor to plant rice, the biggest three factors are culture of friends/relatives invitation, like to work to other people, like to work in groups, and income certainty. Second, the variance test result shows that the factual income is lower than expected income.
Towards Theoretically and Empirically Grounded Design of Behavior Change Tec...Evan Karapanos
Behavior Change Technologies can address key societal problems – from global warming, to the rising cost of healthcare worldwide, and emerging concerns of the technological age, such as online privacy and the propagation of misinformation online. But are the technologies we develop grounded on theories of behavior change? And, if not, why? In this talk we will argue for the need for theoretically and empirically grounded design, and will present our recent work on making behavioral theory accessible to design teams, along with empirical studies of the adoption, engagement with, and impact of behavior change technologies in the context of health.
** Presentation given at the "Considering Health Behavior Change" Symposium, on Feb 11, 2020, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
“Employment Generation and Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries” Chall...IOSR Journals
Implications of economic policies initiated and pursued by the Government for the creation of
gainful employment opportunities. After independence, when India initiated the programme of economic
development through planning mechanism, neither of the two prevalent economic theories i.e. the Keynesian
theory of effective demand and the neo-classical theory of flexible wage rates was not found suitable to the
Indian conditions.
Poverty reduction has been an important goal of development policy since the inception of planning in
India. Various antipoverty, employment generation and basic services programmes have been in operation for
decades in India. The ongoing reforms attach great importance to removal of poverty, and addressing
specifically the wide variations across States and the rural-urban divide. Anti-poverty strategy has three broad
components: promotion of economic growth; promotion of human development; and targeted programmes of
poverty alleviation to address multi-dimensional nature of poverty. The various programmes targeted at the
poor have been streamlined and strengthened in recent years, including through the NREGS.
The influence of macro economic environment on the industry speeds ahead economy generates more
jobs and higher levels of wages and income through increasing productivity. To achieve these objectives, series
of outward oriented policy changes i.e. industrial reforms, fiscal reforms, monetary reforms, trade policy reform
etc. were introduced. An economic reform has been evolving historically and being propelled forward with
incredible speed by the technological revolution.
The Study on Components of the Rural Structure in TurkeyPremier Publishers
This study conducted the current state of the rural structure in Turkey. Primary data were obtained through face-to-face surveys with the target group in 2018, and secondary data were obtained from the State Institute of Statistics and State Hydraulic Works. In the last two decades’ rural migration reached a level that adversely affects agricultural production. For the 15-45 age group, which is defined as an efficient labor force in agriculture, the city meant benefiting from better jobs, education, and health services. According to land size distribution agribusiness were concentrated in the range of 20-49 decares. It has been determined that the mechanization tendency is the most in this group. The ownership of 2-5 parcels is highest in this size group, and the 6-9 parcel range followed this value. The share of agribusiness that small from 50 decares in the total number of enterprises is 64.8% and the share of these enterprises in the total agricultural land has been determined as 21.34%. It is seen that 1.6% of the arable land is not used. Studies such as land banking can play a key role in improving on land tenure system. These applications require large investments and significant legal regulations.
We examined the effect of bank credit on agricultural productivity in Nigeria so as
to ascertain the existence of causal relationship between the dual. To achieve this
objective, the time frame secondary data used in the study includes: written materials
such as books and journals and also the use of time series data such as Agricultural
Gross Domestic Product (AGDP), commercial bank credit to agricultural sectors
(CBCA), Interest rate charges (INT), Government spending on agriculture (GSA), and
Agricultural Credit Guarantee scheme (ACGSF).THE DATA collected were all
sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. The statistical
tool of analysis is the Toda and Yamamoto granger non causality techniques.
Conversely the variables were exposed to the Unit Root Test to ensure stationarity
both with and without structural break, the Johansen Co-Integration Test which
showed that a long term relationship does not exist among variables and also the
Vector Autoregression Estimates Decompositions Test was also computed to shows
the contribution of each endogenous variable to the forecast of other variables before
the application of the Toda and Yamamoto non granger causality test to determine if
a causal relationship exist among variable of which the result attained was that there
is a unidirectional causality running from ACGSF to AGDP thereby buttressing the
estimate of the VAR model with respect to the role of ACGSF in explaining changes
Pakistan Rural Investment Climate Survey: Background and Sample Frame Desgnidspak
The main purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan. The non-farm sector can absorb a large number of rural labour force in various activities such as, industry, trade/business, craft, and services and thus can play an important role in increasing employment and income. Rural areas of Pakistan are characterized by higher incidence of poverty, lower levels of literacy, poor health status, low access to basic services and amenities, and higher levels underemployment as compared to the Urban areas. The paper presents the nature of rural non-farm sector in Pakistan by analyzing the data of Labour Force Survey and Small and Household Manufacturing Industries
Effect of Yam-Based Production on Poverty Status of Farmers In Kabba/Bunu Loc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Poverty as a scourge is multi-dimensional in scope and needs concerted efforts to resolve. The study focused on the effect of yam-based farming on poverty status of farmer in Kabba/Bunu Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Kogi State, Nigeria.
Specifically, the objectives were to examine the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, determine the effects of yam-based farming on their economic status, examine their level of poverty and examine the determinants of poverty status. Data for the study was obtained from a well-structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents selected from the study area. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics, poverty line analysis and logit model, the hypothesis was tested using t-test statistics.
The results showed that without income from yam production 68.5% of the respondents were below the poverty line while 31.5% of the respondents were above poverty line. But with yam production, the annual income of the respondents significantly scaled up (P < 0.05) with the proportion of the poor and non-poor being 29% and 71% respectively: Respondent perceived benefits derivable from yam-based production at (mean ≥ 3.00); were absence of hunger in the households (mean ≤ 4.42); affording better medical services (mean 4.26); ability to pay school fees (mean = 4.07) and payment of house rents (mean 3.44) among others. Finally, the results also revealed that three variable in the logit regression model were significant in explaining variation in the poverty status of the farming households. These are farm size, income from yam-based production and non-farming activities. It was recommended that government should provide bigger plot of land for those farmers who are determined to take farming as business and youth should be empowered in rural areas for farming.
Determinants of Savings Among Members of Cooperative Societies in Anambra Sta...ijtsrd
This study examines the determinants of savings among members of cooperative societies in Anambra state. Specifically, it provides empirical evidence on the socio-economic characteristics of members of the co-operatives and ascertains which of the socio-economic characteristics significantly determine savings mobilization among members of the cooperative groups. It also ascertained the range of savings of the members of the cooperative groups and identified the cooperative members' reasons for saving. Data for the study were obtained from 100 cooperative members with the aid of well structured questionnaires through a simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results obtained showed that on the average the members saved N12, 241.57 every month. The average monthly savings is encouraging considering the fact that their monthly income is low. The major reasons for saving as indicated by the respondents include Security, Statutory as Cooperative Member, Investment and to obtain Loans. This is obtained from their mean statistics of 4.00, 3.87, 3.53 and 3.00 respectively. The R2 value of 0.916 obtains indicates that about 91.6 of observed variation in savings by farmers could be attributed to the combined influence of the various independent variables included in the regression equation. The F-statistic with 95.342 was significant at 0.000 levels of significance. There is a significant variation in the range of savings of the members of the cooperative groups. Socio-economic characteristics of members significantly determine the savings of members of cooperative societies in the state. Based on the analysis and findings of this study, the researcher therefore recommends that To increase the farmers' savings potentials, saving should be made statutory as cooperative member. The members should also be encouraged to invest more no matter how small. It is good to save but members should have predefined reasons before saving to enable them make judicious use of whatever amount saved. There is the need to improve the livelihood strategies of the farmers to bridge the noticeable gap that exist in the farmers' savings range. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | , Chikodiri Scholastica | Okeke, Uju M "Determinants of Savings Among Members of Cooperative Societies in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-1 , December 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd19075.pdf Direct URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/19075/determinants-of-savings-among-members-of-cooperative-societies-in-anambra-state-nigeria/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
The Role of Cooperatives in Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Ushongo Loca...Premier Publishers
This study was designed to determine the role of cooperatives in the marketing of agricultural produce in a rural community. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from a random sample of 115 respondents drawn from five of the eleven Council Wards in the Local Government Area. It was found that respondents’ socio-economic characteristics had no significant influence on farmers’ participation in cooperatives. The study showed further that cooperatives were able to regulate only a small proportion of the volume of produce farmers took to the market. However, three quarters (74.8%) of respondents believed that cooperatives determined prices of produce. Some of the constraints facing cooperatives identified included the large number of middlemen (75.5), inadequate storage (67.0%) and low literacy of members (67.8). It is concluded that cooperatives would better impact farmers if identified constraints are addressed by both governmental and non-governmental stakeholders.
Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off Farm Activities as ...ijtsrd
The overall purpose of the study was to assess the perception of farming households on off farm activities as a livelihood coping strategy in Wudil local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. At stage one, purposive sampling technique was used to select two 2 wards cikingari and sabongari for the study. At stage two, seven 7 farmers’ cooperatives were picked based on convenience and accessibility. At the final stage, simple random sampling was employed to select ten 10 respondents from each of the farmers’ cooperatives, this give a total of seventy 70 sample size for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used, these were derived from administration of structured questionnaire and review of relevant literatures. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, ranking and standard deviation were used to analyze the four specific objectives. Findings of the research shows that majority 38.57 of the respondents go into fishing activities during off farm season, followed by those who diversify into clay pot making and carpentry work constituting 11.43 , and 10 respectively. As regards the respondents’ perception of off farm income activities those that strongly agreed to the statement “there was reduced level of idleness crime rate as a result of involvement in off farm activities” constitute the highest mean value of X=4.64 , followed by agreement to‘there was improvement in procurement of inputs as a result of involvement in off farm activities’ constitute X=4.37 .It was also revealed that there was a tangible increase in the annual income of respondents after involvement in off farm activities. The major constraints identified were inadequate startup capital, high cost of equipment and transportation and inadequate storage facilities. It is therefore recommended that there should be provision of credit facilities to enable rural dwellers boost their income, subsidized prices of equipment and also provision of stable electricity supply and storage facilities to help preserve perishable products. Elachi M. S | Imam. A | Ngwu S | Ogundele, O. T "Assessment of the Perception of Farming Households on Off-Farm Activities as a Livelihood Coping Strategy in Wudil Lga of Kano State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35696.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/35696/assessment-of-the-perception-of-farming-households-on-offfarm-activities-as-a-livelihood-coping-strategy-in-wudil-lga-of-kano-state-nigeria/elachi-m-s
This research work examined the impact of Agriculture output on Economic Growth in Nigeria, with the objective of determining the relationship between the Agricultural sector and the Economic Growth rates in Nigeria. Thus, the research was aimed at examining the contributions of agriculture (value added) to the growth of the national economy, investigating government expenditure on agriculture in Nigeria, and determining the contributions of crop production from agriculture on the Nigerian economy. Data were collected from the World Bank Data base and CBN statistical bulletin. Co-Integration and Vector Error correction model techniques were employed as well as the Granger Causality test to determine the causality relationship between Agriculture and Economic Growth. As a result of the data collected, analyzed and interpreted, the research found that Agriculture has positive and long run impact on Economic Growth in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst many other things that the Government of Nigeria should put in more efforts to diversify the Nigerian economy as the Nigerian agricultural sector currently suffers a lot of marginalization which has not enabled it to contribute more significantly as it should.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, NigeriaYogeshIJTSRD
The study analyzed the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production. A multi stage sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents in the study area and structured questionnaire was administered for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio economic characteristics of the respondents while multiple regressions using exponential form was used to quantitatively determine the influence of credit obtained and utilized on cassava output. It showed that 36.7 of the respondents were above 60 years of age which can be grouped as aged this revealed that majority of the farmers there are within their prime age and can utilize credit obtained effectively and efficiently. 76.7 of these farmers were males while the remaining 23.3 were females, majority of the respondents were married and 84.2 of them had formal education. Average amount requested by the farmers was N212, 600,000 but N185, 725,000 was approved this shows that the farmers in that location are small scale farmers which they need to upgrade to large scale in order to produce in large quantity and have durable profit. Influence of credit on cassava output showed that 89.7 of the regression was explained by the regessors. The result revealed that the farming experience with credit use, interest rate charged, total expenditure on production, and loan repayment period were the major significant that influence cassava output. Also, the hypothesis results revealed that credit obtained and utilized had significance influence on cassava output. And concluded that cassava production in the study area is worthwhile embarking on and that credit enhances the farmer’s production, which was reflected in their cassava output. Therefore recommended that credit institutions or lending agencies should lend money to the small scale farmers to improve their productivity, financial institutions in the country should see to the smooth spending of the credit received to avoid diversion of credit. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Influence of Cooperative Credit on Cassava Production in Anambra State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43931.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/43931/influence-of-cooperative-credit-on-cassava-production-in-anambra-state-nigeria/nwafor-grace-obiageli
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Strategies to Enhance Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Production Enterpri...AI Publications
This paper determined strategies to enhance youths’ involvement in agricultural production enterprises for employment and sustainable development in Benue State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Survey research design was adopted. The study was carried out in Benue State. The population for the study was 1,691,657 made up of 1,691,515 youths and 142 agricultural extension agents. Multistage sampling technique was employed and 40 respondents made up of 258 youths and 142 extension agents were used for the study. All extension agents were used due to its manageable size. Data was collected using a 30 items questionnaire known as Youths’ Involvement in Agricultural Production Enterprise Questionnaire (YIAPEQ). Face validation of the instrument was done by three experts. Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the reliability and a coefficient of 0.82 was obtained. 400 copies of the instrument were distributed to the respondents and 384 copies were retrieved. Mean, standard deviational and t-test statistical tools were employed. The result showed that all the 13 items were factors inhibiting youths’ participation in agricultural production enterprises while all 17 items were accepted as strategies to enhance youths’ participation in agricultural production enterprises. It was recommended that youths should be mentored and encouraged through provision of loans among others. Also, agricultural production should be linked to social media to communicate innovations in agriculture to youths.
The study assessed the socio economic variables of cashew farmers in Oyo State. Two towns within
Ibarapa East Local Government Area (Temidire and Eruwa) were purposively sampled. These areas are known
for the cultivation, production and marketing of this crop. A total sampling frame of fifty-six respondents was
used.
Assessment of Youth Involvement in Livestock Farming as a Career in Oluyole L...AI Publications
This study investigated the involvement of youths in livestock farming as a career in Oluyole Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. We specifically determined the Socio-economic characteristics of the youth in the study area and ascertained their level of involvement in livestock farming as we analyzed the constraints to livestock farming as affecting the youth involvement in livestock farming. We also tested if there is significant relationship between selected Socio-economic characteristics and as well as constraints facing youth involvement in livestock farming as career in the study area. There are 10 wards in the local government out of which four were randomly selected with two villages selected from each of the four wards. Fifteen young farmers were randomly selected from each village to make a total of 120 respondents for the study. While 120 questionnaires were administered only 86 were retrieved. The data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, chi-square and Pearson product moment correlation (PPMC). The result revealed that majority (58.1%) of the respondent were between 18-29 years, 65.1% were single with minimum of tertiary education (64%). A good number of them (27.9%) were managers with about 51.2% engaging in poultry farming. Chi-square analysis revealed that there is a significant (p<0.05) relationship between the sources of income and some selected socioeconomic characteristics with P-value of 0.011 and x2= 1.987. sources of income also significantly (p<0.05)affect the involvement of respondents in livestock farming in the study area. The study therefore concluded that inadequate capital and infrastructures constitute the major constraints to youths’ involvement in livestock farming as career. Government should therefore ensure availability of loan facilities as well as enable environment to encourage youths to venture more into livestock farming in the study area.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
This paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency in Small-Scale Maize Production in Tafawa...IOSRJAVS
his paper analyzed the resource-use efficiency of small-scale Maize production in Tafawa-Balewa local government area of Bauchi State. Data were collected from a sample of 120 Maize farmers selected through multi-stage sampling procedure using questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics, double-log function and marginal value productivity analysis. The result showed that 90.17% had formal education; 51.67% were males; 90.17% were between the ages of 21-50. Majority 72.50% were married. In terms of farming experience, majority (86.67%) of the respondent had farming experience between 5-20 years. 75.00% had no contact with extension. The double-log function gave the best fit with Adjusted R2 of 81.16%. Production inputs such as seed, fertilizer, labour affected output significantly. Maize production in the study area has an increasing return to scale from the sum of elasticity of production (1.747). Seed and fertilizer were underutilized in Maize production, whereas labour was over used. The major problem confronting the farmers include high cost of inputs (77.50%); Untimely disbursement of credit/inputs (62.50; inadequate extension services (59.17); unstable price (41.67%); draught (33.33%), inadequate credit facilities (31.67%) etc. Profit could be enhanced by increasing the quantity used of seed and fertilizer inputs, its timely supply. Labour should be reduced to optimum level for increase output and total revenue respectively. It is also recommended that extension education and financial support to farmers be improved to allow them increase output and total revenue. There is need for adjustment in resource use in order to improve farm profit at this level of technology used by Maize farmers in the study area.
Analysis of the relationship between the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Ri...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study examined the analysis of the relationship between the SocioEconomic Characteristics of Rice Farmers and Soil Management Practices in Abuja. The study was conducted in rural communities in Abuja, Nigeria. Two objectives guided the study. The study adopted descriptive and logistic regression research design. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Twelve (12) agricultural wards (Chuwkuku, Gaube, Bamushin, kotunku, Pai, Dafa, Bako, Dobi, Paso, Chibiri, Gadabiu and Paikon) were randomly selected giving a total of thirty-six (36) agricultural wards. Five blocks were randomly picked from each of the agricultural wards making the total of 180. Lastly two (2) circles were randomly selected from each of the blocks resulting to three hundred and sixty (360) respondents who were randomly selected from the chosen circles. The results show that 58.06% of the respondents were male while 36.13% of the respondents were between the ages of 30 and 39years. Also, 47.74% of them were married with 40% of the respondents having an average of 5 people in their households. 61.94 had at most a national certificate of education (NCE). Majority (44.84) of the respondent had a farm size of between half a hectare and two hectares. The study recommended that manual tillage should be mostly carried out by rice farmer to improve the level of production and also soil rotation should be practiced where soil is much available to reduce the level of degradation.
This is an analysis of the impact of credits from formal financial institutions on the
welfare of farmers in Plateau state Nigeria. The study used survey research design and
the instrument of questionnaire to capture input variables, output data and welfare data.
Data was partly fitted into the Cobb-Douglas production function for analysis to
ascertain the impact of credit on productivity, and welfare data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. It was found that credit available to farmers in Plateau state is
inadequate to significantly raise farm productivity and hence the welfare conditions of
farmers. It was further found that profitability, Net farm Income and welfare status of
borrowers were slightly higher than that of non-borrowers. The study therefore
recommends a renewed commitment of both government and formal financial
institutions towards improved quality and quantity of credit to farmers so as to boost
output and welfare conditions of the farmers in the state
Similar to Analysis of savings determinants among agro based firm workers in nigeria (20)
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
Analysis of savings determinants among agro based firm workers in nigeria
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
Analysis of Savings Determinants among Agro-based firm
Workers in Nigeria: a Simultaneous Equation Approach
Sunday Brownson Akpan*1 Edet JoshuaUdoh2 Ebirigor Aya Aya2
1. Department of Agricultural Economics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike,
Abia state, P.M. B. 7267, Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria
2. Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo Akwa
Ibom State, Nigeria.
* E-mail of the corresponding author: sundayakpan10@yahoo.com
Abstract
The study determined factors that affect household saving of rural agro-based firm workers in the
south-south region of Nigeria. Two-stage least squares method of simultaneous equation model was used in
the analysis. Cross-sectional data were collected from 250 randomly selected workers of five agro-based
firms in the study areas. The results of the analysis revealed that income, tax, job experience, education,
family size and membership of a social group influence saving attitude of workers. To promote household
savings among agro-based workers in Nigeria, policies aim at periodic increase in worker’s salary and
reduction in tax rate in line with the changing pattern of macro-economic variables in the country were
advocated. Others include policies that will promote birth control, increase public awareness on the
on-going family planning programme in the country, and encourage social group formation among workers
as well as those aim at reduction in agricultural production constraints.
Keywords: Saving, rural, agro-based, income, labor, simultaneous equation.
1. Introduction
Households saving play an important role in the economic development of both developed and developing
nations, due to its significance influence on the circular flow of income in the economy (Iyoha et al., 2003).
Savings are important means of improving well-being, insuring against times of shocks, and providing a
buffer to help people cope in times of crisis (Rutherford, 1999; Zeller & Sharma, 2000). The sustenance of
household savings increases the possibility of future investment both at the micro and macro- levels in the
economy. Economic theory postulates that households' saving is the difference between households’ income
and consumption. Household income is aggregate income a household earns from all sources in a particular
period. Consumption on the other hand, is the total amount of goods and services that is consumed by
households during a particular period. Solow (1956) has suggested that savings influence growth of the
economy, as higher savings lead to capital accumulation and hence economic growth. The agricultural
sector’s productivity for instance, is largely depended upon the proportion of income farmers save from
their farming activities (Adeyemo et al., 2005; Awe & Ayeni, 2010). In the same way, the agro-based
industry sub-sector’s productivity is influenced by the proportion of remuneration workers earned and save
over time (Steven, 1992).Wages and salaries in the agricultural sector in most developing economies like
Nigeria are poor and this has resulted to a general decline in the labor well-being (CBN, 2008).
In Nigeria, saving mobilization among agro - based workers is low and this is evidence in inability of most
1
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
workers’ to provide for the basic needs of life during active service years (Birdsall et al., 1996; Nwachukwu
& Peter 2009). This should be a source of concern to policy makers, since about 70 of Nigeria’s population
are engaged in agricultural activities (IFAD, 1993). The sustainability of the agro based industry could be
jeopardized if the sub-sector’s labor force welfare is not given due attention. Agro based industry is one of
the key provider of industrial employment and also plays an important role in an attempts to achieved food
self sufficiency policy of the government as well as contributing substantially to poverty alleviation among
Nigerians (ADB, 2000 and ADF, 2000). Therefore, to increase the efficiency of the sub sector in Nigeria,
workers well-being must play a pivotal role.
The south-south region of Nigeria has numerous agro based firms, especially the plantation agro based
firms. The sustainability of the agro based firm in the region has been linked to workers commitment which
is directly related to their well-being (Udoh and Sunday, 2009). Keynes (1936) stated that savings depend
upon disposable income. Duesenberry (1949) proposed that consumption/ saving was a function of ratio of
current income to previous level of income. Friedman (1957) hypothesized that household savings was
based on permanent income. Ando and Modigliani (1963) postulated that households were net dis-savers in
their early and old age but they saved more in their middle age. Apart from income, other variables might
be responsible for inability of agro-based firm workers to sufficiently save part of their remuneration. The
study focused specifically on the workers of rubber plantation estates in the south-south part of Nigeria
specifically in Cross River State. The rubber estates employed all categories of labor in it production and
processing activities (Udoh et al., 2009). The study is necessitates by frequent undulating movement of
labor in the estate and low societal ranking of the estate workers compared to other job areas available in
the state. In an attempt to uncover why labor are not steadily attracted to the agro-based outfit, despite
saturated labor market posed a serious question on workers well-being in the estates. Saving and
consumption are proxies of labor welfare (Quartey, 2006). Hence those variables that motivate the
agro-based firm workers to save part of their remuneration are likely the determinants of their welfare and
these factors among others may be responsible for the unsteady labor movement in the sub sector. Being a
rural based agro-firm, it is assumed that the workers depend on job remuneration and off-job income (farm
income and or non-farm income). The workers income is also assumed to be either consumed or saved.
Leakages and injections into the circular flow of income in this rural setting is assumed negligible.
Simultaneous equation model was adopted to specify the saving and consumption function with a
definitional equation involving income, consumption and saving. Adoption of simultaneous equation model
help to reduce exogenous variable- error term correlation (ΣXiUi =0). Therefore, the study specifically
sought to examine the socio-economic characteristics of rubber plantation estate workers and determined
factors that affect their saving mobilization in the study area.
Several studies have revealed that poor rural people in developing countries like Nigeria do save part of
their earned income (Wright et al., 2000; Ashraf et al., 2003; Siyanbola et al., 2005; Ezedima et al., 2005;
Nwachukwu & Peter 2009). Orebiyi, (2005) studied determinants of saving mobilization by farmer’s
cooperators in Kwara State Nigeria, using multiple-regression and descriptive statistics techniques; the
results reveal that household size, farmer’s expenditure and membership experience are major determinants
of saving. Adeyemo et al, (2005) examined the pattern of saving and investment among cooperators farmers
2
3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
in south western Nigeria and reported that income, loan repayment and amount of money borrowed are
significant variables that influenced saving pattern. Ayanwale et al., (2000) in their study on rural savings in
Osun state Nigeria, asserted that saving behaviour of rural farmers in developing nation is less depended on
the absolute aggregate income but more on the relationship between current and expected income, the
nature of business, household size, wealth and age. A study on some Asian countries on savings by Lahiri
(1989) reported that the rate of growth of personal disposal income determines private savings. Bergheim
and Garrett (1996) in Kenya showed that savings rates increase with education. Oliveira and others (1998)
found income, physical wealth, household size, education and age of household head as the determinants of
financial saving in rural Mozambique. A study of saving pattern in Netherlands and Italy by Alessie et al.,
(2004) reported that child’s income share has strong positive effects on household saving rate. Kibet et al.,
(2009) reported that saving among small holder farmers, entrepreneurs and teachers in the rural Kenya is
determined by the type of occupation, household income, age, gender of the household head, education,
dependency ratio, service charge, transport cost, and accessed to credit. Lisa et al.,(2006) in Philippines
discovered that education, proportion of young dependent and proportion of elderly are major determinants
of household saving. Rehman et al., (2010) in Pakistan reported that Spouse participation, total dependency
rate, total income of household and size of landholdings significantly raise household savings. Education of
household head, children's educational expenditures, family size, liabilities to be paid, marital status, and
value of house significantly reduce saving level of households. Harris et al., (1999) in Australia and
Horioka and Junmin (2007) in China as well as Abdelkhalek et al., (2009) in Morocco confirm positive
relationship between household saving and income growth.
2.0: The process of simultaneous equation model
On the premised that some variables that affect saving also affect consumption of workers, we specify
simultaneous equation model as follows (koutsoyiannis, 1977);
Sav = ƒ (Inc, Tax, Age, Exp, Edu, Moa, Hhs) …………………………….. (1)
Con = ƒ (Inc, Tax, Exp, Edu, Nfe, Hhs, Fmi, Vfo) ………………….…….. (2)
Inc = Sav + Con..………………..…………………………………………….(3)
Where
Sav = Households saving defined as Inc- Con in (N)
Inc = Income of ith worker define as Salary + Allowance + farm income + off- job income (N)
Con = Household consumption expenditure (Con = Inc- Sav) (N)
Tax = Tax defined as (Tax = t0 + tiInc*) where Tax is a predicted value of tax in (N) and Inc* is the
salary + allowance of ith worker.
Age = Age of ith respondent in years
Exp = Experience on job measure in years
Edu = Educational qualification of respondent in years
Hhs = Household size in number
3
4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
Fmi = Income of other family members (N)
Nfe = Expenditure, defined as Household non-food expenditure (N)
Vfo = Value of Farm output of respondent in (N)
Moa = Membership of Isuzu Association in Years (A local contribution group among workers)
2.1: Identification of the Structural Model
We identify the behavioral equations (i.e. equation 1 and 2) so as to determine whether unique
numerical estimates of the parameters of the structural equation can be obtained from the estimated
reduced form coefficients. To do this, we employed the order and the rank conditions of identification.
The result of the exercise is shown below:
(a) Order condition
For equation (1) For equation (2)
k –M ≥ G-1 K–M≥G–1
12-8> 3-1 12 – 9 > 3 – 1
(b) Rank condition
Matrix of coefficient
/determinant/ = 0 - b4 = -b4
/determinant/ = 0 - a3 = - a3
The result of the identification shows that the structural model is over- identified since K – M > G – 1
(order condition) and the rank conditions are fulfilled. (Where K = total number variables in the model, M
= total number of variables in each equation and G = total number of endogenous variables in the model).
From equation (1) and (2) we investigated the relationship between the error terms and established that Cov
(U1, U2) = 0; meaning that U1 and U2 are contemporaneously independent. This further confirms the
relevance of 2- stage least squares method of simultaneous equation model specification over others. A
reduced formed model was specified and the estimated value of endogenous variables was used to correct
for the endogenous variable specify as exogenous variable in the structural model.
4
5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
The estimation of equation (6) generated the predicted value of income (Inc*) which was used to correct for
the specify income (Inc) in equation (1).
3.0: Materials and Methods
3.1The study area, data collection and sampling technique: The study was conducted in Calabar
Municipality, Odukpani, and Akamkpa Local Government Areas of Cross River State, Nigeria. The three
local government areas cover the operational areas for most productive rubber estates in the southern part
of Nigeria. Primary data were collected with the aid of a well structured questionnaire and interview
scheduled. Five rubber estates in the study areas were used for data collection. Two hundred and fifty (250)
workers in the different estates payrolls were randomly selected from the various operational areas of the
agro based firms. Baseline information on the socio-economic characteristics, saving, income and
consumption pattern as well as their off job engagement were collected and analyzed.
3.2: Empirical model: Simultaneous equation model was used; explicitly the structural model is as shown
below:
Where e’s are white noise error terms, X’s are vector of explanatory variables including endogenous
variable specify as explanatory variables. Details of X’s are as given in equation (1), (2) and (3).
5
6. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
4.0: Result and Discussion
Table 1 presents the socio economic characteristic of respondents in the study area. The results reveal that,
the rubber sub- sector in the south-south region of Nigeria is dominated by middle age workers who are
predominantly males. More than 70% of the workers had some years of formal education while majority of
the workers have moderate family size. In addition about 97% of the workers have invested more than one
year in the various estates sample. Also, about 76.8% of respondents belong to the local cooperative society
(Osuzu) in the estate which is basically a saving oriented cooperative group.
4.1: Two – stage least square estimates
The estimated saving function is shown in Table II. The linear function was chosen as the lead equation
because it exhibited better diagnostic test statistics than other models. The R2 of the lead equation indicates
that, about 87.30 percent of variability of workers’ saving is attributed to the specified explanatory variables
in the model. This shows that, the specified explanatory variables were important determinants of
household saving among respondents. The F-statistic value of 17.43 is statistically significant at 1 percent
probability level, suggesting that the R2 is significant and the estimated linear regression equation has
goodness of fit.
The empirical results show that worker’s income (Inc) has a significant positive effect (at 1% significance
level) on worker’s saving. This is in agreement with Keynesian postulates that relate income positively to
saving and the Friedman permanent income hypothesis. This implies that as the worker income increases,
the tendency of the workers to save increase too. The hypothesis asserted that household will spend their
permanent income while the transitory income is channeled into saving with marginal propensity to save
approaching unity. The result indicates that, a naira increase in monthly income of agro-based worker will
result to 0.584 naira increase in worker’s saving. Similar result has also been obtained by Adeyemo et al.,
(2005); Ayanwale and Bamire, (2000); Lahiri (1989); Harris et al., (1999) in Australia; Horioka and Junmin
(2007) in China; Abdelkhalek et al., (2009) in Morocco and Kibet et al.,(2009) in Kenya.
Tax has a significant negative influence (at 1% significance level) on saving of agro based workers. This
means that as tax rate increases, the permanent income according to Friedman hypothesis will reduce
thereby resulting in a reduction of transitory income. This will lower the ability to save by the worker.
Alternatively, this implies that as tax rate increases the aggregate disposal income is lowered thereby
resulting in increase in the consumption expenditure of households and a corresponding decrease in saving.
The result indicates that for every 1% increase in tax, about N3.527 is lost or diverted from been save. The
result corroborates the finding of Rehman et al., (2010) in Pakistan.
The slope coefficient of experience on job (Exp) is positive and statistically significant at 1% probability
level. The magnitude of the coefficient implies that about 11.17 naira is saved by agro based worker for
every one year experience on the job. This means that older workers have higher tendencies to save than
those that are new on the job. The result to an extent agrees with Ando and Modigliani (1963) postulates.
Since most of the worker sample was more than 30 years, this means that most workers are at their middle
age, and will likely be net savers. On the other hand, most workers that are new on the job were below 30
6
7. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
years because of the laborious nature of the job. Thus, they will likely be net net dis-savers.
Household size has a significant negative effect (at 10% significant level) on saving of rural agro-based
workers. This suggests that, a worker with a large household will likely channel more of his income to food
consumption expenditure rather than to save. This also implies a lower well-being for a worker with a
larger household size. On the other hand, a worker with a smaller family size will have high tendency to
save. The result is in line with empirical results reported by Orebiyi (2005); Oliveira et al., (1998) and
Rehman et al., (2010) in Pakistan.
Education has a significant positive effect (at 5% significant level) on saving of rural agro-based worker in
south-south Nigeria. This means that saving is predominant among workers who have some form of formal
education. About 75% of our respondents have some levels of formal education: this suggests that they can
access financial facilities, adopt improved technology in their farming activities including easy movement
from one job to another to increase their aggregate monthly income. This has the tendency to increase
savings, since income is positively related to saving. The result indicates that, educated agro based worker
will likely save about N21.64 every month from his total or aggregate monthly income. Oliveira et al.,
(1998); Orebiyi (2005) and Lisa et al., (2006) have reported similar result. However, Rehman et al., (2010)
in Pakistan reported contrary result.
Membership of local association (Moa) is the strongest determinants of saving among agro-based workers
in the study area. The result reveals that a worker will likely save about N34.15 every month from his total
monthly income if such worker belongs to a local contributing or Isuzu group. This could be attributed to
the social capital accumulation derivable from been a member of such social group. Also social networking
among social groups can generate additional sources of revenue to members thereby increasing their
aggregate monthly income.
The marginal propensity to save is 0.584 (at 1% significant level) and the average propensity to save is
0.677. The result is consistent with the classical model for saving behavior.
5.0: Conclusion
Income has a positive relationship with saving and this implies that policies which ensured periodic
increased in the workers’ remuneration will enhance saving among agro-based workers in the country.
Worker depended also on off-job (farm or non-farm) income, as such farm level policies which remove
agricultural production restraints will also increase the workers income and encourage saving among
workers. To improve saving among agro-based firm workers in Nigeria, policies on tax rate reduction and
free or subsidized education are strongly advocated. These will reduce their expenditure and subsequently
increase their aggregate monthly income, which is positively related to saving. Policies that reduced
household size will improved saving of agro-based workers in the region. The priority areas should be birth
control, education and intensive awareness on the need for moderate family size especially in the rural areas
through the on-going family planning programme in the country. Policies on youth empowerment through
gainful employment and self-reliance will impact positively on saving of rural agro-based workers. This
will reduce dependent ratio of children on parent while increasing the aggregate family income. Finally
7
8. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
agro-based workers should be encouraged to form social groups and belong to social groups. This will
encourage the accumulation of social capital in form of savings.
References
[1] Abdelkahalek, T. Florence A. Najat E. and Sabine M. 2009. A Microeconometric analysis of
household saving determinants in Morocco. http://gdri.dreem.free.fr/wp-content/d21-arestoffetal.
[2] ADB, (2000). African Development Bank operation evaluation document
[3] Adeyemo, R., and A. S. Bamire, 2005. Saving and Investment Patterns of Cooperatives Farmers in
Southwestern Nigeria. J. Soc. Sci., 11: 183 – 192.
[4] ADF, (2000). African Development Fund operation evaluation document.
[5] Alessie R, A Brugiavini, G Weber, 2004. “Saving and Cohabitation: The Economic Consequences of
Living with One’s Parents in Italy and the Netherlands”, Paper presented at The NBER 2004
International Seminar on Macroeconomics, Reykjavik, Iceland.
[6] Ando, A., Modigliani, F. (1963). The 'Life Cycle' hypothesis of saving: Aggregate implications
and tests. American Economic Review, 55-84.
[7] Ashraf, N., Nathalie G., Deans K., Wesley Y., 2003. A review of commitment savings products in
developing countries. A project sponsored by the Asian Development Bank.
[8] Awe, A., and Ayeni R., 2010. Empirical investigation into industrial relations and national
productivity in Nigeria. Ozean J. Applied Sci., 3; 331-339.
[9] Ayanwale, A. B., and A. S. Bamire, 2000. Rural Income Savings and Investment Behavior among
farmers in Osun State Nigeria. The Indian J. Econ. 81: 49 – 60.
[10] Bernheim B. D., D. M. Garrett, 1996. The Determinants and consequences of Financial Education in
the Workplace: Evidence from a Survey of Households. Stanford University working Paper No.
96-007, 1-52. California, U.S.A.
[11] Birdsall N., Thomas C., and Richard H., 1996. Why low inequality spurs growth; Savings and
investment by poor. Inter- American Development Bank; Office of the chief Economist, working
paper 327.
[12] Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) publication: statistical bulletin and annual financial reports 2008.
[13] Duesenberry, J. S. (1949). Income, Saving and the theory of consumer behavior. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
[14] Ezedima, C., R. Okechukwu, and L. Sanni, 2005. Marketing of garri in Benin City and Enugu in
Nigeria. A publication of international Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Ibadan, Nigeria.
[15] Friedman, M. (1957). A theory of the consumption function. Princeton: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
[16] Hafeez ur Rehman, H. Muhammad Zahir F. and Furrukh Bashir (2010). Households Saving
Behaviour in Pakistan:A Case of Multan District. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences (PJSS) Vol. 30,
No. 1, pp. 17-29
[17] Harris, M. N. Joanne L. and Elizaberth W. 1999. Determinants of household saving in Australia.
Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research. University of Melbourne.
8
9. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
[18] Horioka, C.Y. and Junmin W. (2007). The determinants of household saving in China.a dynamic
panel analysis of provincial data. Paper presented at the institute of social end economic Research
Osaka, University of Japan.
[19] IFAD. 1993. The state of world rural poverty: A profile of Africa, International Fund for
Agricultural Development, Rome, Italy.
[20] International Fund for Agriculture and Development (IFAB), 2000. “Rural Finance for the Poor”.
From Unsustainable Projects to Sustainable Institutions. IFAD Rural Finance Policy document
Rome.
[21] Iyoha, M., S. A. Oyefusi, and D. E. Oriakhi, 2003. An introduction to modern Macroeconomics.
Mindex publishing, Benin City, Nigeria.
[22] Keynes, J. M., 1936. General theory of employment, interest and money: London.
[23] Kibet, L., Benjamin K., Desterio E., Shem A., and George O., 2009. Determinants of household
saving: case study of small holder farmers, entrepreneurs and teachers in rural areas of Kenya. J.
Dev. Agric. Econ., 1: 137-143.
[24] Koutsoyiannis, A., 1977: Theory of Econometrics Second edition. Macmillan Press Limited London.
UK
[25] Lahiri, A., 1989: “Dynamics of Asian Savings: The Role of Growth and Age Structure”, IMF Staff
Papers. 36: 228-61.
[26] Lisa Grace S. Bersales and Dennis S. Mapa (2006).Patterns and Determinants of Household
[27] Nwachukwu, T., and Peter O., 2009. What drives private saving in Nigeria? A paper presented at the
centre for the study of African economies (CSAE) conference, University of Oxford.
[28] Oliveira A., D. W. Larson, M. B. Hencourt and D. H. Graham, 2003. The Potential for Financial
Saving in Rural Mozambican Households. Proceedings of 25th international conference of
agricultural economists. South Africa. Pp 1198-1204.
[29] Orebiyi, J. S., 2000. Determinants of Saving Mobilization by Farmers Cooperators in Kwara State
Nigeria. Int. J. Agric. Rural Dev., 6: 66 – 73.
[30] Quartey, P., 2006. The impact of Migrant Remittance on Household Welfare in Ghana: Final Reports
submitted to the African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), Nairobi, Kenya.
[31] Rutherford, S., 1999. The poor and their money. Delhi, India: Oxford University Press Saving in the
Philippines. A paper submitted to USAID/Philippines OEDG.
[32] Siyanbola, T., Olasupo A., Adebayo A., Wakeel I., Olukemi L., and Omolara Q., 2005. Protecting the
poor from macroeconomic shocks in Nigeria. An empirical investigation and policy options.
International research project on macroeconomic policy challenges of low income countries
conducted by the University of Lagos, Nigeria.
[33] Steven, K. M., 1992. Remuneration Systems for labour intensive investments: Lessons for equity
and growth. Int. Labour Rev., 131, 1992, No. 1
[34] Udoh, E. J., S. B. Akpan, and A. E. Aya, 2009. Determination of Optimum Replacement Period for
Rubber Plantation Estates in Cross River State, Nigeria. Agric. Econ. Market, J.,2: 29– 35.
[35] Wright, G. A., 2000. Microfinance Systems Designing Quality Financial Services for the Poor.
(Dhaka: The University Press Limited).
9
10. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
[36] Zeller, M., & Sharma, M., 2000. Many borrow, more save and all insure: Implications for food
and micro-finance policy. Food Pol., 25: 143–167.
Table 1: Socio-economic characteristic of respondents
CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Age (Year)
< 20 26 10.4
20 – 30 58 23.2
> 30 166 66.4
Total 250 100.0
Sex
Female 55 22.0
Male 195 78.0
Total 250 100.0
Education (year)
No schooling 58 23.2
Primary school 119 47.6
Secondary School 60 24.0
Tertiary 13 5.2
Total 250 100.0
Family size
<3 38 15.2
3–5 102 40.8
>5 110 44.0
Total 250 100.0
Experience (year)
<1 6 2.4
1 – 10 116 46.4
> 10 128 51.2
Total 250 100.0
Association member (year)
<1 26 10.4
1 – 10 145 58.0
> 10 79 31.6
Total 250 100.0
Source: Field survey, 2010 and 2011.
10
11. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.1, No.3, 2011
TABLE: II Two-Stage Least Square Estimates
Variable Linear (LD) Exponential Semi-log Double-log
Income (Inc) 0.584*** 0.409*** 9597.33*** 2.481**
(7.451) (3.543) (5.022) (2.561)
Tax -3.527** -0.001 -2693.146* -0.919
(-2.422) (-1.396) (-1.990) (0.906)
Age 16.359 -0.7070* -1444.032 -2.046
(0.250) (-1.694) -0.443) (1.218)
Exp 11.117*** 0.075* 626.763 0.747
(3.142) (1.709) (0.485) (1.237)
Edu 21.637** 0.035 -394.123 0.055
(2.214) (0.634) (-0.318) (0.096)
Moa 34.146** 0.013** -154.192 -0.155
(2.503) (2.368) (0.224) (-0.519)
Hhs -0.69* -0.05317 -433.223 -0.015
(-1.878) (1.354) (0.487) (-0.037)
Constant -2204.773*** 7.719*** -60164.7*** -3.386
(-3.209) (7.081) (-3.737) (-0.407)
2
R 0.873 0.574 0.705 0.540
2
R - Adjusted 0.828 0.460 0.611 0.346
F-stat. 17.433*** 5.054*** 4.054*** 2.789**
Note: *,** and *** represent 10%, 5% and 1% significant levels respectively. Value in
parentheses is t -value. LD = lead equation.
11