This document summarizes the drought coping strategies used by dairy farmers in the Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Major findings include:
1) Most farmers could not grow fodder crops during drought and instead relied on stored crop residues like wheat straw, paddy straw, and tree leaves to feed their livestock.
2) Common feeding strategies included providing feed and water twice a day and using available crop residues and weeds.
3) To prepare for feed shortages during drought, many farmers stored wheat straw and other crop residues in advance.
This document summarizes a study on farmers' agricultural practices, use of organic manure, and water availability in Madaya township, Myanmar. The study found that most farmers were middle-aged with 11-30 years of farming experience. They owned medium-sized farms of 4-30 acres. The majority practiced continuous flooding irrigation and grew rice varieties suited to their water availability. However, many farmers lacked organic manure and experienced water shortages or flooding. The study evaluated farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts on agriculture.
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
A comparative study on socio economic status and agriculturalDr. Binoy Tripura
The document presents findings from a comparative study of socio-economic status and agricultural practices between Jhumias (shifting cultivators) and non-Jhumias in Tripura, India. Some key findings include: Jhumias have larger family sizes, lower education levels, farm smaller land sizes, rely more on traditional practices like reusing previous year's seeds without treatment, and earn less income than non-Jhumias. Non-Jhumias are more educated, use improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and employ modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and incomes. The study aims to identify differences and formulate extension strategies to improve the socio-economic conditions of Jhumias through more sustainable agricultural practices
Conflicts between Cassava Farmers and Cattle Herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Go...BRNSS Publication Hub
This paper studied the conflicts between cassava farmers and cattle herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Six farmers each from the six communities that make up the local government were selected using random sampling techniques, and this gave a total sample size of 36 respondents. Interview schedule was used for data collection, and descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean score, and standard deviation were used in analyzing the data. The results showed that 78.1% of the respondents were male and the mean age was 43 years. However, 63.5% of the respondents were married while the majority (84.4%) of the respondents was full-time farmers. Destruction of crop with a mean score (2.94), raping of farmers (2.87), killing and wounding of farmers (2.81), burning of rangeland (2.75), blockage of routes by farmer (2.72), blockage of water point by farmers (2.72), environmental pollution (2.66), and killing of cattle by farmers (2.28) were seen as the cause of conflict while the use of bamboo fence with a mean score (2.94), help from the village youths (2.88), increase of farm size (2.81), staying late in the farm (2.53), supplementary occupation (2.41), and temporary relocation of farmers from home were used by the farmers as coping strategies for conflict management.
Productivity of Horticulture in Remote Tribal Areas of Andhra Pradeshijtsrd
The present study reveals that horticultural crops i.e. mango, guava, banana, pineapple, etc. in remote agency area of Andhra Pradesh state, productivity of horticulture helps to reduce an extensive deforestation. The qualitative data collected from 45 key informants both sexes belonging to tribal population of the Kurnool, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. For data collection, observation and interview methods employed. Appalanaidu Pappala "Productivity of Horticulture in Remote Tribal Areas of Andhra Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20253.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/20253/productivity-of-horticulture-in-remote-tribal-areas-of-andhra-pradesh/appalanaidu-pappala
Assessment and selection of superior genotypes among eliteAlexander Decker
Farmers and scientists in southern Tanzania participated in selecting superior cassava genotypes. Nine improved cassava varieties were planted in three agro-ecological zones and evaluated based on farmers' selection criteria. The top criteria were yield, disease resistance, and root characteristics. After harvest, farmers in each zone selected genotypes based on yield and disease tolerance. Their selections closely matched the highest performing varieties as determined by scientists. Four genotypes - Kiroba, NDL 2006/487, NDL 2006/438 and Naliendele - were identified as superior based on this participatory selection process.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Stimating long-term forage production using precipitation pattern in Dehshir ...Innspub Net
Knowledge on changes of the factors affecting range forage production is the main prerequisite for understanding the processes and optimal management of rangelands. In this research, the effects of precipitation variables, were studied on long-term forage production of somedominant range species, in Dehshirrangelands, Yazd province, during 9 years (2004 to 2012). Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between annual production and different precipitation pattern. According to the results, rainfall of past year in addition to rainfall of growing season has the greatest impact on forage production in site of Dehshir. Plant with platability class (I) and platability class (III) correlated with previous rainfall, respectively (r2 = 0.9 & 0.88), andplatability class (II) with growing season rainfall (r2 = 0.7o). Long- term production is estimated at 243.15 (kg/ha).
This document summarizes a study on farmers' agricultural practices, use of organic manure, and water availability in Madaya township, Myanmar. The study found that most farmers were middle-aged with 11-30 years of farming experience. They owned medium-sized farms of 4-30 acres. The majority practiced continuous flooding irrigation and grew rice varieties suited to their water availability. However, many farmers lacked organic manure and experienced water shortages or flooding. The study evaluated farmers' perceptions of climate change impacts on agriculture.
This document discusses smallholder farmers' agricultural land use and challenges in forest-fringed communities in Ghana. It finds that the dominant land uses are food crop and animal production, but farmers face problems like poor soils, small farm sizes, climate variability, weeds, and pests. The study assessed how agroforestry, which integrates trees and crops, could help address these land use problems. It administered surveys to farmers and reviewed secondary data, finding that agroforestry has potential to improve soil fertility, boost food production, and provide alternative income sources when crop yields are low. However, the document recommends that more extension efforts by government agencies could further optimize agroforestry's benefits for farmers in forest-
A comparative study on socio economic status and agriculturalDr. Binoy Tripura
The document presents findings from a comparative study of socio-economic status and agricultural practices between Jhumias (shifting cultivators) and non-Jhumias in Tripura, India. Some key findings include: Jhumias have larger family sizes, lower education levels, farm smaller land sizes, rely more on traditional practices like reusing previous year's seeds without treatment, and earn less income than non-Jhumias. Non-Jhumias are more educated, use improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, and employ modern farming techniques, resulting in higher yields and incomes. The study aims to identify differences and formulate extension strategies to improve the socio-economic conditions of Jhumias through more sustainable agricultural practices
Conflicts between Cassava Farmers and Cattle Herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Go...BRNSS Publication Hub
This paper studied the conflicts between cassava farmers and cattle herdsmen in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Six farmers each from the six communities that make up the local government were selected using random sampling techniques, and this gave a total sample size of 36 respondents. Interview schedule was used for data collection, and descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean score, and standard deviation were used in analyzing the data. The results showed that 78.1% of the respondents were male and the mean age was 43 years. However, 63.5% of the respondents were married while the majority (84.4%) of the respondents was full-time farmers. Destruction of crop with a mean score (2.94), raping of farmers (2.87), killing and wounding of farmers (2.81), burning of rangeland (2.75), blockage of routes by farmer (2.72), blockage of water point by farmers (2.72), environmental pollution (2.66), and killing of cattle by farmers (2.28) were seen as the cause of conflict while the use of bamboo fence with a mean score (2.94), help from the village youths (2.88), increase of farm size (2.81), staying late in the farm (2.53), supplementary occupation (2.41), and temporary relocation of farmers from home were used by the farmers as coping strategies for conflict management.
Productivity of Horticulture in Remote Tribal Areas of Andhra Pradeshijtsrd
The present study reveals that horticultural crops i.e. mango, guava, banana, pineapple, etc. in remote agency area of Andhra Pradesh state, productivity of horticulture helps to reduce an extensive deforestation. The qualitative data collected from 45 key informants both sexes belonging to tribal population of the Kurnool, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts. For data collection, observation and interview methods employed. Appalanaidu Pappala "Productivity of Horticulture in Remote Tribal Areas of Andhra Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20253.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/20253/productivity-of-horticulture-in-remote-tribal-areas-of-andhra-pradesh/appalanaidu-pappala
Assessment and selection of superior genotypes among eliteAlexander Decker
Farmers and scientists in southern Tanzania participated in selecting superior cassava genotypes. Nine improved cassava varieties were planted in three agro-ecological zones and evaluated based on farmers' selection criteria. The top criteria were yield, disease resistance, and root characteristics. After harvest, farmers in each zone selected genotypes based on yield and disease tolerance. Their selections closely matched the highest performing varieties as determined by scientists. Four genotypes - Kiroba, NDL 2006/487, NDL 2006/438 and Naliendele - were identified as superior based on this participatory selection process.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Stimating long-term forage production using precipitation pattern in Dehshir ...Innspub Net
Knowledge on changes of the factors affecting range forage production is the main prerequisite for understanding the processes and optimal management of rangelands. In this research, the effects of precipitation variables, were studied on long-term forage production of somedominant range species, in Dehshirrangelands, Yazd province, during 9 years (2004 to 2012). Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between annual production and different precipitation pattern. According to the results, rainfall of past year in addition to rainfall of growing season has the greatest impact on forage production in site of Dehshir. Plant with platability class (I) and platability class (III) correlated with previous rainfall, respectively (r2 = 0.9 & 0.88), andplatability class (II) with growing season rainfall (r2 = 0.7o). Long- term production is estimated at 243.15 (kg/ha).
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
This document contains an abstract for an article on Boswellia papyrifera pre-dominated woodlands of Ethiopia. It summarizes that the woodlands provide important natural resources but generate very little annual cash income for local households. As a result, the woodlands are being continuously cleared and converted to agricultural land. Regeneration of important species is severely lacking, putting the long-term survival of the woodland population at risk. Policies need to be revised to give locals legal rights and economic incentives to sustainably manage and utilize the woodland resources.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
Exploration and inventorying of weeds in wheat CROP OF THE DISTRIC T MALAKAN...Shujaul Mulk Khan
District Malakand lies on the northern side of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The landscape represents both plain and hilly regions. Various kinds of crops are grown among which wheat is cultivated on large scale. In order to explore weed species diversity in the region, a phytosociological survey was conducted in the summer 2014. Such study was required as there has been no such record of weeds diversity of the region. Different fields were selected at various localities of the district. The total number of fields selected was 120 and in each field 10, 1x1m 2 quadrats were laid. A questionnaire was also circulated to investigate about the farming practices and most dangerous species of weeds having greater effect on production and post harvest losses of wheat. Plants were collected from various localities, voucher numbers were given to specimens and other relevant data pertaining to locality i.e., habitat, habit, family, scientific and local names of each species. Mounted copy of each voucher specimen was deposited to the Herbarium of Hazara University Mansehra. This study not only provided first inventory of weed plants but it also helped point out most dangerous species related to wheat yield losses. Results of this study revealed a total of 132 weeds plant species belonging to 110 genera and 42 families. Most of the species investigated were Angiosperms. Family Asteraceae was the richest family related to species diversity with 18 species and 17 genera. It is followed by Poaceae having 16 species and 16 genera. Next in succession are family Brasicaceae with 10 genera and 16 species and family Boraginaceae with 5 genera and 7 species. Other families like Caryophyllaceae, Papilionaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbilliferae have 6,6,4,5,4 and 3 species and 6,3,4,3,3 and 3 genera respectively. Species like Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) and Circium arvense (Asteraceae) are considered to be the most threatening species during the time of harvesting the crop. Further study along this line is the basic part of the on-going project which will provide a base line for the development of agricultural crops in the region.
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on population dynamics, damage estimation, and management strategies of rodents in the sugarcane-wheat cropping system in Lower Sindh, Pakistan. The objectives are to estimate rodent population densities, assess crop damage at various growth stages, develop mechanical and chemical control methods, and estimate population dynamics and fluctuations across seasons and crops. Field experiments will be conducted using live traps, zinc phosphide, brodifacoum, and bromadiolone baits in a randomized block design. The outcomes aim to improve farmer livelihoods and transfer control knowledge.
INDICATOR SPECIES ANALYSES OF WEED COMMUNITIES OF MAIZE CROP IN DISTRICT MARD...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in natural environment. Composition and abundance of weeds are influenced by number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in Union Council Shahbaz Ghari (total area 3956 ha, Agriculture land 1701 ha), District Mardan. Quantitative ecological techniques by adapting quadrat method were used to assess environmental variability and weed species distribution in the targeted region. Nine quadrats of 1×1 m2 size were placed randomly in 65 different fields of the UC. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field. Preliminary results showed that UC Shahbaz Ghari has 29 different weed species belong to 15 different families. Presence absence (1,0) data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysesvia PC-ORD version 5 resulting four major weed communities. Dominant weed species of the area are Cyperus rotundus, Urochloa panicoides, Brachiaria ramosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Commelina benghalensis and Canvolvulus arvensis while Cannabis sativa, Ipomea purpurea, Amaranthus blitoides, Xanthium strumarium, Lactuca dissecta and Cucurbita maxima are rare weed species. Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) of data identified indicators of each sort of micro environmental condition. Based on our findings, it is recommended that awareness can be created among farmers especially about their farming practices to minimize noxious weeds of maize crop
Key words: Cluster analyses, indicator species analyses, maize, PC-ORD, weeds and Weed communities.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Interspace utilization in fruit orchards for fodder securityDr Suheel Ahmad
The document provides information about the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute's Regional Research Station in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It discusses the station's history, mandate, and thrust areas, which include pasture improvement, enhancing fodder availability through alternate land use systems, and ameliorating grazing lands. It also discusses agroforestry and hortipasture systems for fodder production, including the benefits and establishment of integrating trees, forages, and livestock in orchards.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
This document summarizes a study on the management of non-timber forest product species in arid tropical forests in southern India. It finds that over 70% of forest income comes from exporting non-timber forest products. The study focuses on gooseberry and arale, which are important medicinal species and income sources. Through long-term monitoring of populations and socioeconomic surveys, it finds the population structures of the species changed from stable to temporarily interrupted to limited regeneration over time, influenced by factors like harvesting, grazing, drought, and lantana invasion. Changing dependency on forest products and market dynamics also impacted the populations. The study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecological and human factors that shape non-timber forest species
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
4. comparative economics of bean and bottle gourd production in some selected...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the comparative economics of bean and bottle gourd production in selected areas of Bangladesh. The study found that both crops were profitable to produce. The average total costs of production per hectare were Tk. 105,344 for bottle gourd and Tk. 104,840 for beans. Gross incomes were Tk. 200,200 per hectare for bottle gourd and Tk. 174,500 for beans. Net returns were estimated at Tk. 96,656 for bottle gourd and Tk. 69,660 for beans, indicating bottle gourd was more profitable. Factors like labor, fertilizer use, and sowing dates significantly influenced vegetable yields. Farmers also faced challenges like
The study analyzed livestock production conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan based on interviews with 120 farmers from 4 villages. The majority of respondents were male members of the Hammer tribe aged 40-60 years who had completed primary school. Over half were engaged in both crop farming and animal breeding. Livestock grazing patterns, water access, prevalent diseases, and marketing practices are described.
The study analyzed livestock production conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan based on interviews with 120 farmers from 4 villages. The majority of respondents were male members of the Hammer tribe aged 40-60 years who had completed primary school. Over half were engaged in both crop farming and animal breeding. Livestock grazing patterns, water access, prevalent diseases, and marketing practices are described.
The study analyzed livestock production conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan based on interviews with 120 farmers from 4 villages. The majority of respondents were male members of the Hammer tribe aged 40-60 years who had completed primary school. Over half were engaged in both crop farming and animal breeding. Livestock grazing patterns, water access, prevalent diseases, and marketing practices are described.
This document summarizes a study comparing the economic performance of hybrid and conventional rice production in Pakistan. It finds that total costs per hectare were higher for hybrid rice (Rs 148,992.23) than conventional rice (Rs 140,661.68), mainly due to higher seed prices and land management costs for hybrid rice. However, hybrid rice yields were significantly higher (196.14 monds/hectare vs 140.14 monds/hectare for conventional rice). As a result, hybrid rice provided higher total revenue, gross margins, and net returns compared to conventional rice varieties. Most farmers had shifted to growing hybrid rice due to its yield advantages and higher profits.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
This document contains an abstract for an article on Boswellia papyrifera pre-dominated woodlands of Ethiopia. It summarizes that the woodlands provide important natural resources but generate very little annual cash income for local households. As a result, the woodlands are being continuously cleared and converted to agricultural land. Regeneration of important species is severely lacking, putting the long-term survival of the woodland population at risk. Policies need to be revised to give locals legal rights and economic incentives to sustainably manage and utilize the woodland resources.
Insect pest diversity of standing crops and traditional pest management in ag...AI Publications
The mountain farming communities of the Garhwal Himalaya rely on a conventional approach to agriculture to meet their subsistence needs. The resilience of local crop varieties plays a significant role in crop productivity in the indigenous agricultural system. In such circumstances, the protection of the crop from insect pests becomes paramount. Traditional ecological knowledge plays a crucial role in safeguarding standing crops from production losses in an environmentally benign and sustainable manner. The investigators in this study have surveyed the Mandakini valley to document the indigenous practices undertaken by the farming folks to protect the crops from pest infestation in the region. These practices are discoursed here and, further, look into the potential of natural predators as bio-control. The findings indicated that pests from the order Coleoptera had the most species, followed by Lepidoptera and Hemiptera. Most of the pests in the study site were serious defoliators, damaging the young foliage of the crops. Some entirely fed upon their roots-stems, while the rest were leaf miners and sapsuckers, thus compromising the overall well-being of the plant. In a developing country like India, there is a lack of reliable data that sheds light on the annual crop losses incurred by these pests. Thus, it becomes pertinent to compute an overall estimate of crop losses at various stages of crop production, from seed storage to post-harvest times.
Influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on...Premier Publishers
The study was conducted to determine influence of cowpea and soybean intercropping pattern and time of planting on yield and Gross Monetary Value (GMV) of sorghum. The treatments were included two legume crops, two time of planting, three planting patterns of legumes and sole crops (sorghum, soybean and cowpea). The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replication. Sorghum/soybean cropping system reduced sorghum grain yield by 23.9% where as sorghum/cowpea reduced by grain yield by 40.3%. The highest LER (1.55) and the lowest LER (1.19) was recorded in sorghum/soybean and sorghum/cowpea intercropping system. Highest gross monetary benefit (20561 Ethiopian birr) accrued from planting two rows of cowpea with the first weeding of sorghum in between the two rows of sorghum. However, it was at par with simultaneous planting of cowpea in double alternate plants within sorghum plants along with two rows of cowpea in between sorghum rows and two rows of soybean planted in between two rows of sorghum with first weeding of sorghum. Legumes crop soybean and cowpea should involved in sorghum cropping either simultaneously planting or sowing at first weeding or hoeing of sorghum.
Exploration and inventorying of weeds in wheat CROP OF THE DISTRIC T MALAKAN...Shujaul Mulk Khan
District Malakand lies on the northern side of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The landscape represents both plain and hilly regions. Various kinds of crops are grown among which wheat is cultivated on large scale. In order to explore weed species diversity in the region, a phytosociological survey was conducted in the summer 2014. Such study was required as there has been no such record of weeds diversity of the region. Different fields were selected at various localities of the district. The total number of fields selected was 120 and in each field 10, 1x1m 2 quadrats were laid. A questionnaire was also circulated to investigate about the farming practices and most dangerous species of weeds having greater effect on production and post harvest losses of wheat. Plants were collected from various localities, voucher numbers were given to specimens and other relevant data pertaining to locality i.e., habitat, habit, family, scientific and local names of each species. Mounted copy of each voucher specimen was deposited to the Herbarium of Hazara University Mansehra. This study not only provided first inventory of weed plants but it also helped point out most dangerous species related to wheat yield losses. Results of this study revealed a total of 132 weeds plant species belonging to 110 genera and 42 families. Most of the species investigated were Angiosperms. Family Asteraceae was the richest family related to species diversity with 18 species and 17 genera. It is followed by Poaceae having 16 species and 16 genera. Next in succession are family Brasicaceae with 10 genera and 16 species and family Boraginaceae with 5 genera and 7 species. Other families like Caryophyllaceae, Papilionaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbilliferae have 6,6,4,5,4 and 3 species and 6,3,4,3,3 and 3 genera respectively. Species like Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) and Circium arvense (Asteraceae) are considered to be the most threatening species during the time of harvesting the crop. Further study along this line is the basic part of the on-going project which will provide a base line for the development of agricultural crops in the region.
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on population dynamics, damage estimation, and management strategies of rodents in the sugarcane-wheat cropping system in Lower Sindh, Pakistan. The objectives are to estimate rodent population densities, assess crop damage at various growth stages, develop mechanical and chemical control methods, and estimate population dynamics and fluctuations across seasons and crops. Field experiments will be conducted using live traps, zinc phosphide, brodifacoum, and bromadiolone baits in a randomized block design. The outcomes aim to improve farmer livelihoods and transfer control knowledge.
INDICATOR SPECIES ANALYSES OF WEED COMMUNITIES OF MAIZE CROP IN DISTRICT MARD...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in natural environment. Composition and abundance of weeds are influenced by number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in Union Council Shahbaz Ghari (total area 3956 ha, Agriculture land 1701 ha), District Mardan. Quantitative ecological techniques by adapting quadrat method were used to assess environmental variability and weed species distribution in the targeted region. Nine quadrats of 1×1 m2 size were placed randomly in 65 different fields of the UC. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field. Preliminary results showed that UC Shahbaz Ghari has 29 different weed species belong to 15 different families. Presence absence (1,0) data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analysesvia PC-ORD version 5 resulting four major weed communities. Dominant weed species of the area are Cyperus rotundus, Urochloa panicoides, Brachiaria ramosa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Commelina benghalensis and Canvolvulus arvensis while Cannabis sativa, Ipomea purpurea, Amaranthus blitoides, Xanthium strumarium, Lactuca dissecta and Cucurbita maxima are rare weed species. Indicator Species Analyses (ISA) of data identified indicators of each sort of micro environmental condition. Based on our findings, it is recommended that awareness can be created among farmers especially about their farming practices to minimize noxious weeds of maize crop
Key words: Cluster analyses, indicator species analyses, maize, PC-ORD, weeds and Weed communities.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Interspace utilization in fruit orchards for fodder securityDr Suheel Ahmad
The document provides information about the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute's Regional Research Station in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It discusses the station's history, mandate, and thrust areas, which include pasture improvement, enhancing fodder availability through alternate land use systems, and ameliorating grazing lands. It also discusses agroforestry and hortipasture systems for fodder production, including the benefits and establishment of integrating trees, forages, and livestock in orchards.
Status of Agricultural Food Sector: Basis for A Proposed Continuity PlanIJAEMSJORNAL
This study described the status of agriculture in the province of Nueva Ecija. It determined the current situation of the farming business in Nueva Ecija in terms of agricultural land use, its statistical profile on agriculture, crops grown by cities and municipalities and the presence of support agencies in maintaining the continuous development of farming and other forms of agriculture therein. Based on its agriculture profile, land, mostly irrigated shares the biggest portion in terms of its usage for food production. Rice, corn, onion and tomatoes are the major crops being grown in cities and municipalities. Findings revealed that rice and corn share the biggest in domestic consumption. For support agencies, bank and business agencies are found in support for farmers while the government mostly provides seminars. It was also revealed that other seeds for crops are introduced as a farmer’s option and lesser in choosing for an investment in their income. As their contingency plan, farmers opt to sell and engage in driving rather than farming during lean months. Pest attacks constitute the main problem encountered by farmers, while seeding management is a priority. The above findings point to certain sustainability that requires improvement and a continuity plan to match up with the continuous supply of goods from the farms to the demands of an increasing population for its consumption.
This document summarizes a study on the management of non-timber forest product species in arid tropical forests in southern India. It finds that over 70% of forest income comes from exporting non-timber forest products. The study focuses on gooseberry and arale, which are important medicinal species and income sources. Through long-term monitoring of populations and socioeconomic surveys, it finds the population structures of the species changed from stable to temporarily interrupted to limited regeneration over time, influenced by factors like harvesting, grazing, drought, and lantana invasion. Changing dependency on forest products and market dynamics also impacted the populations. The study demonstrates the importance of considering multiple ecological and human factors that shape non-timber forest species
Vegetation mapping and multivariate approach to indicator species of a forest...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Abstract
Questions
Does the plant species composition of Thandiani sub Forests Division (TsFD) correlate with edaphic, topographic and climatic variables? Is it possible to identify different plant communities in relation to environmental gradients with special emphasis on indicator species? Can this approach to vegetation classification support conservation planning?
Location
Thandiani sub Forests Division, Western Himalayas.
Methods
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of species along with environmental variables were measured using a randomly stratified design to identify the major plant communities and indicator species of the Thandiani sub Forests Division. Species composition was recorded in 10 × 2.5 × 2 and 0.5 × 0.5 m square plots for trees, shrubs and herbs, respectively. GPS, edaphic and topographic data were also recorded for each sample plot. A total of 1500 quadrats were established in 50 sampling stations along eight altitudinal transects encompassing eastern, western, northern and southern aspects (slopes). The altitudinal range of the study area was 1290 m to 2626 m above sea level using. The relationships between species composition and environmental variables were analyzed using Two Way Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) via PCORD version 5.
Results
A total of 252 plant species belonging to 97 families were identified. TWCA and ISA recognized five plant communities. ISA additionally revealed that mountain slope aspect, soil pH and soil electrical conductivity were the strongest environmental factors (p ≤ 0.05) determining plant community composition and indicator species in each habitat. The results also show the strength of the environment-species relationship using Monte Carlo procedures.
Conclusions
An analysis of vegetation along an environmental gradient in the Thandiani sub Forests Division using the Braun-Blanquet approach confirmed by robust tools of multivariate statistics identified indicators of each sort of microclimatic zones/vegetation communities which could further be used in conservation planning and management not only in the area studied but in the adjacent regions exhibit similar sort of environmental conditions.
4. comparative economics of bean and bottle gourd production in some selected...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the comparative economics of bean and bottle gourd production in selected areas of Bangladesh. The study found that both crops were profitable to produce. The average total costs of production per hectare were Tk. 105,344 for bottle gourd and Tk. 104,840 for beans. Gross incomes were Tk. 200,200 per hectare for bottle gourd and Tk. 174,500 for beans. Net returns were estimated at Tk. 96,656 for bottle gourd and Tk. 69,660 for beans, indicating bottle gourd was more profitable. Factors like labor, fertilizer use, and sowing dates significantly influenced vegetable yields. Farmers also faced challenges like
The study analyzed livestock production conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan based on interviews with 120 farmers from 4 villages. The majority of respondents were male members of the Hammer tribe aged 40-60 years who had completed primary school. Over half were engaged in both crop farming and animal breeding. Livestock grazing patterns, water access, prevalent diseases, and marketing practices are described.
The study analyzed livestock production conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan based on interviews with 120 farmers from 4 villages. The majority of respondents were male members of the Hammer tribe aged 40-60 years who had completed primary school. Over half were engaged in both crop farming and animal breeding. Livestock grazing patterns, water access, prevalent diseases, and marketing practices are described.
The study analyzed livestock production conditions in North Kordofan State, Sudan based on interviews with 120 farmers from 4 villages. The majority of respondents were male members of the Hammer tribe aged 40-60 years who had completed primary school. Over half were engaged in both crop farming and animal breeding. Livestock grazing patterns, water access, prevalent diseases, and marketing practices are described.
Potential of-moringa-oleifera-as-livestock-fodder-cropSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Climate change and farming vulnerability in the coast ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change on farming in coastal Bangladesh. It finds that farmers in the study region face many climate-related hazards like river erosion, salinity intrusion, flooding, and heavy rainfall. Most farmers have small landholdings below 0.2 hectares. The main crops are rice varieties, though some areas experience too much salinity for certain rice types. Many farmers rely on rainwater instead of river water for irrigation. The study found that around 37% of farmers migrate seasonally due to climate impacts, with 21% migrating permanently. During rainy season, over 25% of households face waterlogging and flooding issues. Farmers also suffer from diseases linked to climate change like
This document reviews the potential of Moringa oleifera L. as a livestock fodder crop. It discusses how M. oleifera is a drought tolerant species that can grow in diverse soils except those that are waterlogged. The document summarizes that M. oleifera has high nutritional value and good biomass production, which make it a potential nutritional supplement for livestock. It also notes that M. oleifera can be grown as a crop on marginal lands with high temperatures and low water availability, where other crops cannot be cultivated.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on livestock production in Nepal's Gandaki River Basin. It finds that:
1) Local farmers have observed increases in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns that align with broader climate trends in the region.
2) Major problems caused by climate change include difficulties managing animal feed/pasture (49%) and increased disease outbreaks (38%).
3) Changes are negatively impacting livestock performance, with reduced milk production (23%) being the most common issue.
4) Recommendations include increasing climate change awareness among farmers and using this research to help authorities develop adaptation plans for the livestock sector.
vulnerability of the livestock sector in changing climate conditionsIJEAB
In India, livestock sector plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural households. Over 70 percent of the country’s rural households own livestock and a majority of livestock owning households are small, marginal, and landless farmers. The reality of climate change and the fact that life in the poorest and vulnerable economies will be worst affected is set to have far-reaching consequence on the animal and its owners. At the same time, livestock have always shouldered a portion of the blame for rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, recent extensive scientific evidence and report by FAO and universities in the US has brought to light the fact that the large GHG emission figure of livestock emission was big data hype. The developed countries play clever by shifting blame for anthropogenic GHG emission away from the fossil fuel based power generation, transportation, industries and lifestyle of the global North to activities in developing countries such as paddy cultivation and animal husbandry.
Shrimp disease investigation and culture strategies in Bagerhat district, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three upazilla (Bagerhatsadar, Fakirhat and Rampaul) to investigate the shrimp diseases and culture strategies of Bagerhat district in 2012. Post larvae (PL-13/21) from hatchery and natural were used to stock in the study area. The highest mean stocking density was recorded in the ghers of Rampaul (16796±7729.69 PL/ha), where the maximum survival rate was also found (63.00±11.52 %). The highest dose of lime was recorded as 302.58±50.92 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar; cowdung was recorded as 605.16±118.46 kg/ha at Fakirhat upazilla and urea was recorded as 29.02±5.84 kg/ha (Bagerhat sadar) respectively. The maximum doses of MP and TSP were recorded as 34.58±4.51 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar and Fakirhat and 27.79±3.71 kg/ha at Bagerhat sadar respectively. No supplementary feed were fed to shrimp, in where culture dependent on natural foods. The highest shrimp production was found in Fakirhat upazila (667±307.05 kg/ha) and the lowest production was in Rampaul upazilla (497±268.97 kg/ha). Sudden change of pH , low dissolved o2 levels, salinity variations, nutritional deficiency and other environmental changes causes yellow head viral disease (YHD), white spot syndrome viral (WSSV), vibriosis, fusarium and protozoan were recorded during the experimental period.
Significance of Solomon four group pretest-posttest method in True Experiment...IOSR Journals
The document reviews the co-management approach in Hail Haor, Sylhet, Bangladesh to address climate change impacts. It finds that the two main Resource Management Organizations (RMOs), Borogangina and Dumuria, are reasonably operational but Borogangina (score of 80.60) performs better than Dumuria (score of 66). The respondent community perceives increases in temperature and siltation as well as decreases in rainfall and water flow. The co-management system aims to sustainably manage fisheries and conserve the ecosystem, though some challenges remain for the RMOs.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
Perception and Trend Analysis of Climate Change in Chepang and Non-Chepang Fa...Premier Publishers
This research was conducted to assess trend and farmer’s perception of climate change among Chepang and Non-Chepang communities in Chitwan. Data were obtained from 120 households using pre-tested questionnaire and secondary sources. Descriptive statistics, time series regression and Logit model were used for data analysis. About 53 percent of respondents had knowledge of climate change which was found higher among Non-Chepang (61.7%) as compared to Chepang (43.3%). Majority of farmers perceived rise in temperature in all three seasons with increase in numbers of summer days and decrease in numbers of both winter and rainy days. Both numbers of rainy days and intensity of rainfall were perceived to decrease by a majority of respondents in all three seasons. Trend analysis showed increasing trend of annual total rainfall (4.86 mm per year) and average temperature (0.005oC). Household size, respondent’s education and maize production were statistically significant on farmer’s perception of climate change. Farmers at local and rural level seem to have insufficient knowledge about climatic patterns which will highly hinder their adaptation practices, leading to unsuccessful farming. The finding from this research can be useful for climatic disaster management and formulation of relevant plan and policies.
Alterations Among Few of Varhadi Flora and Fauna Against Ever-Changing, Unpre...IJREST
ABSTRACT
Alterations in the rainfall pattern, temperature and other weather conditions etc; are witnessed in the Varhad region, that has been accelerated during last 2-3 decades resulting into a dramatic paradigm shift in its climate. This has affected the cropping pattern and its adaptability, resulted into extinction of the few animal species, weather vulnerability and reform in microbial communities. As its consequence, there have been several losses in the few of local crop varieties, fauna and flora. The possible reasons for such unawareness about the climatic change in this particular region have been suggested. Overall, in this free lance commentary, few visual experiences and recordable observations of Varhadi flora and fauna against changing regional climate have been discussed.
Key words: Climate change, Varhad, weather vulnerability
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Impact of Phytochemical Values on the Floral Biodiversity of Shekhawati A Par...ijtsrd
Shekhawati region is rich with biodiversity which attract the researchers, scientist and biologist. The fauna and flora found in the study area has highly desertic adaptations and are not evenly and densely spread on the land of study area. The study conducted recently when data of Nilgai observed. The region has 120 species of migratory and resident birds of the desert. The chief floral elements in the region are Prosopis cineraria Khejri , Azardirachta indica Neem , Ficus religiosa Pepal , Dalbergia sisso Seesam , Acacia nilotica Desi Babul , Salvadora persica Mitha Jal , Albizzia lebbek Sares , Prosopis juliflora Vilayti Babul . The leaves of desert plants are often reduced to spines and thorns to minimize water loss by evaporation. Shekhawati region located in north eastern of Rajasthan and cover only 8 area of the state. Climatic condition of the area is both extreme – very hot summer and very cool winters. The region lies in semiarid zone with low floral diversity due to scantly and irregular rainfall. Wind velocity in the region is quite high during the summer and sand storms are common feature of the area. Sand dunes are dominant in the entire region especially in northwestern part. The region is part of Indian Thar Desert exhibit little mammalian diversity. During last three decades numbers of large mammals has been drastically decreased in the Shekhawati region due to inference of people in natural habitats of mammals for their beneficiary activities. The mammalian diversity of Shekhawati region is represented by 40 species of mammals belonging to 20 families and 31 genera. The region covers 9 mammalian diversity of India and 58.8. of Thar. Naveen Kumar | Dr. J. B. Khan "Impact of Phytochemical Values on the Floral Biodiversity of Shekhawati - A Part of Indian Thar Desert" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60136.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/60136/impact-of-phytochemical-values-on-the-floral-biodiversity-of-shekhawati--a-part-of-indian-thar-desert/naveen-kumar
Impact of the Socio-Economic Variables on the Use of Fertilizer Type in the C...Mohd Asif Shah
1. The document discusses a case study of apple cultivation in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It examines the association between socioeconomic variables and the type of fertilizer (organic or inorganic) used.
2. The study uses a stratified random sampling method to select 272 households from 34 villages in Kulgam for data collection through interviews. Chi-square tests are used to analyze relationships between fertilizer use and variables like age, gender, education level, occupation, family type, size, and land owned.
3. The results of the chi-square tests found an association between fertilizer use and age, education level, and family size. But no association was found with gender, occupation
The Limit of Chill Method as a Non-Lethal Deterrent in Mitigating Human Eleph...inventionjournals
Despite the popularity of chill method in mitigating human-elephant conflict (HEC) in crops fields of areas adjacent or within unfenced protected areas ecosystem in Africa countries, there are some challenges facing application of the method resulting to food insecurity. The study aimed at examining limitation of chill method in mitigating HEC using Western Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania as a case study. Data were collected by using Survey and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. Collected data were analysed by using statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) software. The study revealed that human elephant conflicts were a big problem in two selected villages (namely Nyamburi and Bonchugu) for about 97%. In trying to solve the problem different mitigation measures were used by the local people to prevent elephants (Loxodontaafricanaafricana) from crops fields whereas chill method despite of its challenges seems to be effectives for about 83%. Major challenges which limit/hinder chill method in mitigating human elephant conflicts includes pepper types, availability and their effectiveness in producing chocking smell; weather conditions; and changing behaviour of elephants (Loxodontaafricanaafricana).
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Drought coping
1. 89
Present address: 1Principal Scientist (gssitaram@gmail.com),
2M.Sc. Student (manesh.ndri@gmail.com), 3Project Associate
(kant.kamala@gmail.com), Dairy Extension Division. 4Scientist
(kp_2013@rediffmail.com), Division of Crop Production, ICAR-
IISR, Lucknow.
The variability of rainfall in India is well attested and
the timing and intensity of rain is as important with regard
to crop production and grazing as the total annual rainfall.
Warmer and drier conditions increase the likelihood of heat
stress in cattle which adversely affects reproductive
performance in dairy animals (Van den Bossche and Coetzer
2008). There is normally a decrease in milk production for
cows under heat stress. Droughts lead to water shortage,
which in turn leads to a decrease in milk production (Siemes
2008). Global climate change is predicted to alter rainfall
patterns, potentially reducing total amounts of growing
season precipitation and redistributing rainfall into fewer
but larger individual events (Fiala et al. 2009). Tao et al.
(2003) reported the results of a macro-scale water balance
model, which predicted that in the years 2021–2030, water
demand will increase world-wide due to the climate change.
If the temperature and rainfall conditions changes more
rapidly than the change in CO2 then the consequences could
be much more serious (Lawlor 1998). The rising
temperature decreased the total dry matter intake and milk
yield in Haryana cow (Lal et al. 1987). The productivity of
Sahiwal cow also showed a decline due to increase in
temperature and relative humidity (Mandal et al. 2002).
Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 86 (10): 1181–1186, October 2016/Article
Drought coping strategies followed by dairy farmers in
Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh
GOPAL SANKHALA1, MANESH SINGH2, KAMALA KANT3 and KAMTA PRASAD4
ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132 001 India
Received: 8 March 2016; Accepted: 6 April 2016
ABSTRACT
Rainfed agriculture is highly risky, however, the livelihood of millions of resource poor farmers and agricultural
labourers depends on it. The risks associated to agriculture in rainfed areas is increasing due to the adversities
induced by climate variability indicated by increased frequency of droughts and floods. This paper analyzes the
drought coping strategies followed by dairy farmers in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh utilizing a descriptive
research design. Data were collected through personal interview and focus group discussion using both qualitative
and quantitative techniques. The data were analyzed using frequency and percentage. The findings of present
investigation show that majority of the farmers could not grow fodder crops during drought. However, they try to
cope with drought by adopting strategies such as storing wheat straw and other crop residues (gram/lentil/mustard
/linseed, etc.) in advance for meeting their feed shortage; providing feed and water twice a day and using crop
residues (wheat straw/bhusa, paddy straw, jowar stover).
Key words: Bundelkhand, Dairy farmer, Drought, Drought coping strategy, Uttar Pradesh
The estimated annual loss at present due to heat stress
among cattle and buffaloes at the all-India level is 1.8 M
tonnes, that is nearly 2% of the total milk production in the
country, amounting to a whopping over 2,661 crore
(Upadhyay 2010). Upadhyay et al. (2007) stated that
thermal stress on Indian livestock particularly cattle and
buffaloes decreased oestrus expression and conception rate.
Maurya (2010) concluded that during drought, length of
service and dry period of all dairy animals increased from
normal. Research studies from India have found that
meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity and
rainfall explained 52 and 84% variations in the seasonality
of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle in hyper-endemic
division of Andhra and Mesoendemic region of
Maharashtra, respectively (Ramarao 1988).
The climate of Uttar Pradesh is tropical, but variations
exist because of difference in altitudes. Shortage of rain
during the highly variable monsoon season can cause
droughts in state leading to severe loss to man and property.
Recently, in 2002 and 2004, drought related financial losses
were reported to be ` 75.40 and 72.92 billion (Anonymous
2013). Bundelkhand is drought prone region and it also
faces enormous problems of low rainfall, low agricultural
and animal productivity, water crisis, soil erosion,
degradation of water resources, fodder crisis, high rate of
mortality in cattle and unsustainable sources of livelihood,
etc. On an average, 96% of the farmers’ income is being
earned from the crop and livestock enterprise in the region.
The region has the highest cattle-to-human ratio and a high
2. 1182 SANKHALA ET AL. [Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 86 (10)
90
proportion of workers depend on livestock resources for
their sustenance. The region has 50% of the indigenous
cattle which are unproductive and only 0.50% of crossbred
as compared to national average of 15%. Regeneration of
the degraded forest (50–64%) and restoring carrying
capacity of the grazing land has tremendous possibility to
support better livestock production and supply of the minor
products (Anonymous 2008). Dairy production is an
important component in the entire region with greater focus
on buffalo rearing for milk over cattle rearing. This is also
corroborated by the last two livestock census data
indicating increase in buffalo population and decrease in
cattle population (Livestock Census 2012). Dairy
entrepreneurship is able to provide daily income and
security to farmers. Responding to the challenges of drought
requires basic understanding of it, on that basis strategies
for rearing animals in drought condition can be devised
and appropriate adaptation as well as mitigation options
can be explored. Coping strategies refer to the specific
efforts, both behavioural and psychological, that people
employ to master, tolerate, reduce or minimize stressful
events. Two general coping strategies were distinguished:
problem-solving strategies are efforts to do something active
to alleviate stressful circumstances, whereas, emotion-
focused coping strategies involve efforts to regulate the
emotional consequences of stressful or potentially stressful
events. People use both types of strategies to combat most
stressful events (Folkman and Lazarus 1980).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Locale of the study: Uttar Pradesh, situated between
23°52' and 31°28' North latitudes and 77°3' and 84°39' East
longitudes, is fourth largest state in the country covering
about 7% of India’s total area. State has 4 regions namely,
Eastern, Western, Central and Bundelkhand. Among these
regions, the Bundelkhand region is one of the least
developed. Bundelkhand is spatially very highly rural based
where over 80% population (except, Jhansi where more
migratory population lives) is living in villages (Anonymous
2013).
Sampling plan: The present study was conducted
purposively in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh.As in
the region, livestock occupies a prominent position
contributing significantly to the livelihood security, coping
mechanism to mitigate risks and it provide daily income.
This region consists of 7 districts namely Jhansi, Jalaun,
Mahoba, Lalitpur, Hamirpur, Banda and Chitrakoot. Out
of 7 districts, Banda and Chitrakoot districts were selected
purposively based on the component indices and priority
rank of rainfed area given by National Rainfed Area
Authority (Table 1). From each district, 2 blocks and two
villages from each block were selected randomly. Farmers
were selected proportionately on basis of land holding,
however, a total of 20 farmers were selected from each
village representing each category of farmers who had at
least one milch animal (cattle/buffalo) at the time of
investigation (Table 2). The farmers were interviewed
personally and focus group discussion during January-
March 2014.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Feeds used during drought: Majority (63.13%) of the
respondents were using crop residues (wheat straw/bhusa,
paddy straw, jowar stover, etc.) for feeding the animals
during drought followed by 20% of respondents who were
feeding crop residues and tree leaves, 9.37% of respondents
were feeding crop residues and followed grazing practice
and rest 7.50% of the respondents were using crop residues
along with feeding of tree leaves and grazing (Table 3).
The tree leaves used for feeding to livestock were neem
(Azadirachta indica), peepal (Ficus religiosa), Mahua
(Madhuca indica), Gular (Ficus racemosa) and sheesham
(Dalbergia sissoo). Gular and Mahua were the most used
trees as far as feeding of leaves are concerned. During winter
Table 2. Selection of respondents from each village
Villages Land Marginal Small Medium Large Total
less
Baherwa- 2 3 3 9 3 20
purwa
(V1)
Sahewa 2 3 6 8 1 20
(V2)
Jasaipur 1 5 4 7 3 20
(V3)
Mungus 1 2 5 9 3 20
(V4)
Narayanpur 1 2 7 8 2 20
(V5)
Chandra- 2 8 3 4 3 20
gahana
(V6)
Itaha- 1 4 4 6 5 20
devipur
(V7)
Jorwara 1 3 7 7 2 20
(V8)
Total 11 30 39 58 22 160
Table 1. Prioritization of rainfed district of Bundelkhand region
of UP based on rainfed areas prioritization index (RAPI) and
component indices
District NRI ILI RAPI Priority
rank
Banda 0.7638 0.3446 0.3759 1
Chitrakoot 0.8097 0.2925 0.3627 2
Mahoba 0.8110 0.3068 0.3571 3
Hamirpur 0.7651 0.4024 0.3558 4
Jhansi 0.7755 0.4517 0.3324 5
Lalitpur 0.8412 0.3315 0.3287 6
Jalaun 0.8123 0.4828 0.2975 7
Source: Anonymous (2012). NRI, natural resource index and
ILI, integrated livelihood index.
3. October 2016] DROUGHT COPING STRATEGIES FOLLOWED IN BUNDELKHAND 1183
91
and summer, they were using jharberi (Zizyphus
rotundifolia) for feeding of animals. This weed grows well
under dry condition and serves as an alternative feed during
stress condition. This weed is specially fed during summer
as its growth and development is fast during this season as
well as its leaves and stems are tender. This is fed to the
animal after chaffing and mixing with dry fodder. In case
of non-availability of dry fodder, it is fed to the animal alone.
Kans (Saccharum spontaneum) a perennial weed, which is
growing abundantly in this area was also used to feed the
animal by chaffing and mixing it with dry fodders. Doob
grass (Cynodon dactylon) was also used as a feed material
during drought, and was mostly fed to the milking animals.
Bansi (local name), a semi-aquatic weed found on the banks
of river, is used extensively for feeding of animals. Due to
drought, the shortage of water is common phenomenon
which inhibits growing of fodder crops and grazing land
becomes almost dry without any significant vegetation for
grazing of animals. Under these circumstances for
sustaining milk production and productivity, respondents
fed dry fodder along with tree leaves, however, few farmers
followed grazing practice at road side, common grazing
lands and fellow land, etc., where grass and common weeds
were available for grazing of animals. These types of
feeding strategies were mostly adapted by landless, marginal
and small farmers as they were having less dry fodder with
them. They mixed leaves with dry fodder and used
alternative fodder sources from the beginning of drought
condition, so that their dry fodder stock should last longer
and could feed their animals up to a longer period of time
with their existing stock. The tree leaves and other
unconventional materials serve as a green fodder in the
absence of cultivated green fodder thereby making
unpalatable dry fodder into the palatable one. On the basis
of result it could be concluded that tree leaves and weeds
were used by most of the farmers to feed their animal to
sustain milk production.
Feeding practices followed during drought: Majority
(61.88%) of the respondents (Table 4) were feeding stored
feeding materials (stored crop residues) for maintaining
desired production and productivity of the animals during
drought due to occurring of frequent drought and flood
situations nowaday’s most of the farmers stocked feeding
materials for future use whenever these were available in
abundance. The farmers who are having enough storage
space follow this practice.About 19.37% of the respondents
fed their animals by purchasing straw whereas, limited
feeding/control feeding for maintaining minimum level of
production and growth while limited feeding/control
feeding only to ensure animal survival by 10.62 and 8.13%
of the respondents, respectively. The farmers who grew only
rabi crops could store crop residues of this season crops
only thereby having a limited stock of feeding material
combined with lack of enough storage space force them to
follow limited/control feeding. However, the farmers who
were having their own irrigation facilities can grow 2 or 3
crops in a year enabling them to store a sufficient quantity
of feed materials. However, only few farmers were having
such kind of facilities as creation of them is too costly due
to low water-table. Scarcity of feeding materials in the local
area forced the farmers to purchase feed stuff from the
distance places which further increases the cost of feeding.
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that farmers
of this area were used to store feed and feeding materials in
the form of crop residues, weeds and grasses in advance
for life saving feeding of their animals during drought as
well as in the extreme climatic conditions.
Frequency of feeding and watering during drought:
Majority (66.25%) of the respondents (Table 5) were
providing feed and water twice a day followed by 18.13
and 15.62% who provided feed and water thrice and once a
day, respectively. It was interesting to note that none of the
farmers provided ad lib. feed and water to the animals. Due
to drought, availability of water and feeding material
became scarce thereby farmers provided feed and water
twice or once a day. Those farmers who had sufficient
amount of feeds and fodder fed animals ad lib. feeds but
those who faced scarcity, reduced the quantity along with
frequency of feeding as well as watering. In the latter case,
the aim of the farmer was to save the life of the animals
instead of production and productivity. It can be concluded
Table 3. Distribution of respondents according to feeds used
during drought (n=160)
Practices Frequency Percentage
Crop residues 101 63.13
Crop residues + tree leaves 32 20.00
Crop residues + grazing 15 9.37
Crop residues + tree leaves+ grazing 12 7.50
Table 4. Distribution of respondents according to feeding
practices followed during drought
(n=160)
Practices Frequency Percentage
Limited/control feeding + feeding 13 8.13
only to ensure animal survival
Limited/control feeding + feeding 17 10.62
to maintain minimum level of production
and growth
To maintain desired production by 31 19.37
purchasing feed and fodder from outside
To maintain desired production and 99 61.88
productivity by feeding stored
feeding materials
Table 5. Distribution of respondents according to frequency of
feeding and watering during drought
(n=160)
Practices Frequency Percentage
Once a day 25 15.62
Twice a day 106 66.25
Thrice a day 29 18.13
4. 1184 SANKHALA ET AL. [Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 86 (10)
that most of the respondents of such area kept their animals
under fed because of scarcity of feed and fodder and un-
affordability to purchase the feed and fodder.
Advance strategies for meeting feed shortage: Majority
(67.50%) of the respondents (Table 6) stored wheat straw
and other crop residues (gram/lentil/mustard /linseed etc.)
followed by 20% who stored wheat straw and paddy straw
while about 12.50% of the respondents stored wheat straw,
crop residues (gram/lentil/mustard/linseed etc.), paddy
straw along with storing of dried jowar/maize stalks locally
known as kadvi or stover. This finding is similar to studies
done by Singh et al. (2012), who reported that majority of
the respondents preserved fodder crop in the form of hay
and stored wheat straw, paddy straw and crop residue.
During drought, availability of green fodder and natural
grasses is drastically reduced, therefore, crop residues are
normally used as maintenance fodder to save the life of
animals as its demand is increased due to lesser supply of
green fodder. Most of the farmers in the region stored all
crop residues for future uses. In case of further availability
of crop residue in the next season, these were sold or put
into other uses, like burning as a fuel, used as a litter
materials etc.
Fodder production practices during drought: Most
(80%) of the respondents (Table 7) were not growing any
fodder during drought situation because most of them did
not have sources of irrigation even than those having source
of irrigation like tube-well, were also not able to grow fodder
due to lowering of water-table. About 13.75% of the
respondents were growing fodder by changing irrigation
system/pattern (use of sprinkler system/pipe, etc.) with
altering sowing time with the use of tube-well (self/
governmental) followed by 3.75% of the respondents were
growing fodder by changing irrigation system/pattern (use
of sprinkler system/pipe, etc.) along with integrated fodder
production system. This system of coping strategy seems
to be quite effective for combating drought, however, this
is followed by a very less number of respondents and
thereby it needs immediate promotion among the farmers.
Only 2.50% of the respondents raised fodder with the use
of harvested rainwater along with changing irrigation
system/pattern (use of sprinkler system/pipe, etc.) and
altering sowing time. This strategy is also quite effective,
however, it may be difficult to harvest rain water in case of
drought prevailing for years together. The result showed
that majority of the farmers were unable to grow fodder
due to scarcity of water during drought. However, few
farmers raised fodder by following alternative practices in
which some farmers who did not have his own tube-well
they raised fodder crops on leased land having irrigation
facility.
Management practices during drought: A sizeable
portion (30%) of the respondents (Table 8) were doing
traditional prayer to combat drought as a religious belief
followed by 28.75% of the respondent who avoided long
distance grazing for animals along with traditional prayer.
They were avoiding long distance grazing to save the
animals from higher temperature generally prevailing
during drought. It causes heat stress in animals resulting in
dehydration in animals, which generally results in reduction
in milk yield and even death of animals. Whereas, about
16.25% of the respondents were avoiding long distance
grazing, reducing herd size along with traditional prayer,
they were reducing herd size by culling unproductive
animals to save feed and fodder for productive animals.
While, 14.38% were not doing any activity during drought.
This might be due to that they were having sufficient income
from other sources to combat drought thereby not giving
much attention to animals, further they were having enough
Table 6. Distribution of respondents according to strategies for
meeting feed shortage in advance
(n=160)
Practices Frequency Percentage
Storage of wheat straw + paddy straw 32 20.00
Storage of wheat straw + storage of 108 67.50
crop residues (gram/lentil/mustard /
linseed etc.)
Storage of wheat straw + crop residues 20 12.50
(gram/lentil/mustard/linseed etc.) +
storage of kadvi + paddy straw
Table 7. Distribution of respondents according to fodder
production practices in drought
(n=160)
Practices Frequency Percentage
Change irrigation system/pattern 4 2.50
(sprinkler/pipe etc.) + water harvesting
for fodder production + altering
sowing time
Change irrigation system/pattern 22 13.75
(sprinkler/pipe etc.) + altering
sowing time
Change irrigation system/pattern 6 3.75
(sprinkler/pipe etc.) + integrated fodder
production system
No fodder production 128 80.00
Table 8. Distribution of respondents according to management
practices during drought
(n=160)
Practices Frequency Percentage
Avoid long distance grazing + reduce 26 16.25
herd size + traditional prayer
Avoid long distance grazing + traditional 46 28.75
prayer
Replacement of large bovine with 17 10.62
small/non-ruminant animals + reduce
herd size + traditional prayer
Traditional prayer 48 30.00
Do nothing 23 14.38
92
5. October 2016] DROUGHT COPING STRATEGIES FOLLOWED IN BUNDELKHAND 1185
feed and fodder reserves for their animals. A close look of
the results revealed that only 10.62% of the respondents
were replacing large bovine with small/non-ruminant
animals, reduced herd size and recited traditional prayer.
Large animals are being replaced with small/non-ruminant
animals to have economy in feeding. In this region, most
of the farmers were doing traditional prayer by reciting holy
Ram Charit-Manas in singing way for a long period and
performing Yagya. They strongly believe that after reciting
Ram Charit-Manas there will be rain.
Practices for sustaining milk production during heat
stress: More than half (51.25%) of the respondents (Table
9) were feeding and milking during cool hours with water
wetting 3–4 times, followed by 16.87% who were feeding
extra concentrate mixture with water wetting 3–4 times,
11.88% were providing extra concentrate mixture, feeding
green fodder with water wetting 3–4 times, 11.25% were
feeding and milking during cool hours, feeding green fodder
with water wetting 3–4 times while, 8.75% of the
respondents were feeding and milking during cool hours,
feeding extra concentrate mixture and feeding green fodder
with water wetting 3–4 times to overcome heat stress.
Perennial natural grasses like bermuda grass (Cynodon
dactylon), kans (Saccharum spontanium), etc. were used
as green fodder. Water wetting regulates the body
temperature of animals during drought, which generally
remains high in comparison to the average normal
temperature. Farmers reported that extra concentrate was
provided to meet the nutritional requirement of the animal
to combat heat stress as good quality fodder was not
available in sufficient quantity. The major practice followed
by the farmers to sustain milk production during heat stress
was feeding and milking during cool hours with water
wetting 3–4 times. During cool hours (early morning and
evening) animals become normal due to reduction in
environmental temperature leading to the sufficient release
of required hormones for proper let-down.
Drought coping strategies at community level: Most of
the farmers reported that community ponds were filled with
the governmental tube-well for arranging drinking water
to the animals during scarce water availability. This was
the most common coping strategy at community level
however; most of the water is lost through evaporation. The
second strategy was the use of pipe for conveyance to save
water from evaporation as well as leaching losses. In this
region, rainfall is not very scarce but main problem was
the lack of adoption of water conservation methods because
of that most of rain water is drained in rivers and cause
water shortage during most of the months of year.
Percolation of water to the lower layer of the soil is also
less due to presence of hard pan as well as presence of
gravels. Undulated topography also adds to the fast runoff
of the water resulting less time available for percolation.
Owing to these reasons groundwater recharge is slow.
It can be concluded from the study that during drought,
farmers followed major coping strategies as feeding of
stored crop residues, purchasing feeding materials from
market, feed twice a day to save feed materials, stored crop
residues for future use, feed unconventional feeding stuffs
like Saccharum spontanium, Cynodon dactylon, Saccharum
munjo, etc. and very few of them grow fodder with the use
of tube-well water along with altering sowing time. Further,
regarding other management practices, they were doing
traditional prayer to combat drought and practiced water
wetting during heat stress. The animals were left loose and
subjected to force grazing on non-palatable and
miscellaneous vegetation as a life saving strategy. During
drought, shortage of fodder and feed with the farmers were
the major limiting factor, however, they still desired to save
the life of animals. Therefore, there is an urgent need of
inventory of anti-quality factors in all kinds of plants
growing naturally in drought prone areas. Further, it is
suggested that drought resistance fodder crops/varieties,
animal breeds to be introduced, rain water harvesting
techniques, creation of water bodies in grazing areas,
restoration of existing water bodies to be promoted in the
area.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 2008. Report on Drought Mitigation Strategy for
Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Inter-Ministerial Central Team, Government of India, New
Delhi.
Anonymous. 2012. Report of National Rainfed Area Authority
on Prioritization of Rainfed Areas in India. Government of
India, New Delhi.
Anonymous. 2013. Disaster Management Department.
Government of Uttar Pradesh. Information available at
website: http://rahat.up.nic.in/sdmplan/draught_DMP.htm
(accessed–01/10/2013).
Anonymous. 2013. Government of Uttar Pradesh. Information
available at website: http://upgov.nic.in/ (accessed–01/10/
2013).
Table 9. Distribution of respondents according to practices for
sustaining milk production during heat stress
(n=160)
Practices Frequency Percentage
Feeding and milking during cool hours 14 8.75
+ water wetting 3-4 times + feeding
extra concentrate mixture to overcome
heat stress + feeding green fodder
during heat stress
Feeding and milking during cool hours 18 11.25
+ Water wetting 3-4 times + feeding
green fodder during heat stress
Feeding and milking during cool hours 82 51.25
+ water wetting 3-4 times
Water wetting 3-4 times + feeding 27 16.87
extra concentrate mixture to overcome
heat stress
Water wetting 3-4 times + feeding 19 11.88
extra concentrate mixture to overcome
heat stress + feeding green fodder during
heat stress
93
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