This document analyzes the technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. It finds that the mean technical efficiency level was 66%, meaning on average farmers were producing 66% of potential output. Factors like age, household size, and farming experience reduced technical inefficiency, while gender and education increased inefficiency. The study concludes there is room for improving efficiency to boost cowpea output through better use of available resources.
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
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Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
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The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Correlation and path coefficients analysis studies among yield and yield rela...Premier Publishers
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The study was carried out to estimate correlation coefficients among grain yield and yield related traits and work out direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on grain yield using path- coefficient analysis. Sixty-six F1 crosses and two standard checks were evaluated at Mechara, Ethiopia. The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to entries and crosses were highly significant (p<0.01)><0.05) for most traits studied, indicating the existence of variability among the materials evaluated, which could be exploited for the improvement of respective traits. Grain yield showed positive and highly significant correlations with most traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Ear diameter and number of kernels per row exerted positive direct effect and also had positive association with grain yield. These traits could be used as a reliable indicator in indirect selection for higher grain yield since their direct effect and association with grain yield were positive at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Traits having strong relationship with grain yield can be used for indirect selection to improve grain yield because grain yield can be simultaneously improved along with the traits for which it showed strong relationship.
Correlation and path analysis for genetic divergence of morphological and fib...Innspub Net
Â
Seventy five genotypes of cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were studied for morphological characteristics i-e plant height, monopodial branches, sympodial branches, boll weight, seed volume, seed density, seed index and fiber characters. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and estimates were made for genetic advance, broad sense heritability and coefficient of variance for the traits. ANOVA revealed highly significant variability among genotypes for all the characteristics studied. The estimates for heritability were
higher for seed index (0.93) and plant height (0.93). The highest value (6.4) for genetic advance was observed for
sympodial branches whereas lowest value was (0.17) for boll weight. Correlation analysis revealed positive and significant for most of the parameters. In path coefficient, the number of sympodial branches, boll weight, lint index and lint weight had maximum direct and positive effect on fiber fineness of seed cotton. Whereas, the number of monopodial branches, plant height, seed index, seed volume, seed density, staple length, fiber strength and ginning out turn (G.O.T%) had direct and negative effects on fiber of seed cotton. The principle component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between genotypes and the first four components with Eigen
values greater than 1 contributed 66.68% of the variability among the genotypes. The grouping of genotypes
possessing excelled traits signifies genetic potential of the germplasm for the improvement of seed and fiber characteristics in cotton crop. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
Â
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Correlation and path coefficients analysis studies among yield and yield rela...Premier Publishers
Â
The study was carried out to estimate correlation coefficients among grain yield and yield related traits and work out direct and indirect effects of yield-related traits on grain yield using path- coefficient analysis. Sixty-six F1 crosses and two standard checks were evaluated at Mechara, Ethiopia. The analysis of variance revealed that mean squares due to entries and crosses were highly significant (p<0.01)><0.05) for most traits studied, indicating the existence of variability among the materials evaluated, which could be exploited for the improvement of respective traits. Grain yield showed positive and highly significant correlations with most traits at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Ear diameter and number of kernels per row exerted positive direct effect and also had positive association with grain yield. These traits could be used as a reliable indicator in indirect selection for higher grain yield since their direct effect and association with grain yield were positive at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Traits having strong relationship with grain yield can be used for indirect selection to improve grain yield because grain yield can be simultaneously improved along with the traits for which it showed strong relationship.
Genetic Analysis to Improve Grain Yield Potential and Associated Agronomic Tr...Galal Anis, PhD
Â
Grain yield of rice is a complex trait consisting of several yield parameters. It is of
great necessary to reveal the genetic relationships between GY and its yield components. Therefore,
the correlation of agronomic traits contributed of grain yield will be a supplemental advantage in
providing the selection process. The objective of this study was to compare genetic variability and
relationships between nine rice genotypes and their F1 progenies in rice by assessment of heterosis,
yield advantage and correlation coefficient for grain yield improvement. A field experiment were
conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the growing seasons of
2012 and 2013 at Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Egypt. Heterosis and correlation
coefficient of various agro-morphological and yield traits were studied by using nine-parent diallel
mating design. The results showed that grain yield was highly significant positive heterosis over
standard heterosis and the highest value was 79.68 for the cross Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and the lowest
value was 32.86 for the cross Sakha 104 x HR5824-B-3-2-3. At the same time, fifteen crosses were
highly significant and positive heterosis over mid-parent, the highest cross was Giza 177 x Sakha
104 with value 32.74 and the lowest cross was Sakha 101 x Sakha 104 with value 19.56 for grain
yield. Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed between grain yield and each of
days to maturing, panicle initiation and number of primary branches panicle-1. Pay special attention
to the cross from Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and as well as Giza 177 x Sakha 104 was achieved the best
grain yield trait. These promising cross would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the
development of high yielding cultivars.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
Â
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Women's empowerment as an effective way to increase resilience to climate changeCGIAR
Â
This presentation was given by Alex de Pinto (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
Â
The importance of soybean as a high protein, primary input in vegetable oil,
diary and feed industries is not in doubt. The technical efficiency and
resource
-
productivity of smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria were
estimated using cross sectional data obtained on 96 soybean farmers in the empirical
analysis. Results obtained with transcendental logarithmic (translog) stochastic
frontier model showed that the technical efficiencies varied widely from
0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718. This indicates that smallholder soybean
production was in the irrational stage of production (stage III) as depicted by the
returns
-
to
-
scale (RTS) of
-
2.848. Land and fertilizer were effectively allocated and
used, as confirmed by each variable having estimated coefficient value between zero
and unity, depicting stage II in the production curve. The productivity of the factors
can be enhanced by expanding the farm size at the existing level of labour so that the
variable of labour used could move from stage III to stage II in the production curve.
Labour saving resource and/or practices should be encouraged for productivity and
technical efficiency to be enhanced.
New Seeds and Women's Welfare - The Case of Nerica Upland Rice and Labour Dyn...SIANI
Â
This study was presented during the conference âProduction and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africaâ held in September, 2010.
1 ijhaf aug-2017-3-long run analysis of the carryingAI Publications
Â
This study examines the long run response of Agricultural land use indices to population growth in Nigeria. The study made use of 35 year time series data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual reports, FAOSTAT and World Bank Statistical reports (1980-2015). Collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that agricultural land productivity in terms of cereal (rice, sorghum, millet & maize) yield exhibited a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Agricultural land use intensity showed a positive and significant response to population growth ratein Nigeria. Agricultural value added to GDP demonstrated a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Population growth and cereal yield yearly forecasts were 8.9% and 7.5% respectively.The study provided sufficient empirical evidence on relatively weak capacity of agricultural land to cereal productivity under population pressure and the need for policy on land enhancement technologies in Nigeria.
Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis among Yield and Yield Related Trait...Premier Publishers
Â
Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p < 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supported the direct contribution of biomass yield to grain yield. The present investigations indicated that grain yield per plot was influenced by biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant, and plant height.
Gene Action for Yield and its Attributes by Generation Mean Analysis in Brinj...AI Publications
Â
Genetic studies assist the breeder in understanding the inheritance mechanism and enhance the efficiency of a breeding programme. Knowledge of gene action and their relative contribution in expression of character is of great importance. Eggplant yield depends on two components viz., fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. These traits are quantitative and therefore influenced by multiple genes. The objective of this study was to estimate the main gene effects (additive, dominance and digenic epistasis) and to determine the mode of inheritance for fruit Yield and its components. The generation mean analysis was employed in three crosses viz., Ac-2 x Annamalai, EP-45 x Annamalai and EP-89 X Annamalai to partition the genetic variance. Among the three crosses studied, the cross Ac-2 x Annamalai had complimentary type of epistasis along with significant additive gene effects and additive x additive interaction gene effects for all the three traits. Considering fruit yield per plant and its attributes, this cross was judged as the best cross for further selection programme.
Hog Production and Agglomeration Economies: The Case of U.S. State-Level Hog ...Premier Publishers
Â
The study examines the importance of agglomeration economies on U.S. hog production for the period, 1994-2006. Results suggest that hog production in a state is positively affected by hog production in a nearby state, confirming the presence of agglomeration economies at the sate-level. This finding is true for both the top 22 hog producing states and for hog production in the Midwest region of the U.S. Agglomeration economies played an important role in the reorganization of the U.S. hog industry during the study period. In addition to agglomeration economies, our results also show that environmental regulations, hog price, land value, labor cost and the cost of corn input were important in shaping the U.S. hog industry during the study period.
Analyzing Farm Productivity of Kentucky using Regression ModelBijesh Mishra
Â
Kentucky is facing decline in farms numbers and farmland
with increasing average size. It suggest that small farmers
are moving away from the farming business and large
farmers are increasing. Kentucky agriculture is based on
small and family farmers as about 90% of farm are owned
by family. The research was done using secondary data to
identify factors responsibilities for agriculture productivity
in Kentucky in changing farming condition. Average farm
size, total irrigated area and farmers average age has
significant effect in farm productivity in Kentucky. Average
years in farming has negative relation with farm
productivity. All other variables have positive relation
though some are not significant.
Correlations and pass coefficient analyses of yield and yield related traits ...Premier Publishers
Â
Common bean is among the major crops grown in southern Ethiopia including Borana zone where the majority of the farmers are Agro-pastoralist and produce the crop mainly for home consumption. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major production constraints. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate 36 common bean genotypes in triple lattice design to generate information on the association of yield and yield related traits, and to determine the direct and indirect effects of yield related traits on grain yield. Thousand seeds weight, seed number per plant, seed number per pod and number of primary branches per plant showed positive and highly significant correlations with grain yield. Moreover, thousand seed weight, seeds per plant and seeds per pods had high positive direct effects on grain yield both at genotypic and phenotypic levels. This suggested the importance of considering these traits during selection to improve grain yield in subsequent generations. In contrast, the negative direct effects of days to flowering and maturity as well as the negative indirect effects of these traits via other traits on grain yield suggested the need to select genotypes for early flowering and maturity for the study area.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Â
â The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
The three main challenges of genetic resources centre includes: sustainable conservation,substantial use and crop diversity captured using cowpea,yam and cassava as case study
Genetic Analysis to Improve Grain Yield Potential and Associated Agronomic Tr...Galal Anis, PhD
Â
Grain yield of rice is a complex trait consisting of several yield parameters. It is of
great necessary to reveal the genetic relationships between GY and its yield components. Therefore,
the correlation of agronomic traits contributed of grain yield will be a supplemental advantage in
providing the selection process. The objective of this study was to compare genetic variability and
relationships between nine rice genotypes and their F1 progenies in rice by assessment of heterosis,
yield advantage and correlation coefficient for grain yield improvement. A field experiment were
conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the growing seasons of
2012 and 2013 at Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Egypt. Heterosis and correlation
coefficient of various agro-morphological and yield traits were studied by using nine-parent diallel
mating design. The results showed that grain yield was highly significant positive heterosis over
standard heterosis and the highest value was 79.68 for the cross Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and the lowest
value was 32.86 for the cross Sakha 104 x HR5824-B-3-2-3. At the same time, fifteen crosses were
highly significant and positive heterosis over mid-parent, the highest cross was Giza 177 x Sakha
104 with value 32.74 and the lowest cross was Sakha 101 x Sakha 104 with value 19.56 for grain
yield. Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed between grain yield and each of
days to maturing, panicle initiation and number of primary branches panicle-1. Pay special attention
to the cross from Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and as well as Giza 177 x Sakha 104 was achieved the best
grain yield trait. These promising cross would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the
development of high yielding cultivars.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
Â
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Women's empowerment as an effective way to increase resilience to climate changeCGIAR
Â
This presentation was given by Alex de Pinto (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Technical Efficiency Differentials and Resource - Productivity Analysis amon...researchagriculture
Â
The importance of soybean as a high protein, primary input in vegetable oil,
diary and feed industries is not in doubt. The technical efficiency and
resource
-
productivity of smallholder soybean farmers in Benue State, Nigeria were
estimated using cross sectional data obtained on 96 soybean farmers in the empirical
analysis. Results obtained with transcendental logarithmic (translog) stochastic
frontier model showed that the technical efficiencies varied widely from
0.254 to 0.999 with a mean of 0.718. This indicates that smallholder soybean
production was in the irrational stage of production (stage III) as depicted by the
returns
-
to
-
scale (RTS) of
-
2.848. Land and fertilizer were effectively allocated and
used, as confirmed by each variable having estimated coefficient value between zero
and unity, depicting stage II in the production curve. The productivity of the factors
can be enhanced by expanding the farm size at the existing level of labour so that the
variable of labour used could move from stage III to stage II in the production curve.
Labour saving resource and/or practices should be encouraged for productivity and
technical efficiency to be enhanced.
New Seeds and Women's Welfare - The Case of Nerica Upland Rice and Labour Dyn...SIANI
Â
This study was presented during the conference âProduction and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africaâ held in September, 2010.
1 ijhaf aug-2017-3-long run analysis of the carryingAI Publications
Â
This study examines the long run response of Agricultural land use indices to population growth in Nigeria. The study made use of 35 year time series data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual reports, FAOSTAT and World Bank Statistical reports (1980-2015). Collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The result shows that agricultural land productivity in terms of cereal (rice, sorghum, millet & maize) yield exhibited a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Agricultural land use intensity showed a positive and significant response to population growth ratein Nigeria. Agricultural value added to GDP demonstrated a negative and significant response to population growth rate. Population growth and cereal yield yearly forecasts were 8.9% and 7.5% respectively.The study provided sufficient empirical evidence on relatively weak capacity of agricultural land to cereal productivity under population pressure and the need for policy on land enhancement technologies in Nigeria.
Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis among Yield and Yield Related Trait...Premier Publishers
Â
Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p < 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supported the direct contribution of biomass yield to grain yield. The present investigations indicated that grain yield per plot was influenced by biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant, and plant height.
Gene Action for Yield and its Attributes by Generation Mean Analysis in Brinj...AI Publications
Â
Genetic studies assist the breeder in understanding the inheritance mechanism and enhance the efficiency of a breeding programme. Knowledge of gene action and their relative contribution in expression of character is of great importance. Eggplant yield depends on two components viz., fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. These traits are quantitative and therefore influenced by multiple genes. The objective of this study was to estimate the main gene effects (additive, dominance and digenic epistasis) and to determine the mode of inheritance for fruit Yield and its components. The generation mean analysis was employed in three crosses viz., Ac-2 x Annamalai, EP-45 x Annamalai and EP-89 X Annamalai to partition the genetic variance. Among the three crosses studied, the cross Ac-2 x Annamalai had complimentary type of epistasis along with significant additive gene effects and additive x additive interaction gene effects for all the three traits. Considering fruit yield per plant and its attributes, this cross was judged as the best cross for further selection programme.
Hog Production and Agglomeration Economies: The Case of U.S. State-Level Hog ...Premier Publishers
Â
The study examines the importance of agglomeration economies on U.S. hog production for the period, 1994-2006. Results suggest that hog production in a state is positively affected by hog production in a nearby state, confirming the presence of agglomeration economies at the sate-level. This finding is true for both the top 22 hog producing states and for hog production in the Midwest region of the U.S. Agglomeration economies played an important role in the reorganization of the U.S. hog industry during the study period. In addition to agglomeration economies, our results also show that environmental regulations, hog price, land value, labor cost and the cost of corn input were important in shaping the U.S. hog industry during the study period.
Analyzing Farm Productivity of Kentucky using Regression ModelBijesh Mishra
Â
Kentucky is facing decline in farms numbers and farmland
with increasing average size. It suggest that small farmers
are moving away from the farming business and large
farmers are increasing. Kentucky agriculture is based on
small and family farmers as about 90% of farm are owned
by family. The research was done using secondary data to
identify factors responsibilities for agriculture productivity
in Kentucky in changing farming condition. Average farm
size, total irrigated area and farmers average age has
significant effect in farm productivity in Kentucky. Average
years in farming has negative relation with farm
productivity. All other variables have positive relation
though some are not significant.
Correlations and pass coefficient analyses of yield and yield related traits ...Premier Publishers
Â
Common bean is among the major crops grown in southern Ethiopia including Borana zone where the majority of the farmers are Agro-pastoralist and produce the crop mainly for home consumption. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major production constraints. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate 36 common bean genotypes in triple lattice design to generate information on the association of yield and yield related traits, and to determine the direct and indirect effects of yield related traits on grain yield. Thousand seeds weight, seed number per plant, seed number per pod and number of primary branches per plant showed positive and highly significant correlations with grain yield. Moreover, thousand seed weight, seeds per plant and seeds per pods had high positive direct effects on grain yield both at genotypic and phenotypic levels. This suggested the importance of considering these traits during selection to improve grain yield in subsequent generations. In contrast, the negative direct effects of days to flowering and maturity as well as the negative indirect effects of these traits via other traits on grain yield suggested the need to select genotypes for early flowering and maturity for the study area.
Technical Efficiency of Soya Beans Production in Mubi North Local Government ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Â
â The study was conducted to evaluate the technical efficiency of soya bean production in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the inputs and output relationship of soya bean production in the study area. A multi stage random sampling techniques was used to select 80 respondents in the study area who were noted for soya beans production. Primary data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire and were analyzed using stochastic frontier function. It was therefore recommended that inputs such as seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals which were the major inputs that increase the output of soya bean production in the study area should be made available on time, in right amounts and at affordable prices to the farmer's stakeholders in agriculture. Proper orientation and knowledge should be given to people willing to go into the cultivation of soya beans on the appropriate time of planting. Extension services should also be rendered effectively.
The three main challenges of genetic resources centre includes: sustainable conservation,substantial use and crop diversity captured using cowpea,yam and cassava as case study
Yield and nutritive quality of genetically diverse cowpea accessions for use ...ILRI
Â
Presentation by Grings, E.E., BlĂźmmel, M., Boukar, O., Fatokun, C. and Hearne, S. at the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Maruca-resistant Cowpea Research in Nigeria - Muhammad Lawanb4fa
Â
Presentation by Muhammad Lawan, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Â
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmersâ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra Stateijtsrd
Â
This study examines determinants of income inequality among cooperative farmers in Anambra State. The study, modeled variables like farmers efficiency, technology, market proximity, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services using descriptive and inferential statistics. The population of this study was made up of 298 members of selected cooperative societies in Anambra State and a sample of 171 was determined for the study using Taro Yamane formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 respondents but only 115 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that apart from market proximity which was not significant, all other factors farmers' efficiency, technology, credit obtained, farm size, soil fertility, crop type, input supply and agric extension services contributed significantly to the farmers' income. This study therefore recommends that The government should carry out a public enlightenment campaign on the potentials of agricultural cooperatives as sustainable approach for reducing income inequality through synergy and emphasis should be placed more on cooperative education as requirement for growth and development since most of the people in the target areas has low educational background. The agricultural cooperative subsector should be adequately financed to help improve the farmers' income and also reduce income inequality. Agricultural technology transfer through extension services should be encouraged to help create awareness and increase adoption of better ways farming so as to increase the farmers' income and reduce income inequality among others. Anigbogu, Theresa Ukamaka | Uzondu, Chikodiri Scholastica ""Determinants of Income Inequality Among Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23149.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/23149/determinants-of-income-inequality-among-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/anigbogu-theresa-ukamaka
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect inputoutput data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
Dairy Production System in Lowland Areas of Gambella, EthiopiaAI Publications
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DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
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The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
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In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
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10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
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Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
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SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
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This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
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State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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Cyber risk predictions
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Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
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Monitoring and observability arenât traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current companyâs observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumbleâŚ.many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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Autopilot per Studio Web
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Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
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ESnet has led the way in helping national facilitiesâand many other institutions in the research communityâconfigure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
11.technical efficiency of cowpea production in osun state, nigeria
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.1, No.2, 2011
Technical Efficiency of Cowpea Production in Osun State,
Nigeria
Sofoluwe Nurudeen1* Kareem Rasaki2
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Nigeria
2
Department of Economics and Actuarial Science, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Ogun State
*E-mail of the corresponding author: afolabiadisa@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study was carried out to analyze the technical efficiency among cowpea farmers in Osun State,
Nigeria. Stochastic production frontier function was used to analyze the data obtained from 200 cowpea
farmers in the study area. The efficiency analysis indicated that mean technical efficiency level was 66%. It
was also found that age, household size and farming experience reduces technical inefficiency, while
farmersâ gender and educational level increases technical inefficiency. The finding suggests that there is
provision for improvement in cowpea farmersâ efficiency to further increase output with available inputs
and technology.
Key words: Cowpea; technical efficiency; inefficiency
1. Introduction
The importance of cowpea in bridging the food gap in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. Every Nigerian
eats cowpea and the per capita consumption is about 25kg to 30kg per annum (Falusi 1997). The grain is a
good source of protein for human nutrition, while the haulms are valuable source of livestock protein. It is
also a source of income for many smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa and contributes to the
sustainability of cropping systems and soil fertility improvement in marginal lands through provision of
ground cover and plant residue, nitrogen fixation and suppressing weed (Fatokun 2002). Additionally,
cowpea is regarded as the cheapest source of protein to the poverty ridden populace of Nigeria. Recently,
following the interest of international bodies in reducing hunger, poverty and malnutrition, in developing
countries, including Nigeria, the prospects for reducing hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity through
increase in cowpea productivity is significant (Coulibaly & Lowenberg-Debber 2000).
To realise this goal of reducing hunger and malnutrition, the total output of cowpea must be increased. This
can be achieved mainly in two ways. The first being expansion of the area under cultivation. Secondly, the
extent to which the cowpea farmers are technically efficient, will determine how much of the cowpea
produced will be left for general consumption and other uses.
Farrel (1957) developed the concept to technical efficiency based on the input output relationship. He
suggested a method of measuring technical efficiency by estimating the production function of firms. A
farm is said to be technically inefficient when actual or observed output from a given input mix is less than
the maximum possible output. The efficiency of a farm/firm refers to its success in producing as much
output as possible given a set of inputs.
Nigeria has not been able to attain self-sufficiency in food production, despite increasing land area been put
into food production annually (Fasasi 2007). One way smallholder farmers can achieve sustainable
agricultural development is to raise the productivity of their farm by improving efficiency within the limits
of the existing resource base and available technology. Efficient use of various inputs is an important part
of sustainability (Harwood 1987) which implies either fewer inputs to produce the same level of output or
higher output at the same level of inputs. An increase in efficiency in food crop production could invariably
lead to an improvement in the welfare of farmers and consequently a reduction in their poverty level and
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food insecurity. This study therefore seeks to estimate technical efficiency among cowpea farmers in Osun
State, Nigeria.
2. Methodology
The data were collected from a random sample of 200 cowpea farmers in four selected areas of
Osun State, southwest Nigeria, for the 2010/2011 agricultural growing seasons. The sample comprised of a
random sampling of 50 cowpea farmers from each of the four purposively selected local governmentsâ area
notable for cowpea production in the state. The data were collected using structured questionnaires
designed to elicit information on input â output cowpea production activities.
The Cobb-Douglas functional form Cobb-Douglas was used to estimate the technical efficiency in the
stochastic production frontier. Following Battese & Coelli (1988), the stochastic frontier production
function for this study is expressed as follows:
(1)
The explicit form of the model is written thus:
(2)
Where Ln = natural logarithm;
i = i th sample smallholder farmer;
Y = value of farm output for farmer
X1 = farm size (in acres);
X2 = no of family labour in mandays
X3= no of hired labour in mandays
X4= seed quantity (kg)
X5= pesticide quantity (lt)
Ă s = input coefficient for the resources used in production;
Where Y, β, X1, X2, X3...X6 are as defined earlier. The Vis is assumed to be independent and identically
distributed normal random errors having zero mean and unknown variance. Uiâs are non-negative random
variables called technical inefficiency effects which are associated with technical inefficiency of production
of the respondent farmers which are assumed to be independent of the Vis such that Uis are the non negative
truncation (at zero) of the normal distribution with mean, Âľ and variance, Ď2. The technical efficiency of the
ith farmer is expressed as:
Tei = exp (- Ui)
(3)
(4)
Z1, Z2, and Z3 ...Z6 are the age, household size, sex, marital status, educational qualification and farming
experience of the ith farmers respectively, and the βs and Ďs are unknown scalar parameters to be
estimated. These variables were included in the model for the technical inefficiency effects to indicate
effects of farmerâs characteristics on the efficiency of production.
3. Results and Discussion
The maximum-likelihood estimates (MLE) for the parameters of the Cobb-Douglas production function are
presented are given in Table I. From the results, all but farm size and access to credit variables had the
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expected positive signs. This suggests that a percentage increase in any of the production input would lead
to a percentage increase in output, ceteris paribus.
The co-efficient of both the family and higher labour were positive and statistically significant (p< 0.05)
with an elasticity of 0.13 and 0.14 respectively. This suggests that a 1 percent increase in family and hired
labour will induce an increase of 0.13 and 0.14 percent in the farm gross margin and vice versa
respectively. These results agree with previous work by Amaza et al. (2000) who found a positive
relationship between labour and farm gross margin.
The seed variable had a positive sign, which conforms to a priori expectation and statistically significant (P
< 0.05). This indicated that a percentage increase in the quantity of seed planted would result in an increase
in cowpea output. This finding corroborates Shehu et al. (2007). The elasticity coefficient of the seed
variable equals 0.36 indicating the importance of the input in cowpea production.
The coefficient of pesticide quantity was positive and statistically significant (P < 0.05). The result
indicates that a percentage increase in the use of pesticide would bring about a proportionate increase in
cowpea output. This corroborates body of literatures on high yield reducing effect of pests and disease of
cowpea in Nigeria compared to other food crops (Isubikalu et al. 2000). Further, the result indicates that
farmerâs access to a minimum level of credit would enhance the output of cowpea.
The variance ratio (Îł), which was associated with the variance of technical inefficiency effects in the
stochastic frontier, is estimated to be 0.98, suggesting that systematic influences that are unexplained by the
production function were the dominant sources of random errors. This indicated that 98.85% of the total
variability of cowpea output for the farmers was due to differences in technical efficiency.
The results of the inefficiency model are presented in Table II. The variables of the inefficiency model
were modeled to explain the determinants of efficiency of production among the cowpea farmers. The sign
of the variables in the inefficiency model is very important in explaining the observed level of TE of the
farmers. A negative sign implied that the variable had the effect of reducing technical inefficiency, while a
positive coefficient indicate that the variable has the effect of increasing inefficiency. The results of the
inefficiency model showed that all the included variables except sex, marital status and education
qualification had the expected sign. The coefficient of sex, marital status and educational qualification was
estimated to be positive, which suggested these variables enhance technical inefficiency of the farmers.
The results of the inefficient estimated function reveals that coefficient of age was negative, which implies
that older farmers tend to be less technically inefficient in cowpea production and corroborates the findings
of Kareem et al. (2008).
The predicted coefficient of household size was negative. The negative coefficient is in agreement with the
hypothesized expected sign and implies that as the number of persons (adults) in a household increases,
farmers invariably becomes less inefficient. This is because more adult members in a household meant that
more quality labour would be available for carrying out farming activities thus making the production
process more efficient (Villano & Fleming, 2004).
The estimated coefficient of farming experience variable was negative as expected. This implied that
farmers with more years of farming experience tend to be more efficient in cowpea production. The
positive contribution of the variable to TE could be that farmers with more years of experience tend to
become more efficient through âlearning-by-doingâ. This corroborates the findings of Fasasi (2007).
However, the estimated coefficient of education and sex were positive and statistically not significant. This
implies that the level of education, sex do not have any impact on the efficiency level of cowpea farmers in
the area of study (table 2).
The inefficiency indices in table III show that the technical efficiency of the sampled farmers is less than 1
(less than 100%) implying that all the farmers in the study area are producing below the efficiency frontier.
The best farmers have technical efficiency of between 0.84 and 0.88 while the worst farmer has a technical
efficiency of 0.02. The mean technical efficiency is 0.661 (66%) implying that on the average, farmers in
the study area were able to obtain average of 68 percent of potential output from a given mix of production
inputs. From this estimation, maximum technical efficiency is not yet achieved suggesting a need for more
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effort at improving efficiency of cowpea farmers. Age, household size and farming experience are the
major factors that culminate to influence the magnitude of the farmersâ technical efficiency.
4. Conclusion
The study focused on estimation of technical efficiency of farmers using stochastic parametric estimation
methods. A Cobb Douglas production frontier was estimated by Maximum Likelihood Estimation method
to obtain ML estimates and inefficiency determinants. The distribution of the technical efficiency indices
suggested that the state of technology used by the sampled farmers are probably inferior, although farmers
on the average, have moderately high level of technical efficiency, given the resources at their disposal
(about 52% of the farmers have technical efficiency above 75%). Also the farmersâ level of technical
efficiency has been shown to be positively and significantly influenced by hired labour, seed quantity and
pesticide quantity but negatively influenced by access to more credit. This study concluded that cowpea
production is profitable and the mean technical efficiency of 0.66 could be increased by 34 percent through
better use of available resources. This study therefore recommend that for an effective improvement in the
level of efficiency among the cowpea farmers, provision should be made by governments and other
stakeholders in the agricultural sector to provide farmers with access to affordable inputs such as seed,
pesticides as well as making provision for alternative source of family labour.
References
Amaza, P. S. & Olayemi, J. K. (2001), âTechnical efficiency in food crop production in Gombe State,
Nigeriaâ Niger Agric. Journal, 32:140-151 (2001).
Battese, G.E. & Coelli, T.J. (1988), âPrediction of Firm-Level Technical Efficiency with a Generalized
Frontier Production Function and Panel Dataâ, J. Econometrics, 38: 387â99
Coulibaly, O. & Lowenberg-Debber, L. (2000), âThe economics of cowpea in West Africaâ. In: Challenges
and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of the World Cowpea
Conference III held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 4-8
September 2000.
Farrell, M. J. (1957), âThe measurement of productive efficiencyâ. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,
ACXX(3): 253-290.
Fasasi A.R. (2007), âTechnical Efficiency in Food Crop Production in Oyo State, Nigeriaâ, J. Hum. Ecol.,
22(3): 245-249
Falusi A.O (1997), Concept papers for Phase two of National Agricultural Research Project.
Fatokun, A.C., (2002), âBreeding cowpea for resistance to insect pests; attempted crosses between cowpea
and vigna vexillataâ. In : challenges and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production,
Fatokun, C.A., S.A. Tarawali, B.B. Singh, P.M. Kormawa and M. Tarno (Eds). International Institute for
Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria, pp: 52-61.
Harwood, R.R (1987), âLow input technologies for sustainable agricultural systemâ Pp 41-59. In:
Sustainable Agricultural system. V. W. Ruttan and C. E Pray (Eds.) Westived Press Boulder, Colorado.
Isubikalu P, Erbaugh JM, Semana AR & Adipala E. (2000), âThe Influence of Farmers Perception on
Pesticide Usage for Management of Cowpea Field Pests in Eastern Ugandaâ. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 8(3): 317-
325.
Kareem, R. O., Dipeolu, A. O., Aromolaran, A. B. & Akegbejo S. (2008), Analysis of technical, allocative
and economic efficiency of different pond systems in Ogun state, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural
Research, Vol. 3 (4), pp. 246-254,
Shehu, J.F, Mshelia, S.I. & A.K. Tashikalma, (2007), Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Small-scale
Rain-fed Upland Rice Farmers in North-west Agricultural Zone of Adamawa State, Nigeria, J. Agri. Soc.
Sci., Vol. 3, No. 4, 2007.
Villano, R. & Fleming, E. (2004), Analysis of Technical Efficiency in a Rain-fed Lowland Rice
Environment in Central Luzon Philippines using a Stochastic Frontier Production Function with
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Heteroskedastic Error Structure. Working Paper Series in Agricultural and Resource Economics No.2004-
15, University of New England, Armidale
Table I. Maximum-likelihood estimates for parameters of the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production
function for the cowpea farmers during the 2009/2010 cropping season.
Variables parameter Co-efficient Std. Error
Constant β0 4.9747296 0.31653886
Farm size β1 -0.0029316314 0.055408664
Family labour β2 0.12637861 0.096265501
Hired labour β3 0.13940010* 0.052553915
*
Seed quantity β4 0.36947332 0.10845277
Pesticide quantity β5 0.35041910* 0.13070950
*
Access to credit β6 -0.35442432 0.16007395
2
Model variance Ď 6.3528773 2.9561235
Variance ratio Îł 0.98859107
Log likelihood -73.457269
No of observations 100
*, means significant at 5%.
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Vol.1, No.2, 2011
Source; Data analysis, 2010
Table II. Maximum-likelihood estimates for parameters of the inefficiency model Cobb-Douglas stochastic
frontier production function for the cowpea farmers during the 2009/2010 cropping season.
Variable Parameters Coefficient Standard error
Constant δ0 6.5435886 4.8312530
Age δ1 -5.8481342 3.8517607
Household size δ2 -0.089951780 0.84992609
Sex δ3 4.0262659 2.7459425
Education δ4 2.8292973 2.1981910
Experience δ5 -0.60237024 0.84680001
Source; Data Analysis, 2010
Table III. Distribution of technical efficiency indices among farmers in the study area
Efficiency class index Frequency Percentage
0.01-0.09 1 1.0
0.19-0.28 2 2.0
0.29-0.37 7 7.0
0.38-0.46 2 2.0
0.47-0.55 12 12.0
0.56-0.64 12 12.0
0.65-0.74 12 12.0
0.75-0.83 28 28.0
0.84+ 24 24.0
Total 100 100.0
Mean = 0.661
Maximum value = 0.88
Minimum value = 0.02
Source: Computed from MLE results.
34 | P a g e
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