This document discusses excavation, foundations, and sustainability. It provides information on different machines used for excavation like bulldozers and backhoes. It also discusses industries involved in excavation like general contractors. The document discusses the need to protect excavation sides from caving and dewatering techniques. It provides details on different foundation types like shallow foundations, deep foundations, and types of piles. It discusses factors affecting foundation choice like subsurface soils and groundwater. Finally, it discusses concepts of sustainability relating to economy, society and environment.

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Confederation of Excavation ,
Foundation and Sustainability

2. Excavation for Construction
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3. Introduction to Excavation
Some amount of excavation required for
every building To the required depth at
which the bearing capacity necessary for
the building is met - A variety of
machines used for excavation
Bulldozers
Bucket loaders
Blasting
 Shovel dozers
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4. DOZERS
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5. Backhoel
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6. Industries engaged in excavation
General contractors
Highway and street construction
contractors
Bridge and tunnel contractors
Water, sewer, pipeline contractors
Communication and power line
contractors
Concrete worker and well drilling
contractors
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- The sides of excavation too be protected from caving in by
different methods ( soldier beams and lagging, sheet
piles, slurry walls, etc.) or bracing (cross-slot, rakers or
tiebacks) - De-watering using well-points & sumps, and
watertight barriers - Mixing the soil by rotating paddles

8. Slurry Wall
Steps
Layout
Excavate the soil
Interject Slurry to
prevent Collapse as
Excavation Continues
Install Reinforcing
Place Concrete
(replaces the slurry mix)
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9. Solder Beam & Lagging
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10. Bracing
 Crosslot
 Rackers
 Tiebacks
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11. Watertight Barrier Walls
 Keep Water Out
 Barrier must reach an
impervious strata
 Types
– Slurry Walls
– Sheeting w/ pumps
 Must resist hydrostatic
pressure
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2. FOUNDATIONS

13. INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATIONS
Function of a foundation is to transfer
the structural loads from a building safely
into the ground
A larger and heavier building of
masonry, steel, or concrete would require
its foundations to go deeper into earth
such that the soil or the rock on which it
is founded is competent to carry its
massive loads this means going a
hundred feet or more below the surface.
foundation design is a highly specialized
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14. Major Building Parts
Superstructure
Substructure
Foundation
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15. Foundation Loads
Dead Load
 Live Load
 Wind Load
 Horizontal Pressures Below Grade
 Structural Member Forces
 Uplift
 Earthquake
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Types of settlements: Uniform and
differential - Differential settlement must be
minimized, depends on site soil conditions
and distribution of loads on columns
supporting the building
NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT *
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT
Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building
, but differential settlement can cause severe structural damage

17. Primary Factors Affecting
Foundation Choice
 Subsurface soil
 Ground water conditions
 Structural requirements
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18. TYPES OF SOILS AND
CHARACTERISTICS
Rocks ;cant lift by two hand
Boulder; cant lift by two hand
cobble (particle that can be lifted by a
single hand),
gravel aggregates (course grained
particle larger than 4.75mm
sand (frictional, size smaller then
4.75mm but larger than 75microm), silts
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19. Clays
Porous
(sandy)
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20. TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Depends on whether the load transfer is at deeper
depths or shallower depths
Shallow foundation
 Deep foundation
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Shallow foundations (column footings
without or with tie/grade beams, individual or
combined wall footing, slab on grade, raft)
Deep foundations (caissons with or without
sockets, end bearing or friction piles, pile
groups),

22. Combination Spread & Strip Footing
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23. Deep Foundations - Purpose
transfer building loads deep into the earth
Basic types
– Drilled (& poured)
– Driven
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Introduction to Sustainability Concepts
Economy
Social
Environment

26. Definitions about sustainability
Simultaneous achievement of economic
prosperity, a healthy environment, and social
equity for current and future generations
– Sustainability meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs
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27. Working Toward Sustainability
Some Guidelines
•Leave the earth as good or better than we found it.
•Take no more than we need.
•Try not to harm life, air, water, soil.
•Help maintain Earth's capacity for self repair.
•Don't use potentially renewable resources faster
than they are replenished.
•Don't release pollutants faster than Earth's natural
processes can dilute or degrade them.
•Slow the rate of population growth

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ome Major Problems

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THANKS From YOUR ATTENTION