The document discusses suspensions as biphasic liquid dosage forms, detailing their definitions, advantages such as enhanced bioavailability and taste masking, and disadvantages including sedimentation and formulation challenges. It covers ideal properties for good suspensions, classification based on administration routes, solid particle proportions, sizes, and electrokinetic nature. Additionally, it outlines key components and agents used in suspension formulations along with methods for evaluating their stability and performance.

1. SUSPENSION
BY SONIKA GAUTAM

2. CONTENT
• DEFINITION
• ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
• APPLICATIONS
• IDEAL PROPERTIES OF A GOOD SUSP.
• CLASSIFICATION
• AGENTS USE IN FORMULATION
• FORMULATION METHODS FOR SUSPENSION
• THEORY OF SUSPENSION
• EVALUATION OF SUSPENSION

3. DEFINITION :- SUSPENSION
• THE SUSPENSION IS A BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORM, WHICH
CONTAINS TWO PHASES. ONE IS THE DISPERSE PHASE AND
ANOTHER IS THE CONTINUOUS PHASE. THE DISPERSE PHASE IS
THAT PHASE THAT UNIFORMLY DISPERSED INTO THE CONTINUOUS
PHASE.
• RANGE OF SOLID PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION FROM 0.5 TO 5.0 CM.
• EXAMPLE ; MILK OF MAGNESIA , CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE

4. ADVANTAGES-
1. MASK THE TASTE . EG- CHLORAMPHENICOL
2. EXHIBITS A HIGHER RATE OF BIOAVAILABILITY THAN OTHER
DOSAGE FORMS.
3. DURATION AND ONSET OF ACTION CAN BE CONTROLLED. EG-
PROTAMINE ZINC-INSULIN SUSPENSION.
4. IMPROVE THE CHEMICAL STABILITY OF CERTAIN DRUGS. LIKE
PROCAINE PENICILLIN G.

5. DISADVANTAGES-
1. SEDIMENTATION OF THE PARTICLE
2. THE FORMULATION IS QUITE DIFFICULT THAN OTHER DOSAGE
FORMS.
3. 100% UNIFORM AND ACCURATE DOSE ARE NOT POSSIBLE.

6. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF A GOOD SUSPENSION
• THE PARTICLE SEDIMENTATION SHOULD BE SLOW.
• RE-DISPERSION OF SEDIMENTED PARTICLES SHOULD BE RAPID ON
SHAKING OF THE CONTAINER.
• CAKE FORMATION OF SEDIMENTED PARTICLES IS NOT ALLOWED.
• THE DISPERSED PARTICLE SIZE SHOULD BE SMALL AND UNIFORM IN
SIZE.
• IT SHOULD BE PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY STABLE.

7. EXCIPIENTS USED IN THE PREPARATION
OF SUSPENSION:
• SUSPENDING AGENTS: SUSPENDING AGENTS ARE THOSE SUBSTANCES, WHICH
HELP ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS TO STAY SUSPENDED INTO THE
SUSPENSION. EG- METHYLCELLULOSE, CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE (CMC).
• WETTING AGENTS: HYDROPHILIC MATERIALS ARE WETTED BY WATER BUT
HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS ARE NOT WETTED BY WATER, IT’S WETTED BY NON-
POLAR LIQUIDS.
• SURFACTANTS: EXAMPLE- POLYSORBATE 80
• HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS: EXAMPLE- ACACIA, TRAGACANTH, ALGINATES, GUAR
GUM.
• SOLVENTS: EXAMPLE- ALCOHOL, GLYCERIN, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, AND
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL.

8. • PRESERVATIVES: PRESERVATIVES ARE THOSE INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE
PRESERVATION OR FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE FORMULATION FROM THE
ATTACK OF MICROORGANISMS. EXAMPLE- PROPYLENE GLYCOL, BENZALKONIUM
CHLORIDE, BENZOIC ACID.
• FLAVORING AGENTS: ACACIA, GINGER, SARSAPARILLA SYRUP, ANISE OIL,
GLUCOSE, SPEARMINT OIL.
• COLORING AGENTS: COLOURING AGENTS ARE USED IN THE SUSPENSION TO
IMPROVE THE ACCEPTANCE OF CONSUMERS. EXAMPLE- BRILLIANT BLUE, INDIGO
CARMINE(BLUE), TARTRAZINE (YELLOW), TITANIUM DIOXIDE (WHITE), AMARANTH
(RED),
• SWEETENING AGENTS: SWEETENING AGENTS ARE USED TO OVERCOMING THE
UNPLEASANT TASTE OF THE FORMULATION. EXAMPLE- XYLOSE, RIBOSE,
GLUCOSE, MANNOSE.
• HUMECTANTS: IT ABSORBS MOISTURE TO PREVENT THE DEGRADATION OF
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS BY MOISTURE. EXAMPLE- PROPYLENE

9. FORMULATION OF SUSPENSION

10. CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPENSIONS:
• 1. CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPENSION DEPENDING ON THE
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION:
• ORAL SUSPENSION: THOSE SUSPENSIONS WHICH ADMINISTERED THROUGH THE ORAL ROUTE.
EXAMPLE: PARACETAMOL SUSPENSION, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, AND MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
SUSPENSION.
• PARENTERAL SUSPENSION: THOSE SUSPENSIONS ADMINISTERED THROUGH THE INTRAVENOUS
AND INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTES. EXAMPLE: SODIUM BENZYLPENICILLIN SUSPENSION.
• OPHTHALMIC SUSPENSION: THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION IS USED FOR THE EYES. THE PARTICLE
SIZE SHOULD VERY FINE, NON-IRRITANT, STERILE, AND ISOTONIC.
• TOPICAL SUSPENSION: THOSE SUSPENSIONS FOR TOPICAL OR EXTERNAL USES. EXAMPLE:
CALAMINE

11. • 2. BASED ON PROPORTION OF SOLID PARTICLES:
• DILUTE SUSPENSION: IT CONTAINS 2 TO10% SOLID IN WEIGHT PER
VOLUME(W/V). EXAMPLE: CORTISONE ACETATE, PREDNISOLONE
ACETATE, ETC.
• CONCENTRATED SUSPENSION: IT CONTAINS 50% SOLID IN WEIGHT
PER VOLUME(W/V). EXAMPLE: ZINC OXIDE SUSPENSION, ETC.

12. • 3. BASED ON SIZE OF DISPERSED PARTICLES:
• MOLECULAR DISPERSION: IN THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION PARTICLE
SIZE IS LESS THAN 1 NM.
• COLLOIDAL DISPERSION: IN THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION PARTICLE
SIZE IS BETWEEN 0.1-0.2 ΜM.
• COARSE DISPERSION: IN THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION PARTICLE SIZE
IS GREATER THAN 0.2 ΜM.

13. 4.BASED ON THE ELECTROKINETIC NATURE OF
SOLID PARTICLES
• - FLOCCULATED SUSPENSION
• - DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION

14. THEORY OF SUSPENSION

15. BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES PREVENT SEDIMENTATION BY KEEPING THE
DISPERSED MATERIAL IN RANDOM MOTION .
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT DEPENDS ON THE DENSITY OF DISPERSED PHASE AND
DENSITY& VISCOSITY OF THE DISPERSE MEDIUM .

16. PHYSICAL STABILITY OF SUSPENSION
• PHYSICAL STABILITY IS DEFINED AS A CONDITION IN WHICH THE PARTICLES
REMAIN UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT DISPERSION WITHOUT ANY
SIGNS OF SEDIMENTATION.
• EVEM IF PARTICLES SETTLE, THEY SHOULD BE EASILY REDISPERSED WITH
MODERATE AMOUNT OF SHAKING .

17. EVALUATION OF SUSPENSION
1. SEDIMENTATION VOLUME(F)

18. 2. DEGREE OF FLOCCULATION

19. 3.REDISPERSIBILITY