unit 3. liquid (monophasic) dosage forms.pptxAkankshaPatel55
Liquid dosage forms are medications that are administered in a liquid state. They are a popular option for patients who have difficulty swallowing pills or capsules, or for medications that need to be absorbed quickly into the body.
There are several different types of liquid dosage forms, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the most common types:
Solutions: Solutions are homogeneous mixtures in which a solid, liquid, or gas (the solute) is dissolved in a liquid (the solvent). In pharmaceutical terms, solutions are clear, single-phase liquids containing a dissolved drug and other inactive ingredients such as flavorings, sweeteners, and preservatives.
Liquid dosage forms Solutions
Suspensions: Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures in which solid particles (the solute) are dispersed throughout a liquid (the solvent). Unlike a solution, the particles in a suspension are not dissolved and will settle out over time if not shaken well before use. Suspensions are often used for medications that are not soluble in water.
Liquid dosage forms Suspensions
Elixirs: Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions that are often flavored to disguise the taste of the medication. They are similar to syrups, but contain a lower concentration of sugar. Elixirs are often used for children or adults who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Liquid dosage forms Elixirs
Syrups: Syrups are concentrated, viscous solutions that contain a high concentration of sugar. The sugar helps to preserve the medication and also makes it more palatable. Syrups are often used for children or adults who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Liquid dosage forms Syrups
Liniments: Liniments are viscous, opaque liquids used for topical application to the skin. They are used to soothe pain and inflammation.
Liquid dosage forms Liniments
Lotions: Lotions are shakable liquid preparations for topical application to the skin. They are used to soothe and protect the skin. Lotions can also be used to deliver medication through the skin.
Liquid dosage forms Lotions
Liquid dosage forms offer a number of advantages over other dosage forms, such as:
Easier to swallow than pills or capsules
More rapid absorption into the body
Can be more easily adjusted for different dosages
Can be flavored to make them more palatable
However, there are also some disadvantages to liquid dosage forms, such as:
Shorter shelf life than solid dosage forms
Can be more difficult to measure accurately
May require refrigeration
Can be bulky and difficult to carry.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
unit 3. liquid (monophasic) dosage forms.pptxAkankshaPatel55
Liquid dosage forms are medications that are administered in a liquid state. They are a popular option for patients who have difficulty swallowing pills or capsules, or for medications that need to be absorbed quickly into the body.
There are several different types of liquid dosage forms, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the most common types:
Solutions: Solutions are homogeneous mixtures in which a solid, liquid, or gas (the solute) is dissolved in a liquid (the solvent). In pharmaceutical terms, solutions are clear, single-phase liquids containing a dissolved drug and other inactive ingredients such as flavorings, sweeteners, and preservatives.
Liquid dosage forms Solutions
Suspensions: Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures in which solid particles (the solute) are dispersed throughout a liquid (the solvent). Unlike a solution, the particles in a suspension are not dissolved and will settle out over time if not shaken well before use. Suspensions are often used for medications that are not soluble in water.
Liquid dosage forms Suspensions
Elixirs: Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions that are often flavored to disguise the taste of the medication. They are similar to syrups, but contain a lower concentration of sugar. Elixirs are often used for children or adults who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Liquid dosage forms Elixirs
Syrups: Syrups are concentrated, viscous solutions that contain a high concentration of sugar. The sugar helps to preserve the medication and also makes it more palatable. Syrups are often used for children or adults who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Liquid dosage forms Syrups
Liniments: Liniments are viscous, opaque liquids used for topical application to the skin. They are used to soothe pain and inflammation.
Liquid dosage forms Liniments
Lotions: Lotions are shakable liquid preparations for topical application to the skin. They are used to soothe and protect the skin. Lotions can also be used to deliver medication through the skin.
Liquid dosage forms Lotions
Liquid dosage forms offer a number of advantages over other dosage forms, such as:
Easier to swallow than pills or capsules
More rapid absorption into the body
Can be more easily adjusted for different dosages
Can be flavored to make them more palatable
However, there are also some disadvantages to liquid dosage forms, such as:
Shorter shelf life than solid dosage forms
Can be more difficult to measure accurately
May require refrigeration
Can be bulky and difficult to carry.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. CONTENT
• DEFINITION
• ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
• APPLICATIONS
• IDEAL PROPERTIES OF A GOOD SUSP.
• CLASSIFICATION
• AGENTS USE IN FORMULATION
• FORMULATION METHODS FOR SUSPENSION
• THEORY OF SUSPENSION
• EVALUATION OF SUSPENSION
3. DEFINITION :- SUSPENSION
• THE SUSPENSION IS A BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORM, WHICH
CONTAINS TWO PHASES. ONE IS THE DISPERSE PHASE AND
ANOTHER IS THE CONTINUOUS PHASE. THE DISPERSE PHASE IS
THAT PHASE THAT UNIFORMLY DISPERSED INTO THE CONTINUOUS
PHASE.
• RANGE OF SOLID PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION FROM 0.5 TO 5.0 CM.
• EXAMPLE ; MILK OF MAGNESIA , CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
4. ADVANTAGES-
1. MASK THE TASTE . EG- CHLORAMPHENICOL
2. EXHIBITS A HIGHER RATE OF BIOAVAILABILITY THAN OTHER
DOSAGE FORMS.
3. DURATION AND ONSET OF ACTION CAN BE CONTROLLED. EG-
PROTAMINE ZINC-INSULIN SUSPENSION.
4. IMPROVE THE CHEMICAL STABILITY OF CERTAIN DRUGS. LIKE
PROCAINE PENICILLIN G.
5. DISADVANTAGES-
1. SEDIMENTATION OF THE PARTICLE
2. THE FORMULATION IS QUITE DIFFICULT THAN OTHER DOSAGE
FORMS.
3. 100% UNIFORM AND ACCURATE DOSE ARE NOT POSSIBLE.
6. IDEAL PROPERTIES OF A GOOD SUSPENSION
• THE PARTICLE SEDIMENTATION SHOULD BE SLOW.
• RE-DISPERSION OF SEDIMENTED PARTICLES SHOULD BE RAPID ON
SHAKING OF THE CONTAINER.
• CAKE FORMATION OF SEDIMENTED PARTICLES IS NOT ALLOWED.
• THE DISPERSED PARTICLE SIZE SHOULD BE SMALL AND UNIFORM IN
SIZE.
• IT SHOULD BE PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY STABLE.
7. EXCIPIENTS USED IN THE PREPARATION
OF SUSPENSION:
• SUSPENDING AGENTS: SUSPENDING AGENTS ARE THOSE SUBSTANCES, WHICH
HELP ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS TO STAY SUSPENDED INTO THE
SUSPENSION. EG- METHYLCELLULOSE, CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE (CMC).
• WETTING AGENTS: HYDROPHILIC MATERIALS ARE WETTED BY WATER BUT
HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS ARE NOT WETTED BY WATER, IT’S WETTED BY NON-
POLAR LIQUIDS.
• SURFACTANTS: EXAMPLE- POLYSORBATE 80
• HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS: EXAMPLE- ACACIA, TRAGACANTH, ALGINATES, GUAR
GUM.
• SOLVENTS: EXAMPLE- ALCOHOL, GLYCERIN, POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, AND
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL.
8. • PRESERVATIVES: PRESERVATIVES ARE THOSE INGREDIENTS USED FOR THE
PRESERVATION OR FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE FORMULATION FROM THE
ATTACK OF MICROORGANISMS. EXAMPLE- PROPYLENE GLYCOL, BENZALKONIUM
CHLORIDE, BENZOIC ACID.
• FLAVORING AGENTS: ACACIA, GINGER, SARSAPARILLA SYRUP, ANISE OIL,
GLUCOSE, SPEARMINT OIL.
• COLORING AGENTS: COLOURING AGENTS ARE USED IN THE SUSPENSION TO
IMPROVE THE ACCEPTANCE OF CONSUMERS. EXAMPLE- BRILLIANT BLUE, INDIGO
CARMINE(BLUE), TARTRAZINE (YELLOW), TITANIUM DIOXIDE (WHITE), AMARANTH
(RED),
• SWEETENING AGENTS: SWEETENING AGENTS ARE USED TO OVERCOMING THE
UNPLEASANT TASTE OF THE FORMULATION. EXAMPLE- XYLOSE, RIBOSE,
GLUCOSE, MANNOSE.
• HUMECTANTS: IT ABSORBS MOISTURE TO PREVENT THE DEGRADATION OF
ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS BY MOISTURE. EXAMPLE- PROPYLENE
10. CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPENSIONS:
• 1. CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPENSION DEPENDING ON THE
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION:
• ORAL SUSPENSION: THOSE SUSPENSIONS WHICH ADMINISTERED THROUGH THE ORAL ROUTE.
EXAMPLE: PARACETAMOL SUSPENSION, ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE, AND MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
SUSPENSION.
• PARENTERAL SUSPENSION: THOSE SUSPENSIONS ADMINISTERED THROUGH THE INTRAVENOUS
AND INTRAMUSCULAR ROUTES. EXAMPLE: SODIUM BENZYLPENICILLIN SUSPENSION.
• OPHTHALMIC SUSPENSION: THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION IS USED FOR THE EYES. THE PARTICLE
SIZE SHOULD VERY FINE, NON-IRRITANT, STERILE, AND ISOTONIC.
• TOPICAL SUSPENSION: THOSE SUSPENSIONS FOR TOPICAL OR EXTERNAL USES. EXAMPLE:
CALAMINE
11. • 2. BASED ON PROPORTION OF SOLID PARTICLES:
• DILUTE SUSPENSION: IT CONTAINS 2 TO10% SOLID IN WEIGHT PER
VOLUME(W/V). EXAMPLE: CORTISONE ACETATE, PREDNISOLONE
ACETATE, ETC.
• CONCENTRATED SUSPENSION: IT CONTAINS 50% SOLID IN WEIGHT
PER VOLUME(W/V). EXAMPLE: ZINC OXIDE SUSPENSION, ETC.
12. • 3. BASED ON SIZE OF DISPERSED PARTICLES:
• MOLECULAR DISPERSION: IN THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION PARTICLE
SIZE IS LESS THAN 1 NM.
• COLLOIDAL DISPERSION: IN THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION PARTICLE
SIZE IS BETWEEN 0.1-0.2 ΜM.
• COARSE DISPERSION: IN THIS TYPE OF SUSPENSION PARTICLE SIZE
IS GREATER THAN 0.2 ΜM.
13. 4.BASED ON THE ELECTROKINETIC NATURE OF
SOLID PARTICLES
• - FLOCCULATED SUSPENSION
• - DEFLOCCULATED SUSPENSION
15. BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES PREVENT SEDIMENTATION BY KEEPING THE
DISPERSED MATERIAL IN RANDOM MOTION .
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT DEPENDS ON THE DENSITY OF DISPERSED PHASE AND
DENSITY& VISCOSITY OF THE DISPERSE MEDIUM .
16. PHYSICAL STABILITY OF SUSPENSION
• PHYSICAL STABILITY IS DEFINED AS A CONDITION IN WHICH THE PARTICLES
REMAIN UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT DISPERSION WITHOUT ANY
SIGNS OF SEDIMENTATION.
• EVEM IF PARTICLES SETTLE, THEY SHOULD BE EASILY REDISPERSED WITH
MODERATE AMOUNT OF SHAKING .
