-suspension (Pharmaceutical)
-definition of suspension
-types of suspension,
-examples of pharmaceutical
-suspension
-pharmaceutical application of suspension
-advantages of suspension
- disadvantages of suspension
-classification of suspension
-flocculated and deflocculated
-formulation additives
- methods of preparation
-formulation of suspension
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing in diffusible solids
Suspensions containing poorly wettable solids
Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
- Packaging and storage
stability of suspension
- routes of administration of suspension
-evaluation of suspension
This document discusses emulsions and suspensions. It defines emulsions as biphasic liquid preparations containing two immiscible liquids, one dispersed as globules in the other. Suspensions are biphasic preparations with finely divided solids dispersed in a liquid vehicle. The document describes the types, formulations, evaluation and factors affecting stability of emulsions and suspensions. It also provides details of various tests to identify the types of emulsions.
This document discusses the evaluation of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids and classifies them into different types including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and plasters. It describes the key characteristics and uses of each type. The document also covers important ingredients for semi-solids, including bases, and methods for evaluating different properties of semi-solids like penetration rate, absorption, rheology, biological testing, drug content, viscosity, and spreadability.
This document discusses ointments, which are semisolid preparations intended for local or transdermal delivery of active substances for skin application. It defines ointments and describes their types, classifications based on penetration and therapeutic use, ideal properties of bases, methods of preparation including mechanical incorporation and fusion. It also discusses factors influencing dermal absorption such as skin and drug properties and the vehicle used. The document concludes that ointments have significant treatment potential and demand will continue to rise for dermatological products addressing skin diseases and protection.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical gels. It defines gels as semisolid systems where liquid movement is restricted by a 3D network. Gels are classified as single-phase or two-phase systems. Key properties include swelling, syneresis, aging, and thixotropy. Gels are used to deliver drugs orally, topically, and via injection. They are formulated by choosing appropriate vehicles, gelling agents, and additives. Gels are prepared via thermal, flocculation, or chemical methods. Evaluation parameters include homogeneity, pH, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, skin irritation, and in vitro diffusion studies.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
This document discusses ointments, which are semi-solid topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. Ointments are greasy preparations containing 80% oil and 20% water that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes. They can contain dissolved, emulsified, or suspended drug ingredients. Ointments are classified based on penetration (epidermic, endodermic, diadermic) or therapeutic use (antibiotic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory). Ideal ointment bases are inert, compatible with skin pH, emollient, and release medication readily. Common bases include oleaginous (petrolatum, hard paraffin, liquid paraffin
This document discusses emulsions and suspensions. It defines emulsions as biphasic liquid preparations containing two immiscible liquids, one dispersed as globules in the other. Suspensions are biphasic preparations with finely divided solids dispersed in a liquid vehicle. The document describes the types, formulations, evaluation and factors affecting stability of emulsions and suspensions. It also provides details of various tests to identify the types of emulsions.
This document discusses the evaluation of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids and classifies them into different types including ointments, creams, pastes, poultices, gels, and plasters. It describes the key characteristics and uses of each type. The document also covers important ingredients for semi-solids, including bases, and methods for evaluating different properties of semi-solids like penetration rate, absorption, rheology, biological testing, drug content, viscosity, and spreadability.
This document discusses ointments, which are semisolid preparations intended for local or transdermal delivery of active substances for skin application. It defines ointments and describes their types, classifications based on penetration and therapeutic use, ideal properties of bases, methods of preparation including mechanical incorporation and fusion. It also discusses factors influencing dermal absorption such as skin and drug properties and the vehicle used. The document concludes that ointments have significant treatment potential and demand will continue to rise for dermatological products addressing skin diseases and protection.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical gels. It defines gels as semisolid systems where liquid movement is restricted by a 3D network. Gels are classified as single-phase or two-phase systems. Key properties include swelling, syneresis, aging, and thixotropy. Gels are used to deliver drugs orally, topically, and via injection. They are formulated by choosing appropriate vehicles, gelling agents, and additives. Gels are prepared via thermal, flocculation, or chemical methods. Evaluation parameters include homogeneity, pH, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, skin irritation, and in vitro diffusion studies.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
This document discusses ointments, which are semi-solid topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. Ointments are greasy preparations containing 80% oil and 20% water that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes. They can contain dissolved, emulsified, or suspended drug ingredients. Ointments are classified based on penetration (epidermic, endodermic, diadermic) or therapeutic use (antibiotic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory). Ideal ointment bases are inert, compatible with skin pH, emollient, and release medication readily. Common bases include oleaginous (petrolatum, hard paraffin, liquid paraffin
This document discusses different types of emulsions, including their preservation, special systems like multiple emulsions and microemulsions. It covers theories of emulsification, stability, rheological properties and formulation using HLB method. Preservatives are needed to prevent microbial degradation and are partitioned into the oil phase. Multiple emulsions can be O/W/O or W/O/W systems. Microemulsions appear clear like solutions but are not thermodynamically stable, with globule sizes between 10-200nm. They contain organic or water droplets dispersed using surfactants and co-surfactants.
This document provides an overview of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their advantages, disadvantages, and classifications. It discusses formulation considerations such as solubility, stability, preservatives, and factors that enhance pharmaceutical elegance. Monophasic liquids are classified based on their route of administration, such as oral liquids like syrups, elixirs, and linctuses or external liquids like eye drops, nasal drops, and enemas. Key formulation aspects addressed include using pH adjustments, co-solvents, complexation, and micronization to improve drug solubility, as well as buffers, antioxidants, and packaging to ensure chemical stability.
Pharmaceutical Suspensions Brief Presentation on Definition, Classification of suspension, Sedimentation, Brownian movement, Electro kinetic Properties of suspension, Stability of suspensions, Formulation of Suspensions, Preparation of Suspensions, Quality control of Suspensions, Recent Advancement in Suspensions
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
This document provides definitions and information about different types of liquid oral drug formulations, including suspensions, emulsions, and solutions. Suspensions are biphasic formulations where solid drug particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Emulsions contain two immiscible liquids dispersed as globules. Solutions contain one or more dissolved drug substances. Each formulation type has advantages and disadvantages related to drug delivery and stability. The document discusses ideal properties, formulation considerations, evaluation methods, and factors that influence stability for each liquid oral formulation type.
This document defines suspensions as finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. It discusses the characteristics, types, theory, formulation, evaluation, and recent advances of suspensions. The key points are: Suspensions can be oral, parenteral, ophthalmic or for external use. Their stability depends on particle size, electrokinetic properties, and Brownian movement. Recent advances include nano suspensions, taste masked suspensions, and sustained release suspensions. Suspensions are prepared by grinding and dispersing ingredients, then evaluated based on sedimentation, particle size, and pH.
Pharmaceutical suspensions... a brief reviewbk fatima
This document provides information on suspensions, including:
- Definitions of suspensions and their advantages over other dosage forms.
- Classification of suspensions based on factors like concentration, particle size, and sedimentation.
- Guidelines for formulating stable suspensions, such as using suspending agents and controlling flocculation.
- Methods for evaluating properties of suspensions like sedimentation, viscosity, and particle size over time to assess stability.
- Common suspending agents used to increase viscosity and prevent caking or sedimentation.
This document provides information about semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, and jellies. It defines semisolids as topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. The key ingredients in semisolids include a base, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffers. The document discusses the ideal properties of bases and lists common bases such as petrolatum, lanolin, and polyethylene glycol. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.
This document discusses liquid oral dosage forms, specifically oral solutions and suspensions. It provides details on the formulation, ingredients, advantages, and types of oral solutions and suspensions. Key points include:
- Oral solutions are liquid preparations where the active ingredient and excipients are dissolved in a solvent system. Common types are oral solutions, syrups, elixirs, and mouthwashes.
- Excipients in oral solutions include vehicles, co-solvents, surfactants, preservatives, sweeteners, and viscosity modifiers. Water is a common vehicle and glycerol, alcohols, and propylene glycol are used as co-solvents.
- Oral suspensions are dispers
This document discusses emulsions, which are biphasic systems consisting of two immiscible liquids, one dispersed as droplets in the other. An emulsifying agent is needed to stabilize the system and prevent separation. There are two main types of emulsions: oil-in-water, where oil is the dispersed phase, and water-in-oil, where water is dispersed. Multiple emulsions contain emulsions dispersed within another liquid. Emulsions can be used to deliver drugs, vitamins, and actives to the body. The mechanisms by which emulsifying agents stabilize emulsions involve reducing interfacial tension, forming protective films at the oil-water interface, and imparting charges to globules.
This document provides an overview of suspensions, including their classification, properties, formulation, and stability. Key points include:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with an insoluble dispersed phase distributed throughout a continuous phase. They can be classified based on their intended use, concentration of solids, particle size, and electrokinetic properties.
- Interfacial properties like surface tension affect particle flocculation and sedimentation. Surfactants can reduce surface tension to promote deflocculation.
- Particle size, concentration, and Brownian motion influence sedimentation rates. Flocculated particles settle faster but are easier to redisperse than deflocculated particles.
- Stable suspensions are formulated using vehicles to
This ppt goes out to all the pharmacy students and lecturers. Check my other ppt slides too and do not forget to like and share! :) Thank you for the visit :D
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document provides an overview of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids as products that tend to alleviate or treat pathological conditions when applied to the skin or mucous membranes. Ideal properties include a smooth texture, elegant appearance, and non-irritating qualities. Common types are ointments, creams, pastes, gels, and suppositories. Formulation involves selecting appropriate bases, preservatives, and other excipients. Methods of preparation include size reduction, levigation, mixing, homogenization, and filling. Evaluation tests physical properties, drug release, and stability.
Emulsions are mixtures of two or more liquids where one liquid is dispersed as droplets in the other liquid. There is a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. Emulsions can be classified as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), or multiple emulsions. Emulsions are stabilized using emulsifying agents which lower the interfacial tension between the phases. Common emulsifying agents include carbohydrates, proteins, and alcohols. Emulsions are used to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs and provide benefits like masking unpleasant tastes, sustained release, and dermal delivery in cosmetics and topicals. However, emulsions are
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion where an insoluble solid active ingredient is uniformly dispersed throughout an external aqueous or non-aqueous liquid phase. Suspensions are formulated when drugs are insoluble, to mask bitter tastes, increase stability, or achieve sustained release. Key factors in formulating stable suspensions include particle size, shape, wettability, and use of suspending agents to decrease interparticle attraction and impart viscosity. Proper manufacturing controls suspension quality.
This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.
This document discusses emulsions, including definitions, types, formulation, and applications. It defines an emulsion as a thermodynamically unstable mixture of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifying agent. The main types discussed are simple/macroemulsions (oil-in-water and water-in-oil), multiple emulsions (e.g. water-in-oil-in-water), and microemulsions. Emulsifying agents help stabilize emulsions by reducing interfacial tension or forming protective films. Various natural and synthetic agents are classified and their functions explained. Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions include oral, parenteral, and topical formulations.
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
This document provides information on pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines suspensions as dispersions containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions are used to deliver insoluble drugs or drugs that are poorly soluble or have unpleasant tastes. Some key applications of suspensions mentioned are for pediatric patients, increasing drug surface area, and controlling drug absorption rates. The document discusses formulation considerations like vehicle selection, stabilizers, and packaging. It also addresses the stability and routes of administration of suspensions.
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions contain dispersed particles above the colloidal size of 1μm. Common examples include antacid, antibiotic, and analgesic oral suspensions. Suspensions are used for insoluble or poorly soluble drugs to provide liquid oral dosage forms. They can also be used topically, parenterally, and ophthalmically. Proper formulation requires the use of suspending agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, and flocculating agents. Stability and routes of administration are also discussed.
This document discusses different types of emulsions, including their preservation, special systems like multiple emulsions and microemulsions. It covers theories of emulsification, stability, rheological properties and formulation using HLB method. Preservatives are needed to prevent microbial degradation and are partitioned into the oil phase. Multiple emulsions can be O/W/O or W/O/W systems. Microemulsions appear clear like solutions but are not thermodynamically stable, with globule sizes between 10-200nm. They contain organic or water droplets dispersed using surfactants and co-surfactants.
This document provides an overview of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their advantages, disadvantages, and classifications. It discusses formulation considerations such as solubility, stability, preservatives, and factors that enhance pharmaceutical elegance. Monophasic liquids are classified based on their route of administration, such as oral liquids like syrups, elixirs, and linctuses or external liquids like eye drops, nasal drops, and enemas. Key formulation aspects addressed include using pH adjustments, co-solvents, complexation, and micronization to improve drug solubility, as well as buffers, antioxidants, and packaging to ensure chemical stability.
Pharmaceutical Suspensions Brief Presentation on Definition, Classification of suspension, Sedimentation, Brownian movement, Electro kinetic Properties of suspension, Stability of suspensions, Formulation of Suspensions, Preparation of Suspensions, Quality control of Suspensions, Recent Advancement in Suspensions
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
This document provides definitions and information about different types of liquid oral drug formulations, including suspensions, emulsions, and solutions. Suspensions are biphasic formulations where solid drug particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Emulsions contain two immiscible liquids dispersed as globules. Solutions contain one or more dissolved drug substances. Each formulation type has advantages and disadvantages related to drug delivery and stability. The document discusses ideal properties, formulation considerations, evaluation methods, and factors that influence stability for each liquid oral formulation type.
This document defines suspensions as finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. It discusses the characteristics, types, theory, formulation, evaluation, and recent advances of suspensions. The key points are: Suspensions can be oral, parenteral, ophthalmic or for external use. Their stability depends on particle size, electrokinetic properties, and Brownian movement. Recent advances include nano suspensions, taste masked suspensions, and sustained release suspensions. Suspensions are prepared by grinding and dispersing ingredients, then evaluated based on sedimentation, particle size, and pH.
Pharmaceutical suspensions... a brief reviewbk fatima
This document provides information on suspensions, including:
- Definitions of suspensions and their advantages over other dosage forms.
- Classification of suspensions based on factors like concentration, particle size, and sedimentation.
- Guidelines for formulating stable suspensions, such as using suspending agents and controlling flocculation.
- Methods for evaluating properties of suspensions like sedimentation, viscosity, and particle size over time to assess stability.
- Common suspending agents used to increase viscosity and prevent caking or sedimentation.
This document provides information about semisolid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, and jellies. It defines semisolids as topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. The key ingredients in semisolids include a base, preservatives, humectants, antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, permeation enhancers, and buffers. The document discusses the ideal properties of bases and lists common bases such as petrolatum, lanolin, and polyethylene glycol. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.
This document discusses liquid oral dosage forms, specifically oral solutions and suspensions. It provides details on the formulation, ingredients, advantages, and types of oral solutions and suspensions. Key points include:
- Oral solutions are liquid preparations where the active ingredient and excipients are dissolved in a solvent system. Common types are oral solutions, syrups, elixirs, and mouthwashes.
- Excipients in oral solutions include vehicles, co-solvents, surfactants, preservatives, sweeteners, and viscosity modifiers. Water is a common vehicle and glycerol, alcohols, and propylene glycol are used as co-solvents.
- Oral suspensions are dispers
This document discusses emulsions, which are biphasic systems consisting of two immiscible liquids, one dispersed as droplets in the other. An emulsifying agent is needed to stabilize the system and prevent separation. There are two main types of emulsions: oil-in-water, where oil is the dispersed phase, and water-in-oil, where water is dispersed. Multiple emulsions contain emulsions dispersed within another liquid. Emulsions can be used to deliver drugs, vitamins, and actives to the body. The mechanisms by which emulsifying agents stabilize emulsions involve reducing interfacial tension, forming protective films at the oil-water interface, and imparting charges to globules.
This document provides an overview of suspensions, including their classification, properties, formulation, and stability. Key points include:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with an insoluble dispersed phase distributed throughout a continuous phase. They can be classified based on their intended use, concentration of solids, particle size, and electrokinetic properties.
- Interfacial properties like surface tension affect particle flocculation and sedimentation. Surfactants can reduce surface tension to promote deflocculation.
- Particle size, concentration, and Brownian motion influence sedimentation rates. Flocculated particles settle faster but are easier to redisperse than deflocculated particles.
- Stable suspensions are formulated using vehicles to
This ppt goes out to all the pharmacy students and lecturers. Check my other ppt slides too and do not forget to like and share! :) Thank you for the visit :D
Pharmaceutical suspension can be classified based on the dispersed phase, vehicle used, proportion of solid particles, particle size, etc. They can be stabilized using suspending agents, viscosity increasing agents, surface charge, etc. Recent advances include nano suspensions to improve solubility, taste masked suspensions to improve palatability, and sustained release suspensions to reduce dosing frequency. Evaluation methods include sedimentation studies, rheological measurements, and zeta potential determination.
This document provides an overview of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids as products that tend to alleviate or treat pathological conditions when applied to the skin or mucous membranes. Ideal properties include a smooth texture, elegant appearance, and non-irritating qualities. Common types are ointments, creams, pastes, gels, and suppositories. Formulation involves selecting appropriate bases, preservatives, and other excipients. Methods of preparation include size reduction, levigation, mixing, homogenization, and filling. Evaluation tests physical properties, drug release, and stability.
Emulsions are mixtures of two or more liquids where one liquid is dispersed as droplets in the other liquid. There is a dispersed phase and a continuous phase. Emulsions can be classified as oil-in-water (O/W), water-in-oil (W/O), or multiple emulsions. Emulsions are stabilized using emulsifying agents which lower the interfacial tension between the phases. Common emulsifying agents include carbohydrates, proteins, and alcohols. Emulsions are used to deliver poorly water-soluble drugs and provide benefits like masking unpleasant tastes, sustained release, and dermal delivery in cosmetics and topicals. However, emulsions are
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion where an insoluble solid active ingredient is uniformly dispersed throughout an external aqueous or non-aqueous liquid phase. Suspensions are formulated when drugs are insoluble, to mask bitter tastes, increase stability, or achieve sustained release. Key factors in formulating stable suspensions include particle size, shape, wettability, and use of suspending agents to decrease interparticle attraction and impart viscosity. Proper manufacturing controls suspension quality.
This document defines ointments as semi-solid preparations for application to the skin. It discusses the types of ointments including medicated and non-medicated. It describes the ideal properties of ointments and different bases used to make them, including oleaginous, absorption, water-removable, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments by incorporation and fusion are also outlined.
This document discusses emulsions, including definitions, types, formulation, and applications. It defines an emulsion as a thermodynamically unstable mixture of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifying agent. The main types discussed are simple/macroemulsions (oil-in-water and water-in-oil), multiple emulsions (e.g. water-in-oil-in-water), and microemulsions. Emulsifying agents help stabilize emulsions by reducing interfacial tension or forming protective films. Various natural and synthetic agents are classified and their functions explained. Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions include oral, parenteral, and topical formulations.
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
This document provides information on pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines suspensions as dispersions containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions are used to deliver insoluble drugs or drugs that are poorly soluble or have unpleasant tastes. Some key applications of suspensions mentioned are for pediatric patients, increasing drug surface area, and controlling drug absorption rates. The document discusses formulation considerations like vehicle selection, stabilizers, and packaging. It also addresses the stability and routes of administration of suspensions.
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions contain dispersed particles above the colloidal size of 1μm. Common examples include antacid, antibiotic, and analgesic oral suspensions. Suspensions are used for insoluble or poorly soluble drugs to provide liquid oral dosage forms. They can also be used topically, parenterally, and ophthalmically. Proper formulation requires the use of suspending agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, and flocculating agents. Stability and routes of administration are also discussed.
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a coarse dispersion containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid medium. Suspensions contain dispersed particles above the colloidal size of 1μm. Common examples include antacid, antibiotic, and analgesic oral suspensions. Suspensions are used for insoluble or poorly soluble drugs to provide liquid oral dosage forms. They can also be used topically, parenterally, and ophthalmically. Proper formulation requires the use of suspending agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, and flocculating agents. Stability and routes of administration are also discussed.
INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, FORMULATION, PREPARATION METHOD, BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES, STORAGE
The physical chemist defines the word “suspension” as a two-phase system consisting of an undissolved or immiscible material dispersed in a vehicle (solid, liquid, or gas).
Suspension are generally taken orally or by parenteral route, and the suspensions meant for external use should have small particle size to avoid gritty feeling to the skin
The suspensions have dispersed particles above the colloidal size, which is 0.5–5 microns.
Based On Pharmaceutical Use
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Based On the proportion of solid particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10 10 percent; w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50 percent; w/v solid)
Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
Based On Size Of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ng)
Oral Suspension
Topical Suspension
Parenteral Suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Suspending and thickening agents
Wetting Agents
Dispersing agent
Flocculating Agent
Preservative
Organoleptic Additives
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing insoluble solids
Suspensions of precipitate-forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
This document provides information about suspensions. It defines a suspension as a two-phase system with undissolved particles dispersed in a liquid. Suspensions have particle sizes between 0.5-5 microns. An ideal suspension is chemically stable and has particles that do not readily settle or form compact cakes. Suspensions are classified based on use, particle proportion, electrokinetic nature, and particle size. Key steps in formulation include addition of suspending agents and ensuring uniform particle dispersion.
This document provides information about a pharmaceutical suspension submitted by Rahul Raj, a B-Pharmacy student with roll number 045. It begins with an introduction that defines suspensions and classifies them based on physical state, proportion of solid particles, behavior of dispersed phase, size of dispersed particles, and general use. The document then discusses properties of well-formulated suspensions, advantages and disadvantages of suspensions, and various methods for formulating suspensions including precipitation, dispersion, controlled flocculation, and use of structured vehicles. It provides a general procedure for suspension formulation and includes flow charts. Finally, it details common formulation components such as suspending agents, wetting agents, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents
The document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, formulation methods, components, and general formulation procedures. Some key points:
- A suspension is a heterogeneous system with insoluble particles dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium. Suspending agents help maintain uniform dispersion.
- Suspensions can be classified based on physical state, proportion of solids, behavior of dispersed phase, particle size, and general type (oral, topical, parenteral).
- Important properties include easy redispersion, no sediment compaction, optimal viscosity, and stability.
- Common formulation methods are precipitation, dispersion, controlled flocculation, and use of structured vehicles. Key components are suspending
The document discusses suspensions, including definitions, classifications, properties, advantages, disadvantages, formulation methods, components, and equipment used. A suspension is a heterogeneous system with small insoluble particles dispersed uniformly throughout a liquid medium. Suspensions can be classified based on physical state, proportion of solids, particle behavior, size, and application (oral, topical, parenteral). Key aspects in formulation include reducing particle size, selecting suspending agents, wetting agents, and structured vehicles. Common equipment used are mortar and pestle, mechanical stirrers, colloid mills, homogenizers, and ultrasonic devices.
This document defines suspensions as biphasic liquid dosage forms containing finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Suspensions can be administered orally, parenterally, or for external use. The key qualities of a good suspension are that it settles slowly and readily re-disperses upon shaking. Suspensions are classified based on their route of administration. The document discusses the formulation, methods of preparation, and evaluation of stability for different types of suspensions.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. Key points:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with insoluble solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium, usually with particle sizes between 0.5-5 μm.
- They offer benefits like effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs and masking unpleasant tastes.
- Suspensions can incorporate higher drug concentrations than solutions.
- Proper formulation considers factors like sedimentation, viscosity, stability, and accurate dosing.
- Ingredients include wetting agents, suspending agents, preservatives, flavors, colors and buffers.
The document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. A suspension is a coarse dispersion where an insoluble internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. Reasons for formulating suspensions include insolubility of the drug, masking bitter taste, increasing stability, and achieving controlled drug release. Common types of suspensions include antacids, antibiotics, analgesics, anthelmintics, and antifungals. Suspending agents are used to prevent sedimentation and ensure uniform dosing. Preparation involves grinding the insoluble drug into a paste and incorporating suspending agents before making up the final volume. Advantages include improved stability and bioavailability for some drugs, while disadvantages include issues with physical stability and accurate dosing.
8 biphasic liquid doasge form suspensionPradeep Patil
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines suspensions as biphasic liquid dosage forms containing finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle. Suspensions can be administered orally, parenterally, for ophthalmic or external use. The document outlines the key properties suspensions must have and different types of additives that can be included. It also describes common methods for preparing different types of suspensions and tests used to evaluate suspension stability.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a dispersed system where one substance is distributed in particulate form throughout another. Suspensions are formulated for reasons such as insolubility, taste-masking, or controlled drug release. Key aspects of formulating suspensions include controlling particle size, using thickening agents to increase viscosity, and adding surfactants to improve wetting. Common thickening agents discussed are natural polysaccharides like acacia, tragacanth, and sodium alginate as well as semi-synthetic agents like methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
This document provides information about suspensions as a biphasic liquid dosage form. It defines suspensions as containing fine solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions are classified based on their pharmaceutical use as oral, parenteral, ophthalmic, or for external use. The document discusses the differences between flocculated and non-flocculated suspensions. It also outlines various additives used in formulating suspensions, including flocculating agents, thickening agents, wetting agents, and preservatives.
suspension (a heterogenous biphasic liquid dosage form)ManishaPanwar13
A pharmaceutical suspension is a coarse dispersion with an internal phase of therapeutically active ingredient dispersed uniformly throughout an external phase. Suspensions consist of two phases - a continuous phase and a dispersed solid phase with particle sizes typically between 0.5 to 5.0 microns. Suspensions are used orally, parentally, and externally. They provide a liquid dosage form for drugs with low solubility or unpleasant tastes and are often more chemically stable than solutions.
This document discusses disperse systems, specifically suspensions. It defines suspensions as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed throughout a vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on particle size (coarse vs fine), proportion of solid particles (dilute vs concentrated), electrokinetic properties, or intended route of administration (oral, topical, injectable). Key aspects of suspensions include maintaining proper particle size, using wetting agents, preventing sedimentation, and ensuring stability. The document provides examples of pharmaceutical suspensions and discusses their preparation, packaging, storage, and some extended-release options.
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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2. SUSPENSION
• A pharmaceutical suspension may be defined as a coarse dispersion
containing finely divided insoluble material suspended in a liquid
medium.
• The physical chemist defines the word “suspension” as two-phase
system consisting of an undissolved or immiscible material dispersed in
a vehicle (solid, liquid, or gas).
• Generally pharmaceutical suspensions contain aqueous dispersion
phase however in some cases they may be an oily or organic phase.
• The suspensions have dispersed particles above the colloidal size that is
mean particle diameter above 1µm.
4. PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF SUSPENSIONS
Insoluble drug or poorly soluble drugs which required to be given orally in liquid
dosage forms ( in case of children, elderly, and patients have difficulty in
swallowing solids dosage forms)
To over come the instability of certain drug in aqueous solution:
Insoluble derivative formulated as suspension
An example is oxytetracycline HCL (instable) calcium salt (stable)
Reduce the contact time between solid drug particles and dispersion media
increase the stability of drug like Ampicillin by making it as reconstituted
powder.
A drug that degraded in the presence of water suspended in non-aqueous
vehicles. Examples are phenoxymethy penicillin/ coconut oil and tetracycline
HCL/ oil
To mask the taste:
Examples are paracetamol suspension (more palatable) and chloramphenicol
palmitate.
5. Some materials are needed to be present as finely divided forms to
increase the surface area. Fore example, Mg carbonate and Mg
trisilicate are used to adsorb some toxins
Suspension can be used topical applications:
An example is calamine lotion BP after evaporation of dispersing
media; the active agent will be left as light deposit
Can be used for parenteral administration intramuscular (I.M.) to
control arte of absorption
X-ray contrast media: an example is oral and rectal administration of
propyliodone
In aerosol suspension of active agents in mixture of propellants
6. ADVANTAGES
• Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug.
E.g. Procaine penicillin G
• Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than other
dosage forms. bioavailability is in following order,
Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet > Coated tablet
• Duration and onset of action can be controlled. E.g. Protamine Zinc-
Insulin suspension
• Suspension can mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug. E.g.
Chloramphenicol
7. DISADVANTAGES
• Physical stability, sedimentation and compaction can
causes problems.
• It is bulky sufficient care must be taken during handling
and transport.
• It is difficult to formulate
• Uniform and accurate dose can not be achieved unless
suspension are packed in unit dosage form
8. CLASSIFICATION
• Based On General Classes
– Oral suspension
– Externally applied suspension
– Parenteral suspension
• Based On Proportion Of Solid Particles
– Dilute suspension (2 to10 percent; w/v solid)
– Concentrated suspension (50 percent; w/v solid)
• Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
– Flocculated suspension
– Deflocculated suspension
• Based On Size Of Solid Particles
– Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
– Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
– Nano suspension (10 nm)
9. Flocculated Deflocculated
Particles forms loose aggregates
and form a network like structure
Particles exist as separate entities
weakly bonded to form fluffy
conglomerates
Repulsion energy is high
Rate of sedimentation is high Rate of sedimentation is slow
Sediment is rapidly formed Sediment is slowly formed
Sediment is loosely packed and
doesn’t form a hard cake
Sediment is very closely packed
and a hard cake is formed
Sediment is easy to redisperse Sediment is difficult to redisperse
Suspension is not pleasing in
appearance
Suspension is pleasing in
appearance
The floccules stick to the sides of
the bottle
They don’t stick to the sides of the
bottle
Clear supernatant Cloudy supernatant
10.
11. FORMULATION ADDITIVES
In addition to vehicle, stabilizer, sweetening and flavouring agents, which are common in liquid
dosage forms, the following additives are required to prepare suspensions which include:
1. Suspending and Thickening agents
2. Wetting Agents
3. Dispersing agent
4. Flocculating Agent
1. Suspending and Thickening agents: They are added with the objective to increase apparent
viscosity of the continuous, phase thus preventing rapid sedimentation of the dispersed particles.
a) Natural Polysaccharides :Gum acacia, Tragacanth, sod. Alginate, Xanthan Gum
b) Semi-Synthetic Polysaccharides: Sodium Carboxymethyl cellulose, Methyl cellulose,
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose
c) Clays: Aluminum Magnesium Silicate, Bentonite, Hectorite
d) Synthetic Agents: Carbomer, Colloidal Silicon dioxide
12. FORMULATION ADDITIVES
2. Wetting Agents: Wetting agents are additives which are usually added to
decrease this hydrophobicity. These agents generally get adsorbed at the
solid-liquid interface and promote wetting of the solid particles by the liquid
of the dispersion medium.
a) Surfactants: polysorbates, sorbitan, esters, sodium lauryl sulfate,
sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
b) Hydrophilic Polymers: acacia, bentonite, colloidal silicon dioxide and
cellulose derivatives
c) Hydrophilic Liquids: alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol
3. Dispersing agent: These additives are generally added as an aid to uniform
distribution and dispersion of solid particles of the dispersed phase. Wetting
agents such as surfactants are often employed as dispersing agents.
4. Flocculating Agent: These are substances added to cause controlled
aggregation of the particles of the dispersed phase in a suspension. Examples
of such agents include surfactants, electrolytes and hydrophilic polymers.
13. METHOD OF PREPARATION
Incorporation of
structured vehicle
A B C
Addition of
flocculating agent
Addition of
flocculating agent
Deflocculated suspension in
structured vehicle as final
product
Flocculated suspension
as final product
Flocculated
suspension
Incorporation of
structured vehicle
Flocculated suspension in
structured vehicle as
final product
Particles
Uniform dispersion of deflocculated particles
Addition of wetting agent & dispersion medium
14. FORMULATION OF SUSPENSIONS
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing in diffusible solids
Suspensions containing poorly wettable solids
Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
15. Suspensions containing diffusible solids
• It consist of solids insoluble in water but easily wettable.
• On shaking with water solid particles diffuse readily through out the
liquid and remain suspended for a long time.
• The suspensions containing diffusible solids are prepared by triturating
the solids in a mortar with sufficient quantity of vehicle to form a
smooth cream.
• Any soluble nonvolatile substance is then added by separately
dissolving them in a small quantity of vehicle.
• More vehicles are then added and any foreign particle is strained
through a muslin cloth.
• Any volatile component is added at this stage and adding the required
quantity of vehicle makes up the final volume.
• Example: Magnesium Trisilicate Mixture
16. Suspensions containing indiffusible solids
• It consist of substances, which do not remain distributed in the
dispersion medium when shaken for long time to ensure uniformity of
dose.
• They are prepared by adding a suitable thickening agent to the vehicle,
which increases the viscosity of the vehicle and delays the separation or
sedimentation of indiffusible particles.
Example: Calamine Lotion
17. Suspensions containing poorly wettable solids
• It consist of substances, which are poorly soluble, and at the same time
poorly wetted by the dispersion medium, and clump together with the
difficulty to disperse.
• They are prepared by including suitable wetting agent in the
formulation. These agents get adsorbed at the solid/liquid interface and
promote wetting of the solid particles by the liquid of the dispersion
medium. Example: Sulphur Lotion
18. Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids
• It consist of liquid tinctures which are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic
extract of vegetable drugs which contain resinous material.
• When tinctures are added to water they precipitate. Precipitates are
indiffusible and stick to the walls of the container.
• They are prepared by adding a suitable thickening agent prior to the
addition of the precipitate forming liquid.
Example: Lobelia and Stramonium Mixture
19. Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
• They are prepared by mixing two dilute solutions of reactants to form a
fine precipitate.
• Generally precipitates so formed are diffusible and no suspending agent
is required.
• If precipitate is indiffusible a suitable thickening or suspending agent
may be added.
• They are prepared by dissolving the reactants separately in
approximately half volumes of the vehicle and the two portions are then
mixed together. Example: Zinc Sulphide Lotion
20. PACKAGING AND STORAGE OF SUSPENSIONS
1. Should be packaged in wide mouth containers having adequate air
space above the liquid.
2. Should be stored in tight containers protected from: freezing, excessive
heat & light
3. Label: "Shake Before Use" to ensure uniform distribution of solid
particles and thereby uniform and proper dosage.
4. Stored in room temperature if it is dry powder (25 0C). It should be
stored in the refrigerator after opening or reconstitute (freezing should
be avoided to prevent aggregation)
21. STABILITY OF SUSPENSIONS
A-Physical stability
• Appearance, color, odor and
taste
• pH
• Specific gravity
• Sedimentation arte
• Sedimentation volume
• Zeta potential measurement
• Compatibility with container
• Compatibility with cap liner
• Microscopic examination
• Determination crystal size
• Determination uniform drug
distribution
B-Chemical stability:
• Degradation of active
ingredient
• Viscosity change
• antimicrobial activity:
I. Incompatibility
with
preservative
II. Degradation of
preservative
III. Adsorption of
preservative
onto drug
particle
22. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF SUSPENSION
• Suspensions are used to administer insoluble and distasteful
substances in a form that is pleasant to taste by providing a suitable
form, for the application of dermatological materials to the skin and
mucous membrane and for parenteral usage.
• Thus suspensions can be administered by
Oral
Topical
Parenteral
ophthalmic application
23. ORAL SUSPENSIONS
• Patients who have problems in swallowing solid dosage forms require
drugs to be dispersed in a liquid.
• Oral suspensions permit the formulation of poorly soluble drugs in the
form of liquid dosage form.
• As these suspensions are to be taken by oral route therefore they must
contain suitable flavoring and sweetening agents.
• Drugs, which possess unpleasant taste in solution dosage form like
paracetamol, chloramphenicol palmitate etc. can be formulated as
palatable suspension as they are suitable for administration to peadiatric
patients.
• Finely divided solids like kaolin, magnesium carbonate etc., when
administered in the form of suspensions will be available to a higher
surface area for adsorptive and neutralizing actions in the gastrointestinal
tract.
24. TOPICAL SUSPENSIONS
• These suspensions are meant for external application and therefore
should be free from gritty particles.
• There consistency may range from fluid to paste.
• Example of fluid suspension includes calamine lotion, which leave a
deposit of calamine on the skin after evaporation of the aqueous
dispersion phase. Zinc cream has a consistency of semisolid. Zinc cream
consists of high percentage of powders dispersed in an oily (paraffin)
phase.
25. PARENTERAL SUSPENSIONS
• These suspensions should be sterile and should possess property of
syringability.
• Parenteral suspensions are also used to control the rate of absorption. As
the absorption rate of the drug is dependent on the dissolution rate of the
solid. Therefore by varying the size of the dispersed solid particles the
duration and absorption can be controlled.
• Vaccines are also formulated as dispersions of killed microorganisms for
example in Cholera vaccine or as toxoid adsorbed on to substrate like
aluminium hydroxide or phosphate for prolonged antigenic stimulus. For
example adsorbed Diphtheria and Tetanus toxoid.
26. OPHTHALMIC SUSPENSIONS
• These should also be sterile and should possess very fine
particles.
• Drugs, which are unstable in aqueous solution, are
formulated as stable suspensions using non-aqueous
solvents.
• For example fractioned coconut oil is used for dispersing
tetracycline hydrochloride for ophthalmic use