This document provides specifications and design details for an electrically assisted human powered vehicle. It includes configuration details such as wheelbase, track, height, mass, and wheel size. Performance specifications like maximum acceleration, deceleration, speed, and turning radius are given. Key specifications for components like suspension, steering, and braking are also outlined. Charts provide data on power requirements at different speeds and grades. Models and diagrams illustrate the rear suspension, steering system, braking calculations, and cornering stability analysis.
1. The document outlines the design specifications and rules for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) racing competition. It includes requirements for dimensions, materials, driver safety, speeds, and allowed pre-fabricated parts.
2. Detailed specifications are provided for the vehicle's 10HP engine, roll cage made of chromoly steel, dimensions, weights, double wishbone front and rear suspension systems, rack and pinion steering, disc brakes, and 4-speed transmission.
3. Performance targets include minimum weight, desirable traction, maximum gradeability, reduced rolling resistance, and optimized braking. 2D drawings and 3D models illustrate the vehicle design.
•SAE Baja is an Inter-colligate off road racing competition where the top engineering colleges in India successfully fabricate and race there all-terrain vehicles.
•The competition has various automotive giants like Mahindra, General motors etc. powering the event.
•The contest challenges each team to function as a firm whose objective is to design, fabricate, market and race off their vehicles that would be evaluated on a variety of manufacturing angles by various professionals from the sponsoring automotive companies.
This document discusses the energy requirements and powertrain design for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). It first estimates the energy needed at the wheels by simulating the vehicle's performance on various drive cycles. It then sizes the engine and electric motor based on these energy needs. For the engine, it selects a 100kW gasoline engine similar to that in the 2010 Toyota Prius. It models the Prius powertrain configuration and calculates performance metrics like acceleration and top speed. Finally, it evaluates the vehicle's emissions and fuel economy on the drive cycles to validate that it meets targets.
Virtual baja 2016 17355 alpha college of engg. and tech._presentation.pptIshan Mehta
Team ID 17355 from Alpha College of Engineering & Technology designed and built an off-road vehicle for the Virtual Baja competition. Their proposed vehicle features improvements over the previous year's design including a lighter roll cage, optimized cockpit area, and improved suspension and drivetrain packaging. Key changes resulted in a weight reduction from 252kg to 196kg while improving specifications such as gradeability, top speed, and braking distance. Lessons from prior years helped focus on effective project management and testing to optimize performance.
The document provides specifications for an engineering vehicle designed by Beant College of Engineering & Technology. It includes details on dimensions, materials used, analysis performed, and various vehicle systems. Key points include:
- The vehicle has an overall length of 2447.2 mm, width of 1828.8 mm, and is powered by a 305cc 10HP engine.
- Analysis was performed to select AISI 1018 steel for the roll cage based on its strength, cost, and weight properties.
- Finite element analysis using mesh convergence found an element size of 8 to have less than 5% error for stress analysis.
- The suspension design uses double wishbone configuration with specifications provided for components like
140728 saffrony institute of technology virtual baja2015_presentationnayakabhishek96
The document provides technical specifications and design parameters for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) project, including dimensions, materials, performance targets for components like the roll cage, brakes, suspension, and power train. Detailed 2D and 3D views show the design of the roll cage, springs, and final ATV configuration. Analysis results are presented for the roll cage and other components to validate the design meets safety and performance requirements.
Design, Analysis and fabrication of ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) for the event B...vinay kumar
The document provides specifications and design details for a formula-style racing vehicle. It includes dimensions, materials used, analysis of various components like the roll cage, brakes, suspension, and steering. Analysis of the roll cage shows safety factors meet requirements. Suspension design was optimized through iteration. The braking system was designed to meet performance targets. Cost analysis showed largest expenses were the powertrain and suspension systems. The project plan involves various team members focusing on different vehicle subsystems and includes failure mode considerations.
1. The document outlines the design specifications and rules for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) racing competition. It includes requirements for dimensions, materials, driver safety, speeds, and allowed pre-fabricated parts.
2. Detailed specifications are provided for the vehicle's 10HP engine, roll cage made of chromoly steel, dimensions, weights, double wishbone front and rear suspension systems, rack and pinion steering, disc brakes, and 4-speed transmission.
3. Performance targets include minimum weight, desirable traction, maximum gradeability, reduced rolling resistance, and optimized braking. 2D drawings and 3D models illustrate the vehicle design.
•SAE Baja is an Inter-colligate off road racing competition where the top engineering colleges in India successfully fabricate and race there all-terrain vehicles.
•The competition has various automotive giants like Mahindra, General motors etc. powering the event.
•The contest challenges each team to function as a firm whose objective is to design, fabricate, market and race off their vehicles that would be evaluated on a variety of manufacturing angles by various professionals from the sponsoring automotive companies.
This document discusses the energy requirements and powertrain design for a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). It first estimates the energy needed at the wheels by simulating the vehicle's performance on various drive cycles. It then sizes the engine and electric motor based on these energy needs. For the engine, it selects a 100kW gasoline engine similar to that in the 2010 Toyota Prius. It models the Prius powertrain configuration and calculates performance metrics like acceleration and top speed. Finally, it evaluates the vehicle's emissions and fuel economy on the drive cycles to validate that it meets targets.
Virtual baja 2016 17355 alpha college of engg. and tech._presentation.pptIshan Mehta
Team ID 17355 from Alpha College of Engineering & Technology designed and built an off-road vehicle for the Virtual Baja competition. Their proposed vehicle features improvements over the previous year's design including a lighter roll cage, optimized cockpit area, and improved suspension and drivetrain packaging. Key changes resulted in a weight reduction from 252kg to 196kg while improving specifications such as gradeability, top speed, and braking distance. Lessons from prior years helped focus on effective project management and testing to optimize performance.
The document provides specifications for an engineering vehicle designed by Beant College of Engineering & Technology. It includes details on dimensions, materials used, analysis performed, and various vehicle systems. Key points include:
- The vehicle has an overall length of 2447.2 mm, width of 1828.8 mm, and is powered by a 305cc 10HP engine.
- Analysis was performed to select AISI 1018 steel for the roll cage based on its strength, cost, and weight properties.
- Finite element analysis using mesh convergence found an element size of 8 to have less than 5% error for stress analysis.
- The suspension design uses double wishbone configuration with specifications provided for components like
140728 saffrony institute of technology virtual baja2015_presentationnayakabhishek96
The document provides technical specifications and design parameters for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) project, including dimensions, materials, performance targets for components like the roll cage, brakes, suspension, and power train. Detailed 2D and 3D views show the design of the roll cage, springs, and final ATV configuration. Analysis results are presented for the roll cage and other components to validate the design meets safety and performance requirements.
Design, Analysis and fabrication of ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) for the event B...vinay kumar
The document provides specifications and design details for a formula-style racing vehicle. It includes dimensions, materials used, analysis of various components like the roll cage, brakes, suspension, and steering. Analysis of the roll cage shows safety factors meet requirements. Suspension design was optimized through iteration. The braking system was designed to meet performance targets. Cost analysis showed largest expenses were the powertrain and suspension systems. The project plan involves various team members focusing on different vehicle subsystems and includes failure mode considerations.
The document provides details of the design of an off-road vehicle called the Team Dirt-Crusaders for the virtual mini Baja competition. It summarizes the key specifications of the vehicle including dimensions, weight, and materials used for the chassis. The chassis design evolved over several iterations to address shortcomings like arm mounting issues. Analysis using ANSYS found floor bracing improved strength and safety. Other systems described include the suspension, transmission, steering, brakes, and electrical circuit. Costs, a design validation plan, project schedule and DFMEAs for the transmission and crash tube are also summarized.
Fabrication and testing of engine and drive trainShivam Singh
Team Thunderbirds designed and constructed an all-terrain utility vehicle called the Trendnought that uses two treads to traverse various terrains such as snow, mud, grass and gravel. The team selected a Briggs & Stratton 306cc air-cooled gasoline engine and Mahindra Alfa transmission for the vehicle. An analysis of the vehicle's performance in different gears was presented, including tractive force, acceleration, speed and resistance calculations. The total estimated cost of the vehicle project is Rs. 3,65,000, of which Rs. 60,000 is allocated for the engine and transmission.
The document provides technical details of a BAJA SAE vehicle designed by Team Piranha Racing from Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune. It includes dimensions, materials, and analysis results for components like the roll cage, suspension, transmission, brakes, and steering. Graphs show performance parameters like acceleration, traction forces, and steering characteristics. The document also outlines the project plan, workshop facilities, cost breakdown, and validation methods like a half-car model analysis of camber and roll center heights.
All Terrain Vehicle specifications and analysis for VIRTUAL BAJA SAE 2016 India. The report is prepared by students of Mechanical Engineering from Tezpur University
The document provides technical specifications and design details for an all-terrain vehicle created by students at Gandhi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Gunupur. Key points include:
- The vehicle has a 1018 steel space frame, weighs 270kg, has a 65" wheelbase and 13" of ground clearance.
- Suspension is double wishbone with hydraulic springs and dampers. Brakes are hydraulic discs.
- The manual transmission has 4 gears. Top speed is 53kph and 0-53kph time is 21 seconds.
- Other details provided include roll cage dimensions, analysis, steering, suspension and brake designs, cost breakdown, and a project timeline.
Team Traxion'15 - Virtual Baja 2015 PresentationDhamodharan V
Traxion'15 is the official SAE collegiate team of Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, which participated in "SAE Virtual Baja 2015" held at Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad.
The document provides technical specifications and design details for an electric vehicle called ANDROSPHIN. It includes the vehicle's dimensions, weight, performance characteristics, component designs, analysis, and project planning. Key details are the vehicle's wheelbase of 1517.41mm, max speed of 60kmph, stopping distance of 7.867m, and total weight of 294kg. The chassis is made of AISI 4130 steel alloy. Components like the suspension, brakes, steering, and powertrain are also described in detail along with analysis of stresses and forces. The project timeline is outlined in a Gantt chart spanning 2017-2018.
ASME HPVC 2017, LNMIIT jaipur, ACETII-II , Aloha college of Eng. & Tech. Ishan Mehta
ASME Human Power Vehicle Challenge 2017, LNMIIT Jaipur
First time in HPVC history we made the bicycle which has all-wheel drive & also with the Compactness with great innovation. Aerodynamic Fairing Adds up more stars in vehicle performance & Aesthetics. We get the special achievement award by ASME with 12th rank at national level.
The document provides specifications for the LGA-340 single cylinder engine, including a bore and stroke of 84mm x 64mm, rated power of 8kW at 4400rpm, and max torque of 19Nm at 3000rpm. It describes the engine layout, dimensions, intake and exhaust systems, lubrication system, and electric system. Modifications made to the engine for the Indian market are also listed, along with special instructions for welding, the intake system, filling oil, and using fuel pipes.
This document is a presentation of the designed ATV by Team Abhedya who secured overall rank 13th out of 325 team in the India on their debut performance.
The document provides technical specifications and design details for an ATV vehicle called Zephyr. It includes parameters such as dimensions, weight distribution, suspension geometry, braking calculations, and analysis of components like the roll cage, suspension, steering, powertrain, and brakes. Diagrams and CAD models illustrate and validate aspects of the design. Charts break down the vehicle's weight and costs by subsystem. The team composition allocates members to work on different vehicle systems.
This document provides information about Team Auto Architects' design of an ATV for the Baja SAE India 2013 competition. It summarizes the team composition, management structure, and technical areas. Key technical specifications of the designed ATV are presented, including performance targets, dimensions, suspension design, and innovations to reduce emissions. Finite element analysis was conducted on the roll cage design. Experimental stress analysis using strain gauges validated the FEA results. The project plan outlines conceptual, development, and implementation phases.
The document discusses the selection of tires for BAJA vehicles. It provides a brief history of tire development. It then discusses tire definitions, components, construction methods, selection criteria based on vehicle type and performance, and new development approaches including simulation and testing methods. The key factors considered for tire selection include safety, handling, economics, comfort, rolling resistance, traction, wear and ride/handling performance. Predictive methods like FEA simulation and various tests are used to optimize tire design.
The team designed a suspension system for an SAE Mini Baja vehicle with 11 inches of travel front and rear. The suspension uses a dual A-arm design to allow full travel without interference while maintaining optimal camber. It is adjustable for ride height and stiffness via the pushrod connection on cams. Analysis and modeling showed the design can withstand impacts of 4 feet drops and 2000 pound horizontal impacts on each wheel, with a minimum safety factor of 2.34. The presentation provided details on the final specifications, component designs, analysis results, budget and schedule.
The document summarizes the Baja SAE India 2014 team from Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology & Management. It discusses the team size of 25 members and provides details on the vehicle specifications, subsystems, and manufacturing plans. Key aspects covered include the roll cage design using carbon steel, independent double wishbone suspension setup, rack and pinion steering, disc brakes, and Mahindra ALFA CVT transmission powered by a 305cc engine. The team's design validation, cost estimation, and manufacturing processes are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Team Vega, a student formula team from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida. It describes the vehicle design including dimensions, materials used, analysis conducted, suspension geometry, steering, brakes, engine and powertrain selection and specifications. It also includes information on the project timeline, costs, facilities and an overview of the key vehicle specifications.
The team designed an eco-friendly three-wheeled vehicle called Efficycle for the EFFI-CYCLE 2013 competition. [1] They focused on simplicity, efficiency, ergonomics and safety while keeping the design affordable. [2] Key aspects of the design included a durable 1018 steel roll cage, BLDC motor and lithium battery power train, disc brakes, front and rear suspension, and an under-seat steering system. [3] Extensive analysis and testing was conducted to validate the design.
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
The document provides technical details about a transmission being supplied for a Baja vehicle, including gear ratios, details of the clutch and gear actuation mechanisms, transmission mounting orientation, lubricant capacity, and operating angles of the final driveshaft. The transmission is being provided in an assembled state with any additional needed parts supplied separately to complete the vehicle. Expanded parts like seals and fasteners are included in multiple quantities.
Risk reduction in tablet dosage form development and manufacturingDipankar Dey
This article describes how measuring material properties that
relate directly to the final tablet product, including the inherent
ability of materials to form tablets (compressibility) reduces the
overall risk in tablet development and manufacture. A case
study illustrates the benefits of rapid compressibility assessment.
This document provides an overview of automotive suspension design. It begins with acknowledging references used and defining an automotive suspension as a 3D four bar linkage system that gives a vehicle maneuverability. The document then outlines the process of suspension design, including selecting targets, architecture, hard points, rates, loads, springs, dampers, and components. Design considerations like ride height, travel, roll stiffness, and load distribution are discussed. Finally, the document discusses how suspension geometry affects vehicle handling characteristics like understeer, oversteer, grip, and wear.
The document provides details of the design of an off-road vehicle called the Team Dirt-Crusaders for the virtual mini Baja competition. It summarizes the key specifications of the vehicle including dimensions, weight, and materials used for the chassis. The chassis design evolved over several iterations to address shortcomings like arm mounting issues. Analysis using ANSYS found floor bracing improved strength and safety. Other systems described include the suspension, transmission, steering, brakes, and electrical circuit. Costs, a design validation plan, project schedule and DFMEAs for the transmission and crash tube are also summarized.
Fabrication and testing of engine and drive trainShivam Singh
Team Thunderbirds designed and constructed an all-terrain utility vehicle called the Trendnought that uses two treads to traverse various terrains such as snow, mud, grass and gravel. The team selected a Briggs & Stratton 306cc air-cooled gasoline engine and Mahindra Alfa transmission for the vehicle. An analysis of the vehicle's performance in different gears was presented, including tractive force, acceleration, speed and resistance calculations. The total estimated cost of the vehicle project is Rs. 3,65,000, of which Rs. 60,000 is allocated for the engine and transmission.
The document provides technical details of a BAJA SAE vehicle designed by Team Piranha Racing from Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune. It includes dimensions, materials, and analysis results for components like the roll cage, suspension, transmission, brakes, and steering. Graphs show performance parameters like acceleration, traction forces, and steering characteristics. The document also outlines the project plan, workshop facilities, cost breakdown, and validation methods like a half-car model analysis of camber and roll center heights.
All Terrain Vehicle specifications and analysis for VIRTUAL BAJA SAE 2016 India. The report is prepared by students of Mechanical Engineering from Tezpur University
The document provides technical specifications and design details for an all-terrain vehicle created by students at Gandhi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Gunupur. Key points include:
- The vehicle has a 1018 steel space frame, weighs 270kg, has a 65" wheelbase and 13" of ground clearance.
- Suspension is double wishbone with hydraulic springs and dampers. Brakes are hydraulic discs.
- The manual transmission has 4 gears. Top speed is 53kph and 0-53kph time is 21 seconds.
- Other details provided include roll cage dimensions, analysis, steering, suspension and brake designs, cost breakdown, and a project timeline.
Team Traxion'15 - Virtual Baja 2015 PresentationDhamodharan V
Traxion'15 is the official SAE collegiate team of Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, which participated in "SAE Virtual Baja 2015" held at Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad.
The document provides technical specifications and design details for an electric vehicle called ANDROSPHIN. It includes the vehicle's dimensions, weight, performance characteristics, component designs, analysis, and project planning. Key details are the vehicle's wheelbase of 1517.41mm, max speed of 60kmph, stopping distance of 7.867m, and total weight of 294kg. The chassis is made of AISI 4130 steel alloy. Components like the suspension, brakes, steering, and powertrain are also described in detail along with analysis of stresses and forces. The project timeline is outlined in a Gantt chart spanning 2017-2018.
ASME HPVC 2017, LNMIIT jaipur, ACETII-II , Aloha college of Eng. & Tech. Ishan Mehta
ASME Human Power Vehicle Challenge 2017, LNMIIT Jaipur
First time in HPVC history we made the bicycle which has all-wheel drive & also with the Compactness with great innovation. Aerodynamic Fairing Adds up more stars in vehicle performance & Aesthetics. We get the special achievement award by ASME with 12th rank at national level.
The document provides specifications for the LGA-340 single cylinder engine, including a bore and stroke of 84mm x 64mm, rated power of 8kW at 4400rpm, and max torque of 19Nm at 3000rpm. It describes the engine layout, dimensions, intake and exhaust systems, lubrication system, and electric system. Modifications made to the engine for the Indian market are also listed, along with special instructions for welding, the intake system, filling oil, and using fuel pipes.
This document is a presentation of the designed ATV by Team Abhedya who secured overall rank 13th out of 325 team in the India on their debut performance.
The document provides technical specifications and design details for an ATV vehicle called Zephyr. It includes parameters such as dimensions, weight distribution, suspension geometry, braking calculations, and analysis of components like the roll cage, suspension, steering, powertrain, and brakes. Diagrams and CAD models illustrate and validate aspects of the design. Charts break down the vehicle's weight and costs by subsystem. The team composition allocates members to work on different vehicle systems.
This document provides information about Team Auto Architects' design of an ATV for the Baja SAE India 2013 competition. It summarizes the team composition, management structure, and technical areas. Key technical specifications of the designed ATV are presented, including performance targets, dimensions, suspension design, and innovations to reduce emissions. Finite element analysis was conducted on the roll cage design. Experimental stress analysis using strain gauges validated the FEA results. The project plan outlines conceptual, development, and implementation phases.
The document discusses the selection of tires for BAJA vehicles. It provides a brief history of tire development. It then discusses tire definitions, components, construction methods, selection criteria based on vehicle type and performance, and new development approaches including simulation and testing methods. The key factors considered for tire selection include safety, handling, economics, comfort, rolling resistance, traction, wear and ride/handling performance. Predictive methods like FEA simulation and various tests are used to optimize tire design.
The team designed a suspension system for an SAE Mini Baja vehicle with 11 inches of travel front and rear. The suspension uses a dual A-arm design to allow full travel without interference while maintaining optimal camber. It is adjustable for ride height and stiffness via the pushrod connection on cams. Analysis and modeling showed the design can withstand impacts of 4 feet drops and 2000 pound horizontal impacts on each wheel, with a minimum safety factor of 2.34. The presentation provided details on the final specifications, component designs, analysis results, budget and schedule.
The document summarizes the Baja SAE India 2014 team from Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology & Management. It discusses the team size of 25 members and provides details on the vehicle specifications, subsystems, and manufacturing plans. Key aspects covered include the roll cage design using carbon steel, independent double wishbone suspension setup, rack and pinion steering, disc brakes, and Mahindra ALFA CVT transmission powered by a 305cc engine. The team's design validation, cost estimation, and manufacturing processes are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Team Vega, a student formula team from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida. It describes the vehicle design including dimensions, materials used, analysis conducted, suspension geometry, steering, brakes, engine and powertrain selection and specifications. It also includes information on the project timeline, costs, facilities and an overview of the key vehicle specifications.
The team designed an eco-friendly three-wheeled vehicle called Efficycle for the EFFI-CYCLE 2013 competition. [1] They focused on simplicity, efficiency, ergonomics and safety while keeping the design affordable. [2] Key aspects of the design included a durable 1018 steel roll cage, BLDC motor and lithium battery power train, disc brakes, front and rear suspension, and an under-seat steering system. [3] Extensive analysis and testing was conducted to validate the design.
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
The document provides technical details about a transmission being supplied for a Baja vehicle, including gear ratios, details of the clutch and gear actuation mechanisms, transmission mounting orientation, lubricant capacity, and operating angles of the final driveshaft. The transmission is being provided in an assembled state with any additional needed parts supplied separately to complete the vehicle. Expanded parts like seals and fasteners are included in multiple quantities.
Risk reduction in tablet dosage form development and manufacturingDipankar Dey
This article describes how measuring material properties that
relate directly to the final tablet product, including the inherent
ability of materials to form tablets (compressibility) reduces the
overall risk in tablet development and manufacture. A case
study illustrates the benefits of rapid compressibility assessment.
This document provides an overview of automotive suspension design. It begins with acknowledging references used and defining an automotive suspension as a 3D four bar linkage system that gives a vehicle maneuverability. The document then outlines the process of suspension design, including selecting targets, architecture, hard points, rates, loads, springs, dampers, and components. Design considerations like ride height, travel, roll stiffness, and load distribution are discussed. Finally, the document discusses how suspension geometry affects vehicle handling characteristics like understeer, oversteer, grip, and wear.
Tablets are the most popular dosage form, comprising 70% of pharmaceutical preparations. Tablets can be produced in various types including compressed, sugar-coated, film-coated, gelatin-coated, enteric-coated, effervescent, chewable, and orally disintegrating tablets. Quality standards for tablets include specifications for weight, content uniformity, thickness, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. Proper control of these factors during manufacturing is necessary to ensure consistent and reliable dosing of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
This document describes various types of dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical forms like ointments, creams, gels and more. Rectal forms like suppositories and enemas are outlined. Vaginal forms such as pessaries and rings are defined. Finally, it briefly discusses parenteral forms including intravenous and intramuscular injections. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics and uses of different dosage forms for drug delivery.
This document discusses pharmaceutical technology and considerations for developing drug dosage forms. Pharmaceutical technology deals with formulating new chemical entities into safe and effective medications for patients. Medicines contain drug substances formulated with excipients into dosage forms for delivery. Different dosage forms serve various purposes like protecting drugs, masking tastes, providing liquids or controlled release. Major considerations in designing dosage forms include physicochemical properties, biochemistry, and determining the optimal product type based on development goals. Therapeutic factors are also assessed like treatment type and patient attributes to select the appropriate dosage form.
Validation of solid oral dosage form, tablet 1Jamia Hamdard
The document discusses process validation for oral solid dosage forms like tablets. It defines process validation and the different types - prospective, retrospective, and concurrent validation. It provides details on validation protocols, including general information, objectives, process flow charts, critical parameters, and acceptance criteria. Key processing steps for tablets are also summarized, like mixing, wet granulation, milling and factors that influence them like material properties, equipment used, and processing parameters. The goal of process validation is to ensure consistent production of tablets meeting quality standards.
The document discusses different types of tablets, their advantages and disadvantages, ingredients used in tablets including diluents, binders, disintegrants, lubricants and other excipients. It describes various commonly used excipients, their functions and provides examples. The document also covers different types of tablets based on how they are administered and how they are used.
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
The document provides details about Team Sovereign's Baja SAE vehicle for 2023, including lessons learned from 2022 and design improvements. Key areas summarized include the roll cage design process, CAE analysis, suspension upgrades that reduced CG height and optimized toe angle, an upgraded steering system with increased torque and turn lock-to-lock, and powertrain changes such as a lower gear ratio and increased max acceleration. Testing plans and a project schedule are also outlined.
Detailed design calculations & analysis of go kart vehicleAvinash Barve
Go-kart is a compact four-wheeler racing vehicle. Go-kart having very low ground clearance and can be work on the only flat racing track. We will create a model using 3D CAD software such as CREO PARAMETRIC, SOLIDWORKS and ANSYS WORKBENCH after completing the modeling the design is tested against all types of failure, stresses, and deformation by using analysis software. Based on design calculation and analysis result can be changed as per further modifications in dimensions.
This document provides pricing and package information for the 2012 Acura MDX. It lists 5 trim levels from the base MDX starting at $43,030 to the top MDX with Advance and Entertainment packages starting at $54,555. The Technology and Advance packages add various comfort, entertainment and safety features. Specifications of the MDX include its 3.7 liter V6 engine, Super Handling AWD, and cargo space. Safety features include airbags, stability control and braking systems.
This document provides pricing and package information for the 2012 Acura MDX. It lists 5 trim levels from the base MDX starting at $43,030 to the top MDX with Advance and Entertainment packages starting at $54,555. The Technology and Advance packages add various comfort, entertainment and safety features. Specifications of the MDX include its 3.7 liter V6 engine, Super Handling AWD, and cargo space. Safety features include airbags, stability control and braking systems.
The document provides specifications for a Lexus vehicle, including its dimensions, weights, performance characteristics, safety features, audio/navigation systems, and other details. It lists the vehicle's length, width, height, wheelbase, tread, overhang, ground clearance, curb weight, fuel capacity, and other major dimensions and weights. It also details the vehicle's powertrain including the engine type, displacement, output, and transmission. Safety features like airbags, stability control and braking systems are outlined. Audio/navigation amenities and active safety technologies are described.
This document provides pricing and feature information for the 2013 Acura RDX. It lists 4 trim levels for the RDX with starting prices ranging from $34,320 to $39,420. The RDX AWD adds all-wheel drive. The Technology Package adds navigation, rearview camera, premium audio, and other features. Specifications are also provided including the 3.5L V6 engine, 6-speed automatic transmission, dimensions, cargo space, safety features, and warranties. Feature highlights include leather seats, moonroof, and various driver assistance technologies.
1) The document discusses the design and analysis of a gear drive mechanism for a bicycle as an alternative to the traditional chain drive.
2) Several chainless drive concepts were proposed and evaluated using a Pugh matrix, selecting a shaft and bevel gear drive system.
3) CAD models and finite element analysis were performed on the selected gear drive system. The results showed stresses within the material strength.
4) A functional prototype of the gear drive system was built and tested, demonstrating the feasibility of the alternative drive mechanism.
The document provides technical specifications for a self-propelled modular transporter (PPU) and modular trailers. The PPU can connect to modular trailers to increase load capacity up to 10,000 tons. The PPU is 3770mm long, 2980mm wide, 850mm high, weighs 6000kg, and has a 375kW engine. Modular trailers are available with either 6 axles for up to 216,000kg load or 4 axles for up to 144,000kg load. Each trailer module has hydraulic suspension and electronically controlled multi-directional steering.
The document discusses the selection of a ball screw for a machine tool based on its operating conditions and design specifications. It outlines the steps to determine the key parameters for the ball screw like lead accuracy, axial clearance, screw length and diameter, support method, permissible axial load and rotational speed, nut model, rigidity, positioning accuracy, torques required, and motor specifications. An example selection process is provided based on the given design data and machine specifications for a lathe machine. Key factors like buckling load, tensile strength and critical speeds are examined to ensure safe design of the ball screw.
The document provides specifications for an electric vehicle including:
- Dimensions of 70 inches long, 55 inches wide, with a 45 inch wheelbase and 35 inch track.
- The roll cage is made of AISI 1018 steel that is 1 inch in diameter and 3mm thick.
- It has a 12 kg roll cage, 170 kg total mass, 1 inch ground clearance, and can reach speeds of 65 kmph.
- Finite element analysis was conducted and showed maximum deformations of 0.67mm on front impact and 0.13mm on rear impact.
- Ergonomics and safety aspects are maintained with a spacious cockpit and components within reach.
- The braking system can
This document provides specifications for Electromate's 550 Series belt drive tables. It includes dimensions and specifications for various 550 table models with travel lengths ranging from 12 to 360 inches. Load and torque specifications are provided for different carriage models, as well as belt properties, accuracy ratings, and other technical details. Footnotes provide additional information on load derating and accuracy variations based on operating conditions.
The document provides information about stepper motors, including how they function by converting electrical pulses into discrete rotational movements. It describes the main types of stepper motors - variable reluctance, permanent magnet, and hybrid - and provides their key specifications. The document also includes sections on motor connections, selection tables listing motor models and specifications, and formulas for sizing a motor for different applications involving rotation or linear movement.
Technical specifications of Our CNC grinding machineRekha Grinding
Rekha Grinding is the leading exporters of CNC Grinding Machines, CNC turning machines, Manufacturers of CNC Turning machines, manufacturing of grinding machines in Gujarat, India.
This document discusses the design and selection of V-belt drives. It describes the different types of V-belts and provides details on their cross-section. The advantages of V-belt drives are listed, such as smooth operation, ability to transmit power around corners, long service life, and acting as a safety fuse. The procedure for selecting a V-belt drive includes choosing the belt section, standard pulleys, center distance, nominal pitch length, modification factors, maximum power capacity, number of belts, and pulley dimensions. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the selection process. Key differences between flat belt drives and V-belt drives are also outlined.
This document discusses the design and selection of V-belt drives. It describes the different types of V-belts and provides details on their cross-section. The advantages of V-belt drives are listed, such as smooth operation, ability to transmit power around corners, long service life, and acting as a safety fuse. The procedure for selecting a V-belt drive includes choosing the belt section, standard pulleys, center distance, nominal pitch length, modification factors, maximum power capacity, number of belts, and pulley dimensions. An example problem is provided to demonstrate the selection process. Key differences between flat belt drives and V-belt drives are also outlined.
The document describes an electric car called the AMG T200. It is a 2-door sedan with a maximum speed of 85km/h. The car has a 96V 10kW electric motor and lead-acid gel batteries that provide a running distance of 110km per charge. It seats 2 passengers and has a price of 9,900 Euro without VAT.
The document provides technical specifications for the 2013 Ford Expedition. It details the vehicle's powertrain which includes a 5.4-liter V8 engine producing 310 horsepower. Additional details include the six-speed automatic transmission, rear-wheel or four-wheel drive options, cargo space ranging from 18.6 to 130.8 cubic feet depending on seating configuration, and towing capacity up to 9,200 pounds for the rear-wheel drive model. Dimensions such as the 119-inch wheelbase and up to 78.8 inches width are also listed.
The document proposes a concept for a submersible aircraft that can take off and land on both land and water. It discusses three conceptual designs, considering advantages and disadvantages of each. Key specifications of engines, components, and performance are estimated. Mission profiles involving takeoff from land, cruise, and landing on water are described. Design challenges like drag underwater and on takeoff are analyzed.
The Ultra 714 is a commercial vehicle with a 103kw 3L diesel engine and 6-speed manual transmission. It has a 3550mm wheelbase and can carry a 7000kg gross vehicle weight. Key features include a 90L fuel tank, power steering, disc brakes at the front and drums at the rear, and a roof hatch, utility socket, and various indicator lights for maintenance and safety.
The Ultra 714 is a commercial vehicle with a 103 kw 3L diesel engine and 6-speed manual transmission. It has a wheelbase of 3550 mm and can carry a maximum gross vehicle weight of 7000 kg. Key features include a roof hatch, utility socket, digital clock, and indicators for low fuel, brake wear, and other maintenance needs.
2. Configuration Specifications
Specification Param. Name Value Unit
Number and 2+1
configuration
Wheelbase a+b 1.5 m
Track t 1.0 m
Height h_cg 0.4 m
Distance from front a 0.5 m
wheels
Overall Mass M 200 kg
Ground clearance h_ground 0.1 m
Wheel size OD D_wheel 0.66 m
(all)
3. Performance Specifications
Specification Param. Name Value Unit
Maximum lateral a_lat_max 7.8 m/s^2
acceleration
Maximum d_max 7.8 m/s^2
deceleration
Maximum a_max 3.3 m/s^2
acceleration
Deceleration for d_max_tip 8.4 m/s^2
'header'
Lateral a_lat_tip 9.3 m/s^2
acceleration
at tip over
Maximum speed V_max_brake 54 kph
for braking
Minimum turning R_turn 3.0 m
radius
4. Key Specifications
Specification Param. Name Value Unit
Ride frequency f_ride 2 Hz
Motion ratio (front) MR_front 1 -
Motion ratio (rear) MR_rear 0.53 -
Suspension K_susp_front 10150 N/m
stiffness
(front)
Suspension K_susp_rear 11012 N/m
stiffness
(rear)
Suspension c_front 404 N-s/m
damping
(front)
Suspension c_rear 417 N-s/m
damping
(rear)
Wheel travel (front) travel_front +/- 50 mm
Wheel travel (rear) travel_rear +/- 43 mm
5. Rear Suspension Details
CG height 0.4 m
Ground Clearance 0.1 m
Pivot radii 0.01905 m
Max Acceleration 3.924 m^2/sec
Length of swing arm 0.458 m
Vehicle mass 200 kg
Force accel 784.8 N
Pivot Height 0.14 m
Moment (Pivot) 109.872 N m
Force (wheel- Vertical) 239.8951965 N
Stiffness of the wheel (K) 11012 N/m
Squat 0.021784889 m
Wheel radius 0.33 m
Force Lateral 523.2 N
Hub width 0.1 m
Force (arm) 1726.56 N
Axle Diameter 20 mm
Motion Ratio
Motion Ratio of Rear Suspension 0.53
Wheel Location from Pivot 0.3929 m
Shock Location from Pivot 0.208237 m
6. Decision Matrix Summary
Oil/ Helical
Air shock Leaf spring spring
Satisfaction 452 305 383
Bicycle Motorcycle Car
Satisfaction 472 377 318
Twin Shock Single Pivot Multi Link Fork Style
Satisfaction 374 348 292
9. Steering Details
Description Specifications
Steering bar length 0.6m
Grip Length 0.12m
Grip Diameter .03m
Maximum Steering Bar angle + 45 degree to – 45 degree
Steering ratio Hand: Wheel 1.6:1
Steering input force 67 N
Maximum aligning torque from tires 125 N-m
Wheel angles (inside/outside) 43/28 deg.
Track Width 1.0 m
Lateral Forces on one corner 522.66N
Steering Torque on one corner 62.72N*m
Load on Tie Rod 448N
Actual Torque on Steering Column 40.32N*m
Steering Arm Length 0.14m
Steering Pivot length (Base of Column) 0.09m
Steering Shaft Dia 0.015m
Steering Shaft Length 0.6 to 0.7m
Dia of Tie rod 0.00952m
Length of Tie rods (Tublar) Chrome Plated light weight 0.177 to 0.60
12. Data for Longitudinal Acceleration and Braking
0.45 LIMITATIONS FOR UPHILL MOTION AT CONSTANT SPEED
0.4
0.35 •Constant Velocity of 19.5 km/h at 3:
0.3
0.25
•Constant Velocity of 11 km/h at 6:
5⁰ Acceleration (g) •Constant Velocity of 4.3 km/h at 15:
0.2
0.15 •Constant Velocity of 2.8 km/h at 20: - Maximum Slope at μ=0.8
0.1 0⁰ Acceleration (g)
0.05 (beyond this slope, vehicle will begin to lose speed)
0 -5⁰ Acceleration
15
6
1.5
2
8
10
0.05
1
3
12
4
Velocity(m/s)
(g)
ASSUMPTIONS
MAXIMUM ACCELERATION ON DIFFERENT SLOPES
•Coefficient of friction = 0.8
CONSIDERING AERODYNAMIC DRAG •Wheelbase = 1.5m
•Three wheels, (2) in front, (1) drive
LIMITATIONS FOR DOWNHILL BRAKING wheel at rear.
•CG is located 0.4m above ground and
•For 10:1 motor/wheel gear ratio, vehicle speed = 17 m/s 0.47m from front axle or datum
•0: - 11.5: slope, minimum stopping distance = 18.4m •Wheels – Standard, 26” dia. X 1 ¼”
@0.8g (skidding will occur at steeper slopes unless dec. •Braking discs – 8” front and rear
rate is reduced) •Coefficient of Drag – 0.5 (Chassis
•0: - 21: slope, minimum stopping distance = 25.5 m @0.6g Team)
(skidding will occur at steeper slopes unless dec. rate is •Frontal Area – 0.39 m^2 (Chassis
reduced) Team)
•For induced velocity of 40 m/s (5: slope), minimum stopping distance = 102 m •Motor Power Rear Wheel = 500W
•For induced velocity of 54 m/s (10: slope), minimum stopping distance = 186 m •Motor RPM – 5000
•Human Power = 75 – 200W
•N.B: THESE STOPPING DISTANCES ARE ALL BASED ON A DECELERATION OF
0.8g UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE
THESE DATA WERE PREPARED BASED ON DATA FROM
THE SPREADSHEET ‘Brake Calculation Sheet.xls’
13. Power and Gearing Requirements
Rear Velocity POWER AT CONSTANT SPEED (W)
Motor/wheel Pedal/wheel
RPM ratio RPM ratio RPM (m/s) 0: 3: 6: 15: 20:
Front wheel diameter d_fw 0.66 m
Rear wheel diameter d_rw 0.66 m
Pedal RPM 50 rpm
Motor RPM RPM_m 5000 rpm
Gear Ratio 10 GR_10 10/1 1/10 500 17.2783 772
Gear Ratio 9 GR_9 11/1 1/9.1 454.5 15.71 606
Gear Ratio 8 GR_8 16/1 1/6.25 312.5 10.7989 253
Gear Ratio 7 GR_7 20/1 1/5 250 8.63913 160
Gear Ratio 6 GR_6 24/1 1/4.2 208.3 7.19812 114
Gear Ratio 5 GR_5 28/1 1/3.57 178.571 6.1708 89 717
Gear Ratio 4 GR_4 32/1 1/3.13 156.25 5.39945 67 622 1171
Gear Ratio 3 GR_3 56/1 1/1.79 89.2857 3.0854 34 349 662
Gear Ratio 2 GR_2 110/1 1/0.91 45.4545 1.57075 16 176 336 800 1052
Gear Ratio 1 GR_1 220/1 1/0.46 22.7273 0.78538 8 88 168 400 526
RED OUT OF RANGE
GREEN HUMAN + ELECTRIC
BLACK ELECTRIC ONLY
According to the US Road Design Manual,
• The maximum slope over an unlimited distance corresponds to 3⁰
•The maximum slope over 150m corresponds to 6⁰
•http://www.dot.state.mn.us/tecsup/rdm/english/3e.pdf (Road Design Manual)
14. Longitudinal Dimensions The wheelbase and CG height
were selected based on the
following limiting
conditions:
The maximum
deceleration attainable
would be 0.8g.
The maximum slope to be
encountered would be
20% or 11⁰ on roadways.
At these conditions, the
vehicle would tend to skid
before flipping over the
front axle. If the CG height
is increased to 0.5m, the
vehicle would flip at these
conditions. Therefore,
considering safety, these
parameters were selected.
FINAL SPECIFICATIONS
1.Maximum speed on level ground – 56 km/h
2.Maximum speed on 3: uphill (this is the maximum slope over an unlimited distance for access roads) – 19.5 km/h
3.Maximum speed on 6: uphill (this is the maximum slope over 150m for access roads) – 11 km/h
4.Maximum acceleration on level ground – 0.34g
5.Maximum braking deceleration – 0.8g
15. Vehicle Cornering Stability
.
X V cos( )
.
Y V sin( )
l f tan r l r tan f
tan ( 1
)
l f lr
o i L
2 R
Fig. : Kinematics of Lateral Vehicle Motion
[Rajmani, R., 2006, “Vehicle Dynamics and Control”
16. Vehicle Cornering Stability
L
f r
R
2
L mf mr V x
( )
R 2Cf 2Cr R
L
Kvay
R
Cornering force F C *
Cornering stiffness is a function
of:
• Inflation pressure
• Percent of rated load
Fig.: Steering Angle for High Speed Cornering • Vertical load
[Rajmani, R., 2006, “Vehicle Dynamics and Control”
• Size and shape of the tire
17. Vehicle Cornering Stability
t
WL t W ( ) WAY h
2
Fc
A W WAY h
CG O
WA WL
2 t
W
W WAY h
P
1.8 W WL
M 2 t
N
C
D Assumptions:
B
Wc 1.25
WB
• Wheel base: 1.5m
Front
• Track width: 1.0m
• CG height: 0.4m
Fig.: Cornering stability analysis
• Coefficient of friction: 0.8
• Two wheels at the front and
one at the rear
• Front wheels are steered
19. Vehicle Cornering Stability
CG Height for Lateral Stability
800
Total Weight Transfer (m)
700
600
500
400
Front Corner Static Weight
300
Total Weight Transfer
200
100
0
0.4 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5 0.51
CG Height (m)
20. Vehicle Cornering Stability
Coefficient of Friction for Lateral Stability
800
700
Total Weight Transfer (N)
600
500
400
Front Corner Static Weight
300 Total Weight Transfer
200
100
0
0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1 1.02
Coefficient of Friction
21. Vehicle Cornering Stability
Road Camber for Lateral Stability
660
640
Total Weight Transfer (N)
620
600
580
Front Corner Static Weight
560
Total Weight Transfer
540
520
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Camber Angle (degree)
22. Merits and Demerits of Different Braking
Methods
P ros C ons
perform equally well in all c onditions more s tres s on a wheel's s pokes
Dis k B rake inc luding water, mud and s now. T he des ign and pos itioning of dis c brakes prec ludes
offer better modulation of braking power the us e of mos t types of pannier-rac k
s tandard parts and eas y to get
c heap, light, and very powerful perform poorly in wet weather when the rims are wet
R im B rake mec hanic ally s imple, eas y to maintain wear down quic kly, over longer time and us e, rims bec ome worn
heat the rim, bec aus e the brake
c onverts kinetic energy into thermal energy
us eful for wet or dirty c onditions heavier, more c omplic ated
Drum B rake les s maintenanc e and are les s affec ted frequently weaker than rim brakes
by road c onditions Intended to s low down the bike on long downhills rather than s top it
23. Braking Methods Decision Matrix
Alternative
C riteria Importanc e D is c B rake R im B rake D rum B rake
E as y to opetate 10 0.8 0.85 0.8
E as y to maintain 8 0.75 0.8 0.51
E as y to ajus t 6 0.82 0.83 0.62
E as y to as s embly 6 0.8 0.86 0.48
wear 7 0.78 0.52 0.61
W eight 5 0.8 0.85 0.56
F amiliar to c us tomer 9 0.82 0.84 0.65
P erform in all c onditions 12 0.89 0.45 0.51
O verall s afty 15 0.91 0.75 0.65
S atis fac tion 82% 75% 60%
24. Concept Selection Process and key Specification
Braking method: ISO standard (1996):
By comparing Kinetic Energy with mountain Disk withstands force: 2300 N [1]
bike, we decided to select braking method of
mountain bike.
Key specification::
By comparing typical braking methods of Force:
mountain bike, we thought that disk brake is The force exerted on front disk: 1870 N
feasible for our project. The force exerted on rear disk: 935 N
Disk dimensions: Torque:
The torque exerted on front disk:367 Nm
Diameter: 8” (200mm)
The torque exerted on rear disk:168 Nm
Thickness: 0.07”(1.8mm)
Material: Stainless Steel Marketing specification:[2]
*Hayes Disc Brakes HFX 9 HD V8
Limitations of disk brake:
*Rotor: 203mm
Vehicle maximum speed: 40 km/h
*Weight: 520g
Total weight: 200 kg
*Cable Length Front: 850mm
Kinetic energy distribution:
*Cable Length Rear: 1400mm
80%--Front two wheels
*Includes: Rotor, Hardware, Pads,
20%--Rear wheel
and Pre-Bled Caliper and Lever
25. CAD Models of Brake Concept
40% Brake 40% Brake Brake
Force Force Pad
Hydraulic
distributor Brake
Disc
Wheel
Handle
Bar
Parking
Brake
20% Brake
Force