The analysis of the decline curve is applied each year of production which gives the possibility to determine the average decline rate. The calculation of the correlation coefficient gives the possibility to link the different parameters.
The Comprehensive Computation Model of Gas Permeability Based on Fuzzy Comple...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper, in order to reveal the gas migration law of loaded coal under multi-factor coupling, the researches on gas permeability were carried out under different influencing factors, namely effective stress, gas pressure, confining pressure and moisture content, with the self-developed experimental platform of gas permeability. Meanwhile, the function relationship of each influencing factor and permeability was established by use of the mathematical least squares principle. In this paper, the comprehensive expression of gas permeability was established, which is based on fuzzy complementary judgment matrix. And the comprehensive expression was drawn from the experimental conclusions of the loaded coal under multi-factor coupling.
On Absorption Practice, Methods and Theory: An Empirical Example JosephLehmann4
- The document summarizes an experiment on absorption processes using a countercurrent gas-liquid absorption tower.
- Key findings include developing relationships between liquid flow rate, vapor flow rate, and pressure drop. Generalized correlations were constructed from these relationships.
- Absorption of CO2 from air into water was also studied. Data showed decreasing CO2 removal over time as the water became saturated.
The document discusses how nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen have different plots according to the Van Deemter equation. It analyzes the A, B, and C terms in the equation. For term A, nitrogen has the lowest value and helium has the highest because nitrogen moves slowest in the column. For term B, hydrogen has the highest value and nitrogen the lowest because diffusion decreases with increasing carrier gas density. For term C, hydrogen has the lowest value and nitrogen the highest because resistance to mass transfer decreases with decreasing carrier gas density.
Peer Reviewed CETI 14-045: Experimental Investigation of Wet Gas Dew Point Pr...Uchenna Odi, PhD, MBA
This document presents experimental research on how carbon dioxide concentration affects the dew point pressure of wet gas mixtures. The researchers developed a new method to determine dew point pressure by tracking changes in total isothermal compressibility during depressurization experiments. Their results show that higher carbon dioxide concentration lowers the dew point pressure as expected. They compare their experimental data to calculations from the Peng Robinson equation of state to validate their new method. This relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and dew point pressure can be used to more accurately model hydrocarbon recovery processes in wet gas reservoirs.
This document describes and compares two methods for measuring core porosity: the gas measurement method and the weighing method. The gas measurement method involves measuring changes in gas pressure when gas is injected into the core, while the weighing method involves measuring the dry weight, wet weight, and buoyant weight of the core to calculate porosity. Experimental results from 15 cores using both methods are presented and compared to standard porosity values from NMR analysis. The results show that both methods can measure porosity accurately for regular sandstone cores, but the weighing method is less accurate for argillaceous sandstone cores due to clay dissolution in water during saturation.
- The objective of the experiment was to examine the air pressure differential across a column as a function of air flow rate for different water flow rates down the column.
- Pressure differential was plotted as a function of air flow rate on log-log graph paper for each water flow rate.
- Results were calculated from measurements of differential height and plotted on log-log graphs, showing the relationship between air flow rate and differential pressure for different water flow rates.
The document discusses packed column design parameters including packing factor (Fp), kinematic viscosity (ν), C-factor (CS), capacity factor (CP), and flow parameter (FLG). It summarizes pressure drop correlations from the Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation (GPDC) and modifications by Kister and Gill. It also discusses methods for determining flood point from the flood pressure drop equation and notes alternative methods for predicting flood and pressure drop.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Crystallization
Subject: 1.5 Phase equilibrium
The Comprehensive Computation Model of Gas Permeability Based on Fuzzy Comple...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this paper, in order to reveal the gas migration law of loaded coal under multi-factor coupling, the researches on gas permeability were carried out under different influencing factors, namely effective stress, gas pressure, confining pressure and moisture content, with the self-developed experimental platform of gas permeability. Meanwhile, the function relationship of each influencing factor and permeability was established by use of the mathematical least squares principle. In this paper, the comprehensive expression of gas permeability was established, which is based on fuzzy complementary judgment matrix. And the comprehensive expression was drawn from the experimental conclusions of the loaded coal under multi-factor coupling.
On Absorption Practice, Methods and Theory: An Empirical Example JosephLehmann4
- The document summarizes an experiment on absorption processes using a countercurrent gas-liquid absorption tower.
- Key findings include developing relationships between liquid flow rate, vapor flow rate, and pressure drop. Generalized correlations were constructed from these relationships.
- Absorption of CO2 from air into water was also studied. Data showed decreasing CO2 removal over time as the water became saturated.
The document discusses how nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen have different plots according to the Van Deemter equation. It analyzes the A, B, and C terms in the equation. For term A, nitrogen has the lowest value and helium has the highest because nitrogen moves slowest in the column. For term B, hydrogen has the highest value and nitrogen the lowest because diffusion decreases with increasing carrier gas density. For term C, hydrogen has the lowest value and nitrogen the highest because resistance to mass transfer decreases with decreasing carrier gas density.
Peer Reviewed CETI 14-045: Experimental Investigation of Wet Gas Dew Point Pr...Uchenna Odi, PhD, MBA
This document presents experimental research on how carbon dioxide concentration affects the dew point pressure of wet gas mixtures. The researchers developed a new method to determine dew point pressure by tracking changes in total isothermal compressibility during depressurization experiments. Their results show that higher carbon dioxide concentration lowers the dew point pressure as expected. They compare their experimental data to calculations from the Peng Robinson equation of state to validate their new method. This relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and dew point pressure can be used to more accurately model hydrocarbon recovery processes in wet gas reservoirs.
This document describes and compares two methods for measuring core porosity: the gas measurement method and the weighing method. The gas measurement method involves measuring changes in gas pressure when gas is injected into the core, while the weighing method involves measuring the dry weight, wet weight, and buoyant weight of the core to calculate porosity. Experimental results from 15 cores using both methods are presented and compared to standard porosity values from NMR analysis. The results show that both methods can measure porosity accurately for regular sandstone cores, but the weighing method is less accurate for argillaceous sandstone cores due to clay dissolution in water during saturation.
- The objective of the experiment was to examine the air pressure differential across a column as a function of air flow rate for different water flow rates down the column.
- Pressure differential was plotted as a function of air flow rate on log-log graph paper for each water flow rate.
- Results were calculated from measurements of differential height and plotted on log-log graphs, showing the relationship between air flow rate and differential pressure for different water flow rates.
The document discusses packed column design parameters including packing factor (Fp), kinematic viscosity (ν), C-factor (CS), capacity factor (CP), and flow parameter (FLG). It summarizes pressure drop correlations from the Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation (GPDC) and modifications by Kister and Gill. It also discusses methods for determining flood point from the flood pressure drop equation and notes alternative methods for predicting flood and pressure drop.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Crystallization
Subject: 1.5 Phase equilibrium
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.1 Overview
This document discusses convective mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients. It defines convective mass transfer as the rapid transfer of mass that occurs when there is motion in the transfer medium compared to the slower process of molecular diffusion. Mass transfer coefficients are introduced to simplify calculations of mass transfer rates. Different types of mass transfer coefficients are presented based on whether they are used for gases or liquids, and whether they are expressed in terms of concentrations, mole fractions, or partial pressures. Approximations for typical values of mass transfer coefficients in gas and liquid phases are provided.
This document discusses the key differences between equilibrium and rate in mass transfer operations. It explains that equilibrium sets the maximum amount that can be transferred, while rate depends on driving force, area, and resistance. Various mass transfer processes are modeled depending on if they reach equilibrium (distillation) or involve diffusion (membranes). Rate equations and ways to increase rate are presented. Phase diagrams for single and multiple component systems are also covered, including lines, points, and how to read information from them. Gibbs phase rule and its application to distillation with two components and phases is explained.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
The document summarizes an experiment studying factors that affect CO2 absorption in a NaOH solution. The experiment tested how absorption is affected by flow rate of CO2 gas, CO2 concentration, volume of NaOH solution, and pH. Absorption increased with lower flow rates, higher NaOH volumes, and higher pH. The results supported theories that more CO2 absorbs at higher pressures and NaOH concentrations. Future studies could optimize flow rates to maximize both absorption capacity and breakthrough time.
Presentation given by Sai Gu of Cranfield University on "Computational Modelling and Optimization of Carbon Capture Reactors" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
This document provides an overview of key units and concepts used in the International System of Units (SI System). It defines the seven base SI units of meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, mole, ampere, and candela. It also discusses derived units and prefixes for larger and smaller units. Additionally, it covers other important units like temperature, pressure, amount of substance, molar mass, viscosity, and Reynolds number. Conversion formulas are provided between units like Celsius and kelvin scales for temperature, and pascals and other common pressure units.
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD Nabin Khadka
This document discusses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate lime addition for treating acid mine drainage (AMD) in a mixing tank. CFD can provide insights into flow patterns, velocities, and dead zones within the tank. The study models different propeller positions and numbers of blades to determine optimal mixing. Results show center positioning of the propeller increases flow velocity and mixing effectiveness. Two to three blades are suitable for the given flow rates but may differ at other rates. CFD analysis provides data to better understand and manage AMD treatment through lime neutralization in mixing tanks.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course covering topics like:
- PSS and skin concepts for radial flow of single- and multi-phase fluids
- Turbulent versus laminar flow and models for turbulent/non-Darcy flow
- The concept of superposition and its applications, including effects of multiple wells, rate changes, boundaries, and pressure changes
- Transient well testing methods and the information they provide about a reservoir's properties
This document summarizes a numerical study on free-surface flow conducted using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The study examines the wave profile generated by a submerged hydrofoil through several test cases varying parameters like the turbulence model, grid resolution, and hydrofoil depth. The document provides background on the governing equations solved by the CFD solver and the interface capturing technique used to model the free surface. Five test cases are described that investigate grid convergence, the impact of laminar vs turbulent models, the relationship between hydrofoil depth and wave height, and the effect of discretization schemes.
Gold APP Instruments Corporation China is a manufacturer of laboratory analytical instruments located in Beijing, China. They produce instruments for measuring properties of particles, powders, and fibers including BET surface area analyzers, gas pycnometers for measuring true density, and high pressure/temperature gas adsorption analyzers. The document then discusses common static and dynamic methods for determining gas adsorption isotherms, which are key to characterizing materials using BET surface area analysis and other techniques. These include volumetric and gravimetric methods as well as continuous flow techniques.
The effect of the bed slope on the hyporheic flow - A laboratory approachAngeliki SKLIVANITI
This study investigates the effect of bed slope on hyporheic flow and its interaction with sediment transport. It first examines the channel bed properties like hydraulic conductivity. Experiments then apply a dye tracer and PIV technique to measure velocities of subsurface and surface flow in the channel. The results show that increasing slope increases the ratio of hyporheic to total flow. They also show that subsurface flow follows a Forchheimer curve rather than Darcy's law and complex interactions at the surface-subsurface interface may affect sediment transport.
The document discusses the concept of skin factor in wellbore flow, which is a dimensionless quantity that describes flow efficiency. A positive skin factor indicates damage that restricts flow, while a negative skin indicates flow enhancement. Skin can result from various factors like partial completion, damage near the wellbore, hydraulic fracturing, or deviation of the well from vertical. Equations are provided to calculate the pressure drop and flow efficiency based on the skin factor. The total skin is the sum of individual skin components from different sources like damage, completion, deviation etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Peer Reviewed CETI 14-044: CO2 Huff-n-Puff for Condensate Blockage RemovalUchenna Odi, PhD, MBA
This document summarizes research on using CO2 injection to remove condensate blockage in gas wells. Condensate blockage occurs when production drops below the dew point pressure, reducing gas flow. Previous work quantified blockage but did not consider the pressure gradient. The paper examines productivity before and after blockage removal. It defines zones to model blockage and derives expressions to calculate productivity ratios, showing the expected improvement from removing blockage. Plots show the ratio increases with lower condensate zone size and higher gas relative permeability. The research evaluates CO2 injection for minimizing condensate banks to improve gas well productivity.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course focused on fundamental rock properties. It discusses key topics like porosity, saturation, wettability, capillary pressure, and how they are determined through laboratory core analysis. Porosity refers to the pore space available to hold fluids and is classified as absolute or effective porosity. Saturation represents the fraction of pore space occupied by a fluid. Capillary pressure describes the pressure differential between immiscible fluids based on interface curvature. Laboratory tests on core samples are used to characterize these important rock properties.
This document summarizes key concepts from a reservoir engineering course, including pseudosteady-state (PSS) flow regimes for radial flow of slightly compressible (SC) and compressible (C) fluids. It discusses how the PSS flow condition is reached after transient flow, and how average reservoir pressure changes at a constant rate in PSS. Equations are provided for calculating flow rates of SC and C fluids in PSS, along with approximations that account for skin effect and non-ideal assumptions.
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure FractalKhalid Al-Khidir
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
The document discusses the design optimization of an adsorber column header used in a helium purifier. Helium purification is needed to remove impurities introduced during liquefaction and other processes. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed using ANSYS Fluent to analyze flow characteristics in header designs with inlet angles ranging from 90 to 20 degrees. Results showed flow distribution became more uniform as the inlet angle decreased. A 30 degree inlet angle was selected as it provided good flow characteristics while also considering manufacturability. Further optimizations to the header design could improve flow uniformity, such as adding guiding plates or modifying corner geometries.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.1 Overview
This document discusses convective mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients. It defines convective mass transfer as the rapid transfer of mass that occurs when there is motion in the transfer medium compared to the slower process of molecular diffusion. Mass transfer coefficients are introduced to simplify calculations of mass transfer rates. Different types of mass transfer coefficients are presented based on whether they are used for gases or liquids, and whether they are expressed in terms of concentrations, mole fractions, or partial pressures. Approximations for typical values of mass transfer coefficients in gas and liquid phases are provided.
This document discusses the key differences between equilibrium and rate in mass transfer operations. It explains that equilibrium sets the maximum amount that can be transferred, while rate depends on driving force, area, and resistance. Various mass transfer processes are modeled depending on if they reach equilibrium (distillation) or involve diffusion (membranes). Rate equations and ways to increase rate are presented. Phase diagrams for single and multiple component systems are also covered, including lines, points, and how to read information from them. Gibbs phase rule and its application to distillation with two components and phases is explained.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 3.1 Design principles
The document summarizes an experiment studying factors that affect CO2 absorption in a NaOH solution. The experiment tested how absorption is affected by flow rate of CO2 gas, CO2 concentration, volume of NaOH solution, and pH. Absorption increased with lower flow rates, higher NaOH volumes, and higher pH. The results supported theories that more CO2 absorbs at higher pressures and NaOH concentrations. Future studies could optimize flow rates to maximize both absorption capacity and breakthrough time.
Presentation given by Sai Gu of Cranfield University on "Computational Modelling and Optimization of Carbon Capture Reactors" at the UKCCSRC Gas CCS Meeting, University of Sussex, 25 June 2014
This document provides an overview of key units and concepts used in the International System of Units (SI System). It defines the seven base SI units of meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, mole, ampere, and candela. It also discusses derived units and prefixes for larger and smaller units. Additionally, it covers other important units like temperature, pressure, amount of substance, molar mass, viscosity, and Reynolds number. Conversion formulas are provided between units like Celsius and kelvin scales for temperature, and pascals and other common pressure units.
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD Nabin Khadka
This document discusses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to evaluate lime addition for treating acid mine drainage (AMD) in a mixing tank. CFD can provide insights into flow patterns, velocities, and dead zones within the tank. The study models different propeller positions and numbers of blades to determine optimal mixing. Results show center positioning of the propeller increases flow velocity and mixing effectiveness. Two to three blades are suitable for the given flow rates but may differ at other rates. CFD analysis provides data to better understand and manage AMD treatment through lime neutralization in mixing tanks.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course covering topics like:
- PSS and skin concepts for radial flow of single- and multi-phase fluids
- Turbulent versus laminar flow and models for turbulent/non-Darcy flow
- The concept of superposition and its applications, including effects of multiple wells, rate changes, boundaries, and pressure changes
- Transient well testing methods and the information they provide about a reservoir's properties
This document summarizes a numerical study on free-surface flow conducted using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The study examines the wave profile generated by a submerged hydrofoil through several test cases varying parameters like the turbulence model, grid resolution, and hydrofoil depth. The document provides background on the governing equations solved by the CFD solver and the interface capturing technique used to model the free surface. Five test cases are described that investigate grid convergence, the impact of laminar vs turbulent models, the relationship between hydrofoil depth and wave height, and the effect of discretization schemes.
Gold APP Instruments Corporation China is a manufacturer of laboratory analytical instruments located in Beijing, China. They produce instruments for measuring properties of particles, powders, and fibers including BET surface area analyzers, gas pycnometers for measuring true density, and high pressure/temperature gas adsorption analyzers. The document then discusses common static and dynamic methods for determining gas adsorption isotherms, which are key to characterizing materials using BET surface area analysis and other techniques. These include volumetric and gravimetric methods as well as continuous flow techniques.
The effect of the bed slope on the hyporheic flow - A laboratory approachAngeliki SKLIVANITI
This study investigates the effect of bed slope on hyporheic flow and its interaction with sediment transport. It first examines the channel bed properties like hydraulic conductivity. Experiments then apply a dye tracer and PIV technique to measure velocities of subsurface and surface flow in the channel. The results show that increasing slope increases the ratio of hyporheic to total flow. They also show that subsurface flow follows a Forchheimer curve rather than Darcy's law and complex interactions at the surface-subsurface interface may affect sediment transport.
The document discusses the concept of skin factor in wellbore flow, which is a dimensionless quantity that describes flow efficiency. A positive skin factor indicates damage that restricts flow, while a negative skin indicates flow enhancement. Skin can result from various factors like partial completion, damage near the wellbore, hydraulic fracturing, or deviation of the well from vertical. Equations are provided to calculate the pressure drop and flow efficiency based on the skin factor. The total skin is the sum of individual skin components from different sources like damage, completion, deviation etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Peer Reviewed CETI 14-044: CO2 Huff-n-Puff for Condensate Blockage RemovalUchenna Odi, PhD, MBA
This document summarizes research on using CO2 injection to remove condensate blockage in gas wells. Condensate blockage occurs when production drops below the dew point pressure, reducing gas flow. Previous work quantified blockage but did not consider the pressure gradient. The paper examines productivity before and after blockage removal. It defines zones to model blockage and derives expressions to calculate productivity ratios, showing the expected improvement from removing blockage. Plots show the ratio increases with lower condensate zone size and higher gas relative permeability. The research evaluates CO2 injection for minimizing condensate banks to improve gas well productivity.
This document provides an overview of a reservoir engineering course focused on fundamental rock properties. It discusses key topics like porosity, saturation, wettability, capillary pressure, and how they are determined through laboratory core analysis. Porosity refers to the pore space available to hold fluids and is classified as absolute or effective porosity. Saturation represents the fraction of pore space occupied by a fluid. Capillary pressure describes the pressure differential between immiscible fluids based on interface curvature. Laboratory tests on core samples are used to characterize these important rock properties.
This document summarizes key concepts from a reservoir engineering course, including pseudosteady-state (PSS) flow regimes for radial flow of slightly compressible (SC) and compressible (C) fluids. It discusses how the PSS flow condition is reached after transient flow, and how average reservoir pressure changes at a constant rate in PSS. Equations are provided for calculating flow rates of SC and C fluids in PSS, along with approximations that account for skin effect and non-ideal assumptions.
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure FractalKhalid Al-Khidir
On Similarity of Differential Capacity and Capillary Pressure Fractal Dimensions for Characterizing Shajara Reservoirs of the Permo-Carboniferous Shajara Formation, Saudi Arabia
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
The document discusses the design optimization of an adsorber column header used in a helium purifier. Helium purification is needed to remove impurities introduced during liquefaction and other processes. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was performed using ANSYS Fluent to analyze flow characteristics in header designs with inlet angles ranging from 90 to 20 degrees. Results showed flow distribution became more uniform as the inlet angle decreased. A 30 degree inlet angle was selected as it provided good flow characteristics while also considering manufacturability. Further optimizations to the header design could improve flow uniformity, such as adding guiding plates or modifying corner geometries.
A Comprehensive Study of Multiphase Flow through Annular Pipe using CFD ApproachRaian Nur Islam
This study analyzes 3D fluid flow through the annular pipeline with multiphase fluids using CFD simulation. Eulerian Model with Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) turbulence closure is adopted to analyze multiphase fluid flow. The results are validated with existing experimental data and empirical correlations. A robust simulation model is developed that can be used further for different applied cases. Geometry and boundary conditions of flow are adopted from experimental works to validate the simulation. The sensitivity analysis is also conducted to observe the flow characteristics. Fluid inlet velocity of distinct phases, inner pipe rotation and eccentricity are used as input or independent parameters and pressure gradient and local concentration profile at different sections of geometry are the primary output parameter to analyze. The key results show that changing inner pipe rotation and eccentricity have a significant impact on output pressure and local particle distribution which eventually help to find a way out from particle blockage. This study would help the oil and gas industry in designing their pipelines.
Cyclone separators utilize centrifugal force to separate solid or liquid particles from gases. They have no moving parts and are available in various sizes. Gas enters tangentially, creating a spiral that forces particles to the inner walls. Particles exit through an underflow pipe while gas reverses direction and exits the vortex finder. Key design parameters include inlet dimensions and vortex finder diameter, with larger finders and inlets improving efficiency but also increasing pressure drop. Cyclones are commonly used in industrial applications like power plants and mineral processing due to their low cost and maintenance requirements.
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "Quantification of Saline Aquifers for Geological Storage of CO2 – Experiences from MUSTANG Project" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
Shale Gas | SPE YP Egypt Educational WeekAhmed Omar
This presentation is a result of intensive search about unconventional shale gas resources. These slides was presented at SPE Egyptian section educational week.
Authors :
Karim Magdy, Suez University, karim_magdy5298@yahoo.com
Karim Mohamed Kamel, The British University in Egypt, kareem.kaml@gmail.com
Ahmed Omar Eissa, Suez University, ahmedomar92@yahoo.com
Ahmed Alhassany, Al-Azhar University, Al7assany@gmail.com
Yunus Ashour, Alazhar University Eng.yunusashour@Gmail.com
Mahmoud Elwan, Cairo University, elwan_92@hotmail.com
Mahmoud Abbas , Suez university mahmoudabbas15@gmail.com
Khaled Elnagar, Suez University
KhElnagar@outlook.com
Gas chromatography is a technique used to separate components of a mixture. It was invented in 1901 by Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett. Key developments include John Porter Martin developing the first gas-liquid chromatograph in the 1950s. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allows identification of separated components. The technique works by vaporizing a sample and carrying it by a carrier gas through a column coated with a stationary phase, separating components based on how they partition between the mobile and stationary phases.
This document summarizes research on vortex generation and mass transfer in agitated vessels. Experiments were conducted in 11-inch and 24-inch diameter tanks to measure the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) of an air-water system under varying conditions. A correlation was developed to predict kLa based on impeller type, speed, diameter, and liquid coverage. The correlation showed that kLa increases with scale when the minimum Froude number (FrMIN) and geometry are maintained. This suggests mass transfer is proportional to power input per vortex surface area. Further work is needed to validate the scale up methodology for different impeller types.
A model for predicting rate and volume of oil spill in horizontal and vertica...Alexander Decker
- The document describes the development of a mathematical model to predict the rate and volume of oil spills from horizontal and vertical pipelines.
- The model was derived using principles of fluid mechanics and conservation of energy. It relates parameters like leak pressure, radius, density, and height to calculate flow rate and volume of spilled oil.
- The model was validated by comparing predictions to experimental data collected from laboratory tests with diesel oil flowing through a horizontal pipe with five induced leak points. The model values showed good agreement with experimental measurements.
Shale Gas, Petrophysical Considerations in Producing and EvaluatingOrkhan Mammadov
This document discusses measurement techniques and challenges for characterizing mudrocks and shale properties. It notes that mudrocks have pore sizes below 62 μm requiring measurement at the nanometer scale. It also discusses how molecular size of working fluids can impact measurement accuracy. Different protocols for measuring properties like porosity, permeability, and mineralogy are reviewed along with factors affecting their validity. The document concludes that standardizing core handling and measurement protocols would improve accuracy and allow better comparison of shale property data.
The document describes the development of a simulation model of coal bed methane in COMSOL Multiphysics. Scanning electron microscope images of coal matrix were imported into COMSOL to generate the model geometry. Boundary conditions including inlet pressure, outlet pressure, and symmetry conditions were applied. The model analyzed velocity, pressure, and shear rate distributions within the coal matrix under laminar flow assumptions. Graphs of simulation outputs showed variations in velocity with width and height, and variations in shear rate and cell Reynolds number, providing insight into gas flow behavior through the coal microstructure.
91 92. june 9 overview febex-dp-and_ufd r&d activities related to febex-d...leann_mays
The document summarizes research from the FEBEX-DP collaboration which studied the dismantling of heaters from an in situ heating test of bentonite clay at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland. Key findings include:
1) Coupled THMC modeling of the experiment showed reasonable matches to observed temperature, relative humidity, water content, stress, and chloride concentration over time.
2) Synchrotron X-ray microtomography measurements characterized the microstructure and crack network in bentonite clay samples.
3) Initial characterization of the bentonite-concrete interface by SEM-EDS showed cracks abundant at the interface but no strong elemental gradients beyond the interface region.
4) Ongoing work
This document presents a novel approach to optimize oil production from an Iranian oil well considering asphaltene precipitation. The approach uses integrated thermodynamic modeling to develop a distribution profile of asphaltene precipitation in the well. It then investigates the impacts of hydrodynamic parameters on asphaltene precipitation through sensitivity analyses to optimize well completion and production conditions. The goal is to obviate issues from asphaltene deposition and maximize oil production and benefits. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to determine optimum tubing size, surface choke size, production rate, wellhead pressure and temperature that achieve high cumulative oil production and minimize asphaltene deposition thickness.
- The document discusses numerical simulations of the electrostatic spray painting process using high-speed rotary bell atomizers.
- Experiments were conducted to validate the sensitivity of the simulations to variations in operating conditions like paint flow rate and bell speed, as well as different target geometries.
- The simulations demonstrated good agreement with experimental measurements of film thickness and were able to accurately predict changes based on different operating conditions and target shapes.
The effect of solids on the behaviour of the downcomer of a jameson celleSAT Journals
Abstract The effect of solids on the behaviour of the downcomer of a Jameson cell was studied in terms of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the solids. Hydrophobic (carbon), and hydrophilic (silica sand) solids were used, separately. The experiments were carried out under controlled conditions of gas flow rate, pulp flow rate, and pulp consistency. The observed operating variables were the extension of the downcomer operating regions (pulp jet, mixing, and collection) and gas hold-up. It was observed that gas bubbles are smaller and more uniform in size when the pulp is comprised of silica (hydrophilic particles), as compared with pulps consisted of carbon (hydrophobic particles). When measuring a profile of gas holdup in the separation cell, experimental results show that a more homogeneous radial holdup distribution is achieved in the case of a slurry with silica sand rather than the pulp made of carbon. Key words: Jameson cell, downcomer, separation cell, superficial phase velocity, gas hold-up, hydrophobic solids, hydrophilic solids.
The document discusses modelling fluid flow in shale reservoirs. It describes the complex porous network in shales which includes multiple gas storage and transport mechanisms. Effective modelling requires accounting for different porosity systems including the organic matrix, inorganic pores and natural fractures. Common modelling approaches for fractured reservoirs like dual porosity and dual permeability models are discussed as well as their limitations for modelling low permeability shales. More advanced models like MINC (Multiple INteracting Continua) and locally refined dual permeability models are presented to better represent transient fluid flow in shales. Key shale properties affecting gas production including adsorbed gas, non-Darcy flow, and fracture properties are also summarized.
Similar to Survey on Declining Curves of Unconventional Wells and Correlation with Key Determinants (20)
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Survey on Declining Curves of Unconventional Wells and Correlation with Key Determinants
1. Survey on Declining Curves of Unconventional
Wells and Correlation with Key Determinants
Presented by:
Borhen Addine AFLI
Salman Deumah
Rafaa Saadouli
October 2020
CUPB: China University of Petroleum Beijing
2. Plan
Introduction
Scale of media porous in shale gas reservoirs
Adsorption and desorption mechanism
Flow mechanisms
Numerical simulatoion and sensitivity analysis
Decline curves analysis: ex. Marcellus shale
Conclusion
3. Introduction
• Shale gas is a natural gas resources. It is an unconventional resources produced
from shale formations.
• shale are sedimentary rocks characterized by low porosity and low permeability
(matrix).
• Flow mechanisms are related to the pores size, pressure and velocity. Darcy law
is not always applicable.
• The amount of gas in place is the sum of the free gas stored in the matrix and/or
fracture porosity, and the adsorbed gas which is stored (adsorbed) on the surface
of the organic or mineral material.
• The most techniques used in shale gas production and for unconventional
reservoirs are horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic fracturing.
• The gas production will depend on the fracture parameters mainly and the
reservoir parameters.
• Numerical simulation has a big advantage on the prediction of the reservoir
performance and the identification of the influence of each parameter.
• The use of Decline curve analysis provide an important tool for the forecast of
the production if the necessary assumption are taken into account.
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4. Scale of media porous in shale gas reservoirs
• The pores size has a significant function in controlling the flow in shale gas
reservoirs.
• Conventional reservoirs are characterized by pores size that range from 0.1 to
100 μm, for tight sandstone reservoir pore size range from 2 to 0.03 μm. While
for shale reservoirs pores size range 1 to 200 nm and main pores size range from
2 to 50 nm (0.002 to 0.05 μm).
• The size of hydrocarbon molecules, asphaltenes, paraffins and methane range
from 0.01 μm to 0.00038 μm.
• For this shale characteristics, the interaction between hydrocarbon molecules will
affect the flow mechanism, as we have more interaction between molecule as we
will have less amount of gas that can be extracted. This is mainly due to the size
of the nanopores especially when we have high pressure. Example the slip flow
• The interaction between hydrocarbon molecules is defined by the mean free path
(how fare the molecule will travel before heating another molecule).
• This effect is present in conventional reservoirs but due to the large pores size,
the interaction between molecules has not a significant impact.
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5. Adsorption/desorption mechanisms
• Adsorption is a physic mechanism by which hydrocarbon molecules adhere to
the surface of the organic or mineral material.
• The desorption mechanism is the mechanism by which the liberation of gas take
place with the decrease in the reservoir pressure.
• They are important mechanisms that control the storage and production capacity
in shale gas reservoirs.
• Depend on the reservoir pressure, the adsorption could be monolayer or
multilayer. Hence many authors try to explain this mechanism using adsorption
isotherm curves.
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6. Adsorption/desorption
Adsorption isotherm: It is a curve that shows the amount of the adsorbed gas or the
adsorbate by the solid or adsorbent (solid itself) as function of the relative pressure at
constant temperature. Three main type of adsorption isotherm are:
▪ FreundlichAdsorption Isotherm: the first established adsorption isotherm.
m
x =K P1/n
▪ Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm: most used isotherm to quantify the adsorption
mechanism at low reservoir pressure.
c
g = l V
∗ 𝑃
(P+Pl)
➢ Both model give satisfactory result at low reservoir pressure, and fail to quantify the
amount of adsorbed gas at high pressure.
➢ Langmuir's model was a theoretical construct, while the Freundlich isotherm is
empirical. In the Langmuir model, we assumed that there is only a
monomolecular layer on the surface. This means that there is no stacking of
adsorbed molecules
Where, x :mass of the adsorbate; m:
mass of the adsorbent; K and n are
constant (depend on adosorbent and
adsorbate characteristics); P is the
reservoir pressure
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7. Adsorption/desorption mechanisms
▪ Multilayer adsorption the
BET equation:
BET : Stephen Brunauer; Paul
Emmett; Edward Teller
➢ Most widely used isotherm
dealing with multilayer
adsorption is BET Isotherm
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8. Flow mechanism
• The flow mechanism in shale gas reservoir is characterized with the Knudsen
number (as Reynolds number). Knudsen number, Kn, is the ratio of mean free
path, λ, to pore diameter, d, and can be used to identify different flow regimes in
the porous media.
• Slip flow: gas transport is dominated by collision between gas molecules
• Knudsen diffusion (transition flow and free-molecule flow) for Kn larger than
0.1: gas transport is dominated by collision between gas molecules and the pore
wall.
Knudsen number (Kn) Flow regime
Kn< 10-3 Continuum/darcy flow (no-slip flow)
10-3-10-1 Slip flow
10-1-101 Transition flow
101-∞ Free-molecule flow
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9. Numerical simulation
▪ The numerical simulation model is used to predict the behavior of the reservoir
taking into account the main influencing parameters.
▪ The use of enough data enhance the quality of the model and gives more
confident results in term of forecast of production and decline production rate.
▪ The creation of the model passes through the experiments design (what are the
important parameters) and the model function determination.
▪ Response surface methodology RSM is used to preform the creation of the model
using Latin hypercube design (experiments design) and Genetic programing for
the determination of the model function.
▪ After establishing the adequate model a sensitivity analysis study is performed to
identify the importance of each parameter. Parameters are divided into two
classes: reservoir parameters (matrix porosity and permeability, natural fracture
porosity, etc.) and fracture parameters (fracture porosity and conductivity,
spacing, etc.)
▪ Sensitivity analysis is performed with the establishment of a base case for the
model. Each parameter have a certain value which determine its base case. All
results in terms of cumulative production and decline gas production rate are
compared with the result of the base case model.
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15. Numerical simulation
HF half length (23.04%). 13
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For the first year of production, the gas
production is mainly controlled by the
fracture parameters (76%). HF spacing,
HF conductivity and HF height
contribute by around 66%.
For ten years of production, the gas
production is mainly controlled by the
fracture parameters (85%)
As we decrease the HF spacing, we create
new porosity and we enhance the
permeability. An increase of the effect of
HF spacing is due to the decrease of the
effect the matrix porosity and
permeability.
For twenty years of production,
fracture parameters participate by
59% to the total production.
16. Decline Curve Analysis: Marcellus Plays
One of the richest
gas field in North
America.
Extent primarily in
Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, New York,
and Ohio.
Devonian organic-
rich shale (middle
Devonian) that has
an area of 18 106
acres (72,843 km2)
OGIP= 1500 TCF
Estimated reserves=
280 TCF
Has a big impact over
the Pennsylvania
economic.
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17. Decline Curve Analysis: Marcellus Plays
Started in production in 2008, more than 5,400 Marcellus wells were on line in June
2014 and more than 1,200 wells are being added each year.
data of 3845 horizontal wells is used to perform the decline curve analysis in order
to forecast the Estimated Ultimate Recovery EUR of the field.
No detailed information is available concerning the exact procedure used in the
decline curve analysis.
From the available data we can conclude that the Hyperbolic decline curve equation
is used to perform the determination of the EUR distribution.
The average Value of the hyperbolic b-factor is around 0.52 which is in favor of the
use of the hyperbolic decline model.
The decline curve analysis is applied each year of production which gives the
possibility to determine the average decline rate.
The calculation of the correlation coefficient gives the possibility to link the
different parameters.
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18. Decline Curve Analysis: Marcellus Plays
Year of
production
number
of wells
Average initial
production
MCF/month
average
horizontal
length ft
average initial
decline rate %
Hyperbolic
factor b
EUR Bcfe
2008 28 43263 2280 43,87 0,65 2032,69
2009 174 71768 2890 43,21 0,55 3327,25
2010 532 121248 3800 48,52 0,65 4873,21
2011 659 121339 4100 49,02 0,66 4531,52
2012 1254 129302 4500 48,38 0,51 4201,77
2013 1198 172787 4751 46,22 0,39 5397,4
Somme 3845
Average 4324 0,52
Correlation Average initial production
MCF/month
EUR (BCFe)
Number of wells 0,90 0,76
Average horizontal length (ft) 0,97 0,91
Average initial production
(MCF/month)
- 0,95
Average horizontal
length has more
effect on the EUR
than the number of
wells.
Average horizontal
length shows a very
important correlation
with the average
initial production.
(Homogeneity).
Average initial production has
a good correlation with the
EUR. As we produce more at
the beginning we will have
good recovery. ( effect 16
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number of wells, Hz length)
19. Decline Curve Analysis: Marcellus Plays
Horizontal
length ft
Aveg. gas flow
test MCFPD
Avg. Max gas
production
MCF/month
Hyperbolic b
factor
EUR per well
Average 3956 6033 126503 0,52 0,02
Standard
deviation
790,8 3067,2 64891,7 0,22 0,33
➢ The average gas flow test and the average initial gas
production shown a good correlation with the
horizontal length.
➢ Standard deviation factor shows the important
distribution of the EUR. This distribution is
mainly due to the horizontal well length which
shows a standard deviation of 791 ft.
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20. Conclusion
• Unconventional resources has a big economic impact, hence it represents an
important tool to ameliorate the economical situation of any state.
• Horizontal well and hydraulic fracture are the main technological tool that we
can use to achieve the economic production.
• Fracture parameters are the main parameters that control the production in shale
gas reservoirs.
• Gas desorption plays an important role in the gas production. Significant effect of
the gas desorption is achieved when we use different Langmuir parameters.
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 No gas desorption
• Decline curves analysis shown that the horizontal length is an important
parameter that control the EUR
Langmuir Pressure (psi) 400 1000 1500 N/A
Langùuir volume (SCF/ton) 40 140 220 N/A
20 yr. cumulative production (MMscf) 2504 2646 2775 2449
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21. References
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the effect of water flowback. Peng, Cao a, Liu, Jishan and Leong, Yee-Kwong. 2017. 2017.
• A Note on Rock Compressibility. Onur, M. 2017. s.l. : Spring, 2017.
•Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. Brunauer, S et al. s.l. : JAm Chem Soc.
Vol. 60, pp. 309-319.
•Applicability of the Forchheimer Equation for Non-Darcy Flow in Porous Media. H.
Huang, and J.Ayoub. 2006. s.l. : SPE 102715, September 2006.
• Dynamic Data Analysis. KAPPA. 1988-2017. 1988-2017, Vol. v5.12.01.
• Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. BEAR J. 1972. Dover, New York : s.n., 1972.
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William, B. LangdonAdil Qureshi. s.l. : Dep of Computer science, University College
London.
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22. References
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•Javadpour. 2009. Nanopores and apparent permeability of gas flow in Mudrocks (shales
and siltstone). J. Can. Petroleum Technology 48 (2009) 16-21. 2009.
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Mississippian Barnett Shale. J. Sed. Res. Loucks, R.G., et al. 2009. 2009.
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