This document summarizes a study on the tensile and wear properties of aluminum composites reinforced with beryl particles that were fabricated using squeeze casting. Squeeze casting resulted in composites with higher density, fewer pores, finer grains, and improved mechanical properties compared to gravity cast composites. Testing showed that squeeze cast composites had up to 11.6% higher tensile strength and 1.2 times lower wear rates than gravity cast composites. The improved properties are attributed to better particle wetting and distribution as well as reduced porosity from the application of pressure during solidification in squeeze casting.
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND TRIPLE PAR...ijmech
The this work the study on hardness and wear behaviour of dual particle and triple particle size Alumina (Al2O3) reinforced aluminium alloy based metal matrix composite (Al2O3-Al MMC) was carried out. AlMMCs were prepared using 10 vol% Al2O3 reinforcement into aluminium metal matrix and developed using stir casting process. Stir casting is a most suitable process for the production of particulate MMC in which the reinforcement is introduced in to the molten matrix material with simultaneous stirring. The reinforcement in the range of particle size with Dual particle and Triple particle at 10% olume fraction with range from coarse to fine size were used (210µ, 180µ, 80µ & 10µ).The hardness of the composite was
determined by Vickers hardness tester and Brinell Hardness Tester. Tensile strength was determined by Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The wear rate was found by pin-on-disc type wear testing machine with steel disc of 60HRC hardness in dry sliding condition. Wear test was conducted on all the samples
at speeds of 300,600 and 900 rpm by varying the load (2kg, 4kg, 6kg & 8kg) at a constant sliding distance of 55mm. The wear track studies were carried out by optical microscope .The test results showed that Dual particle composite and triple particle composite exhibited better hardness compared to as cast AL- 7075. Strength of Triple particle reinforced MMC was found to be higher than that of dual particle reinforced composite material. The wear resistance properties of dual particle MMC was higher compared to triple particle reinforced MMC. The secondary process will further enhances the wear resistance of the composite and also that heat treatment will promote the wear resistance.
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND TRIPLE PAR...ijmech
The this work the study on hardness and wear behaviour of dual particle and triple particle size Alumina (Al2O3) reinforced aluminium alloy based metal matrix composite (Al2O3-Al MMC) was carried out. AlMMCs were prepared using 10 vol% Al2O3 reinforcement into aluminium metal matrix and developed using stir casting process. Stir casting is a most suitable process for the production of particulate MMC in which the reinforcement is introduced in to the molten matrix material with simultaneous stirring. The reinforcement in the range of particle size with Dual particle and Triple particle at 10% olume fraction with range from coarse to fine size were used (210µ, 180µ, 80µ & 10µ).The hardness of the composite was
determined by Vickers hardness tester and Brinell Hardness Tester. Tensile strength was determined by Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The wear rate was found by pin-on-disc type wear testing machine with steel disc of 60HRC hardness in dry sliding condition. Wear test was conducted on all the samples
at speeds of 300,600 and 900 rpm by varying the load (2kg, 4kg, 6kg & 8kg) at a constant sliding distance of 55mm. The wear track studies were carried out by optical microscope .The test results showed that Dual particle composite and triple particle composite exhibited better hardness compared to as cast AL- 7075. Strength of Triple particle reinforced MMC was found to be higher than that of dual particle reinforced composite material. The wear resistance properties of dual particle MMC was higher compared to triple particle reinforced MMC. The secondary process will further enhances the wear resistance of the composite and also that heat treatment will promote the wear resistance.
Mechanical Behaviour ofAl2014 Reinforced with Boron Carbide and Short Basalt ...IJERA Editor
The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of short Basalt Fiber and B4Con hardness and impact
strength of Al 2014 Composites. These AMCs with individual and multiple reinforcement (hybrid MMCs) are
finding increased applications in aerospace, automobile, space, underwater and transportation applications. An
effort is made to enhance the Hardness and Impact properties of AMCs by reinforcing Al2014 matrix with
Varying Proportion of Short basalt fiber and Boron carbide by stir casting method. Aluminum alloy matrix
varying proportions of boron carbide particulates and Short Basalt fibers were fabricated. The microstructure,
hardness and impact strength properties of the fabricated AMCs were analyzed. The optical microstructure study
revealed the homogeneous dispersion of B4C particles and Short Basalt fiber in the matrix. Based on the results
obtained from the Hardness and Impact of the metal matrix composites it is observed that, the hardness and
impact strength increases with increase in the amount of reinforcement‘s.
Performance of Self Compacting High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SCHSFRC)IOSR Journals
In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete
specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of
this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight
and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self
Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and
Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume
fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete
were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29.
Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.
Knowledge and Experience of Menopause - A Rural Based Study in Aligarhjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The menopause is a transitional phase in women’s life.The level of oestrogen is decreased ,because of which a variety of symptoms such as hot flushes, mucosal dryness, excessive sweating, emotional fluctuations, psychoses, decr-eased strength and calcification of bones occurs. Attitudes, perception and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomenon surrounding menopause. Natural menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea not associated with a pathological cause. Menopause is a gradual process that lasts for about 2 years, called climacteric. It is normal and should not be taken as a disease or syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms among women who had attained menopause
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
Combine Effect of Metakaolin, Fly Ash and Steel Fiber on Mechanical Propertie...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of concrete specimens
produced by Metakaolin, fly Ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of this work is to obtain
a more ductile high strength concrete produced by using Metakaolin, Fly Ash and Steel Fiber. Three types of
steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of
metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete were 5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively.
Water/cement ratio was 0.27. Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened
concrete specimens. The use of metakaolin increased mechanical strength of concrete. On the other hand, the
addition of steel fiber into concrete improves ductility of high strength concrete significantly.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
Present study is focused on the fabrication of aluminium 6061 based metal matrix composites, Reinforced with
silicon carbide and Al2O3 by stir casting technique. The percentage of one reinforcement particulate is kept
constant and varying other and vice versa, namely typeI and typeII composites. The various mechanical tests like
tensile strength test, hardness test, wear test and Impact strength performed on the samples obtained by stir
casting technique for comparison purpose. The result indicated that the developed method is quite successful and
there is an increase in the value of tensile strength, hardness value and Impact strength of newly developed
composite having (SiC + Al2O3) particulates in comparison to the Aluminium.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Rice Husk and Silicon Carbide M...ijsrd.com
Aluminium is an abundant element of 8% on earth’s crust and normally found in Aluminum oxide i.e. bauxite. In the present work the mechanical behavior of pure aluminium reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Rice Husk ash fabricated by liquid metallurgical (stir casting) method was investigated. The reinforcements were added in varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%). Tests were conducted for tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results reveal that higher tensile strength with increase in rice husk content and higher impact strength & hardness of the hybrid composite with increased SiC content.
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
Knowledge and Experience of Menopause - A Rural Based Study in Aligarhjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: The menopause is a transitional phase in women’s life.The level of oestrogen is decreased ,because of which a variety of symptoms such as hot flushes, mucosal dryness, excessive sweating, emotional fluctuations, psychoses, decr-eased strength and calcification of bones occurs. Attitudes, perception and expectations are part of the psychosocial phenomenon surrounding menopause. Natural menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea not associated with a pathological cause. Menopause is a gradual process that lasts for about 2 years, called climacteric. It is normal and should not be taken as a disease or syndrome. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge and experience of menopausal symptoms among women who had attained menopause
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Punching Shear Strength of High Strength Fibre Reinforced Concrete SlabsIJMER
The experimental study of punching shear behavior of High Strength fiber reinforced
concrete slabs is carried out in the present work. Each of 24 square slabs was simply supported along
four edges and loaded to failure under a concentrated load over a square area at the center. The test
parameters were the effective span to depth aid ratio, volume fraction of 3 types of steel fibers, slab
thickness h, concrete strength fck, and size of load-bearing plate r. Test results indicate that the load
Combine Effect of Metakaolin, Fly Ash and Steel Fiber on Mechanical Propertie...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of concrete specimens
produced by Metakaolin, fly Ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of this work is to obtain
a more ductile high strength concrete produced by using Metakaolin, Fly Ash and Steel Fiber. Three types of
steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of
metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete were 5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively.
Water/cement ratio was 0.27. Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened
concrete specimens. The use of metakaolin increased mechanical strength of concrete. On the other hand, the
addition of steel fiber into concrete improves ductility of high strength concrete significantly.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
Present study is focused on the fabrication of aluminium 6061 based metal matrix composites, Reinforced with
silicon carbide and Al2O3 by stir casting technique. The percentage of one reinforcement particulate is kept
constant and varying other and vice versa, namely typeI and typeII composites. The various mechanical tests like
tensile strength test, hardness test, wear test and Impact strength performed on the samples obtained by stir
casting technique for comparison purpose. The result indicated that the developed method is quite successful and
there is an increase in the value of tensile strength, hardness value and Impact strength of newly developed
composite having (SiC + Al2O3) particulates in comparison to the Aluminium.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study and Analysis on Mechanical and Wear Behavior of SiC Filled Epoxy Compositepaperpublications3
Abstract: Silicon carbide possesses ample reinforcing potential to be used as a filler material in polymer matrix composites. Successful fabrication of epoxy matrix composites reinforced with silicon carbide particles is possible by simple hand-lay-up technique. These composites possess very low amount of porosity and improved micro-hardness, also it provide slightly superior tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strengths than those of the neat epoxy. This study reveals that silicon carbide possesses good filler characteristics as it improves the sliding wear resistance of the polymeric resin. Dry sliding wear characteristics of these composites have been gainfully analysed using a design-of-experiment approach based on Taguchi method. The analysis of experimental results shows that factors like filler content, sliding velocity and normal load, in this sequence, are identified as the significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composites under investigation. The silicon carbide-epoxy composites fabricated and experimented upon in this investigation are found to have adequate potential for a wide variety of applications particularly in wear prone environment. When wear is not the predominant degrading factor, epoxy without silicon carbide can be recommended. However, the weight fraction of filler in the composite is to be decided from the view point of required strength. If the place of use is hostile with sliding wear situations, then silicon carbide epoxy composites are to be preferred due to their fairly good wear resistance. Use of these composites may be suggested in applications like engineering structures in dusty environment and low cost building materials in desert.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Rice Husk and Silicon Carbide M...ijsrd.com
Aluminium is an abundant element of 8% on earth’s crust and normally found in Aluminum oxide i.e. bauxite. In the present work the mechanical behavior of pure aluminium reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Rice Husk ash fabricated by liquid metallurgical (stir casting) method was investigated. The reinforcements were added in varying weight percentages of (3% - 6%). Tests were conducted for tensile test, impact test and hardness test. The results reveal that higher tensile strength with increase in rice husk content and higher impact strength & hardness of the hybrid composite with increased SiC content.
The present research work is on bronze alloy metal matrix composite reinforced with fly ash particulate in
weight percentage of 3%, 6% and 9%. The specimens can be produced by Liquid metallurgy technique (Stir casting
method) will be used to produce metal matrix composites using Aluminum Copper alloys as matrix material. The
produced composites will be characterized with respect to mechanical properties and wear properties. Results
obtained from the above investigation, it can be seen that the rate of wear is decreased with increasing bronze and
will be helpful for the end of users in the foundry of automobile and aerospace industries.
Sociala medier har blivit mainstream. En hygienfaktor i företagets kommunikationsplan. Men sociala medier är inte en ny annonskanal utan ett nytt sätt att kommunicera med målgruppen. Skapa dialog. Ha ett samtal. Bygga en relation. Med detta sagt så är tiden ändå mogen att föra en diskussion om marknadsföring och försäljning i de sociala kanalerna. Och nu pratar vi inte om reklam och annonserbjudanden utan om idéer och insatser som driver din affär framåt. Så, hur kan ditt företag tjäna pengar i sociala medier?
Water Analyzer Specialist, HUMAS Co. Ltd. Company Introduction Humas Co. Ltd. Korea
Humas is a technology-intensive company that consists of experts including the researchers who came from research institutes of Daedeok, Science Town, which is a Mecca for research and development activities in Korea, related to new materials and environmental technologies as well as professors of KAIST.
Since after the company was founded, we have dedicated ourselves to the development of the water quality analysis technology and now take pride in our competitiveness that allows us to compete with global top-notch companies in the sector of water quality analysis technology. We developed a water analysis kit that consists of about 70 items to be used currently in the water quality analysis, as well as a transportable water quality analyzer, a desk top type water quality analyzer and a physical-chemical spectrophotometer for us to provide services for our customers. Recently, we developed also on-line devices related to water quality (A turbidity continuous measuring device, an automatic chlorine measuring device, as well as a automatic device for measuring nitrogen and phosphorus) to provide a one-stop service related to water quality.
Combining the forces of branding and Marketing 3.0 principles. It has been used in the Indian Context.
It is imperative for brands to embrace the Kotler Marketing 3.0 principles in the digital age!
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Studies On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Flyash Reinforced Al20...dbpublications
The aim is to study the mechanical property and Tribological behavior of Al2024/flyash composite with various weight fractions (3%, 6%, 9%) were prepared by squeeze casting method. The average particle size of flyash is 45-50 μm. In addition, Al2024 alloys were cast for comparison purposes. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties of these composites were evaluated and compared with as-cast alloy and the composites. In addition, tribological properties of these composites were evaluated using a Pin-on-Disc apparatus with different parameters of varying loads of 10N and 50N and(with constant parameters such as time of 10 minutes, sliding velocity of 3 m/s, track diameter of 150mm).The microstructure of the composites shows homogenous distribution of flyash particles in the Al matrix composite. The wear and mechanical properties of composites improve with increasing the weight fraction of flyash. The aim of present study is to evaluate the effect of microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of aluminium alloy Al2024/flyash metal matrix composites
Experimental Investigation of Wear Properties of Aluminium LM25 Red Mud Metal...IJSRD
The use of different kind of Metal-matrix composite materials is in constant growing over the years, because they have better physical, mechanical and tribological properties comparing to matrix materials. In automotive industry they are used for pistons, cylinders, engine blocks, brakes and power transfer system elements. Research attempts have been made in the past toreduce the cost of processing of composites, decrease the weight of the composites, and increase the desired performance characteristics. This paper presents the findings of an experimental investigation on the effects of applied load, RPM, Sliding distance and pin temperature in dry sliding wear studies performed on red mud-based aluminum metal matrix composites (MMC). Red mud is an industrial waste during the production of aluminum from bauxite ore. A pin-on-disc apparatus was used to conduct the dry sliding wear test. Taguchi-based L9 orthogonal array has been used to accomplish the objective of the experimental study. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is employed to find the optimal setting and the effect of each parameter on wear rate.
EFFECT OF GRAPHITE ON MECHANICAL AND MACHINING PROPERTIES OF Al-BRONZE PREPAR...IAEME Publication
Aluminum bronzes are the highest strength standard copper based alloys. For their combination of high strength, excellent corrosion and wear resistance these alloys have a wide
acceptance in engineering applications, so studying their improvement still important. In the present study, a base aluminum bronze alloy with a chemical composition of (Cu – 11%Al) is prepared basing on powder metallurgy technique with a determined suitable compacting pressure of 400MPa,
sintering for 1 hour in 920°C in a vacuum furnace (10-4 tor), and then quenching from 950°C in cold water and tempered at 4500C for 2hrs.
Microstructure and Wear Behavior of B4C Particulates Reinforced Al-4.5%Cu All...IOSRJMCE
The work is carried out to investigate the microstructure and wear behavior of B4C reinforced Al- 4.5% Cu alloy metal matrix composites. In the present work Al-4.5% Cu alloy was taken as the base matrix and B4C particulates as reinforcement material to prepare metal matrix composites by stir casting method. For metal matrix composites the reinforcement material was varied from 0 to 4 wt. % in steps of 2 wt. %. The wear resistance of metal matrix composites was studied by performing dry sliding wear test using a pin on disc apparatus. The experiments were conducted at a constant sliding speed of 300rpm and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying load of 0.5, 1 and 1.5Kg. Similarly experiments were conducted at a constant load of 1.5Kg and sliding distance of 4000m over a varying sliding speed of 200, 300 and 400rpm. The results showed that the wear resistance of Al-Cu-2%B4C and 4% B4C composites were better than the unreinforced alloy. The wear in terms of height loss found to increase with the load and sliding speed. To study the dominant sliding wear mechanism for various test conditions, the worn surfaces were analyzed using optical microscopy
WEAR STUDIES ON THE HEAT TREATED AL6061-μSIC AND AL6061-NSIC METAL MATRIX COM...IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a potential for enhanced wear conflict in
excess of the unreinforced aluminum alloy and are the most capable in achieving
enhanced mechanical properties. In the present investigation, composites of Aluminum
6061(Al6061) matrix material is reinforced with micron size Silicon carbide (μSiC)
reinforcement with 5, 10 and 15 weight percentages (wt.%) and nano size SiC (nSiC)
with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% are fabricated by stir casting technique. The stir casted
composites are further heat treated and the specimens are prepared as per ASTM
standards to conduct hardness and wear tests. The fabricated and heat treated nano
composites showed enhancement in hardness and wear resistance more than the micro
composites. The microstructure of the worn out specimen are examined by scanning
electron microscope. Taking into contemplation all the factors, it can be concluded that
aluminum based composite with 1.0% by weight nano SiC reinforcement acquire
superior wear resistance properties as compared to micro SiC reinforced aluminum
metal matrix composites.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALUMINIUM HYBRID COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH S...Blaza Stojanovic
This paper presents tribological characteristics of hybrid composites with aluminium
matrix, reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) and graphite (Gr). Newly
formed Al/SiC/Gr hybrid composites are the combination of the two different hybrid
materials. Namely, hard particles of silicon carbide increase the hardness and
resistance to wear, while soft particles of graphite improve lubrication and reduce
friction coefficient and wear. It is possible to obtain Al/SiC/Gr hybrid composites
by different methods of casting. Tribological tests show that load, sliding speed,
sliding distance, content and size of reinforcement particles influence the size
and the type of wear and friction coefficient of Al/SiC/Gr hybrid composites with
aluminium matrix.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
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𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
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2. K.R. Suresh et al. / Wear 255 (2003) 638–642 639
2. Experimental details (case hardened to 80RC , to a depth of 3 mm) was used as
counter surface and composites were made into pin having
The matrix chosen for this work is ASM 356 Al–Si–Mg 6 mm diameter and 25 mm in height. The pins were made
alloy. It is a high strength alloy and renders itself favorably to slide on the steel disc. A sliding track diameter of 98 mm
to heat treatment. The composition of the alloy is 7.5% Si, was chosen and the disc was rotated at a speed of 390 rpm,
0.345% Mg and balance is aluminum. ‘Beryl’ chemically so that a linear distance of 120 m was covered in 1 min. The
beryllium–aluminum–silicate (Be3 Al2 (SiO3 )6 ) has a density test was carried out for different sliding distances under the
of 2700–2800 kg/m3 , having hardness of 7.5–8.5 on Mho’s normal a load of 10 N. The wear was measured in terms of
scale. It has hexagonal crystal structure and retains water of weight loss of the materials measured to 0.0001 g resolu-
crystallization up to 800 ◦ C [25]. The chemical composition tion. An average of three trials is presented here. The scatter
of beryl particles used here is presented in Table 1. The of three readings were within 5%. Since density of the alloy
particles used here have an average particle size of 20 m. has critical influence on properties, the same was measured
The Al composites having beryl particles varying from 2 for each specimen.
to 10% are prepared through gravity casting, their tensile
and wear properties are evaluated. The details of which are
reported elsewhere [24]. 3. Results and discussion
The squeeze casting of Al–beryl casting was carried out
by dispersing 2–10% beryl particles. The beryl particles are The densities of gravity cast and squeeze cast matrices
heated to 900 ◦ C before adding them so as to eliminate water were measured in order to know the effect of squeeze casting.
of crystallization, which is likely to hinder the wetting of It was found to be 2610 and 2790 kg/m3 for gravity cast and
Al melt [25]. The squeeze casting was obtained by pouring squeeze cast matrices, respectively, indicating an increase
melt-particle slurry into preheated (200 ◦ C) permanent die of 6.9% for squeeze cast matrix. This improvement in the
and punch. It is allowed to solidify under squeeze pressure density may be due to reduction of micro-porosity due to
of 80 MPa for a duration of 5 min. High temperature graphite squeezing the casting during solidification.
powder was used in the die to facilitate removal of cast Fig. 1 shows the tensile test results of gravity cast and
blanks from die after cooling. Also, unreinforced alloy was squeeze cast composites for varying percentage of particles.
cast in identical conditions for the purpose of comparison. It can be observed from the figure that the tensile strength of
The squeeze cast composites and matrix were machined squeeze cast matrix (0%) is higher than gravity cast matrix
to obtain tensile and wear specimens, the tensile test was by 11%. The improvement in strength in squeeze cast con-
carried out on samples according to ASTM-E8-95a. All the dition may be attributed to the absence of shrinkage porosity
composites were tested for strength, samples were loaded and fine grain structure [26].
till fracture. Three trials were carried out for the purpose of Application of pressure during solidification also results
repeatability and the average of them is presented here. in refined grain structure [27]. It can be observed from the
Hardness has some influence on the wear behavior on any figure that the addition of the beryl particulates enhanced the
material. Hence, the hardness was measured for the com- tensile strength of the composites. It is true for both gravity
posite samples as well as squeeze cast alloy. The hardness cast and squeeze cast conditions up to an addition of 6%.
tests were carried out as per ASTM-E-10-93 standard. The The composites attains peak strength on addition of 6 wt.%
tests were conducted on three locations on the sample to of beryl particles in both the gravity cast and squeeze cast
counter the possibility of indentor resting on hard particle, conditions. However, the squeeze composites, having 6 wt.%
which may result in anomalous value. of beryl showed enhancement of 11.3% over the gravity cast
Wear tests were carried out under dry condition on a sample of same composition.
pin-on-disc apparatus as per ASTM-G-99-95. A steel disc Further dispersion of hard ceramic particles in a soft duc-
tile matrix results in improvement in strength [28]. This may
be attributed to large residual stress developed during solidi-
Table 1
fication and to the generation of a density of dislocations due
Chemical composition of beryl particles to mismatch of thermal expansion between hard ceramic par-
ticles and soft Al matrix [29–32]. The hard ceramic particles
Composition (%)
obstruct the advancing dislocation front, thereby strength-
SiO2 65.4 ening the matrix [33–37]. The increase in the strength may
Al2 O3 17.92 also be result of closer packing of reinforcement and smaller
BeO 12.25
Fe2 O3 0.8
inter-particle spacing in the matrix, and the matrix material’s
CaO 1.34 ability to exhibit internal ductility to accommodate local-
MgO 0.48 ized internal stresses [38]. As mentioned earlier, squeeze
Na2 O 0.55 casting further enhances the strength due to the absence of
K2 O 0.004 micro porosity, better interfacial bond between matrix and
MnO 0.05
reinforcement, and grain reinforcement [39].
3. 640 K.R. Suresh et al. / Wear 255 (2003) 638–642
Fig. 1. Tensile strengths of gravity cast and squeeze cast Al composites.
3.1. Hardness gravity casting. However, the peak hardness observed for
addition of 10 wt.% of particles in both the cases. The hard-
Fig. 2 shows that the hardness of squeeze cast matrix is ness in squeeze casting conditions may be due to combined
higher than that of gravity matrix by about 4.5% approxi- effect of denser matrix and hard ceramic particle [41].
mately. The application of pressure during solidification in
squeeze casting minimizes porosity and makes the metal 3.2. Wear
more dense, making the matrix to resist surfacial plastic de-
formation, rendering higher hardness to the matrix. The dis- Dry sliding wear of both gravity cast and squeeze cast
persion of beryl particles enhances the hardness, as particles composites of different weight percentage particles is indi-
are harder than Al alloy, the materials render their inherent cated in Table 2. It can be noted from the table that the
property of hardness to the soft matrix [40]. The peak hard- composites show lower weight loss indicating the beneficial
ness of 64 BHN was found to be for an addition of 10 wt.% effect of addition of beryl particles. It may be attributed to
of beryl particles in gravity cast condition. hardness of the material a dominating factor affecting the
The squeeze cast composites having 6% beryl (the com- wear resistance [42–44]. The decrease in wear weight loss
position which has shown peak strength in both the cases) may also be attributed to higher load bearing capacity of
was found to be 19.8% more harder than the corresponding hard reinforcing material [45].
Fig. 2. Hardness of gravity cast and squeeze cast Al–beryl composites.
4. K.R. Suresh et al. / Wear 255 (2003) 638–642 641
Table 2
Wear weight loss (mg) of Al–beryl composites for different sliding dis-
tances under gravity cast (GC) and squeeze cast (SqC) conditions
Beryl (%) Sliding distance
600 (m) 1200 (m) 1800 (m) 2400 (m)
GC SqC GC SqC GC SqC GC SqC
0 5.2 4.5 11.4 7.9 16.2 8.2 20.8 11.2
2 4.9 4.0 7.8 5.3 12.6 7.6 20.3 10.0
4 4.6 3.6 7.4 4.8 10.9 5.8 18.6 9.4
6 4.4 3.0 6.0 4.1 9.8 4.9 14.1 8.5
8 4.3 2.3 5.6 3.3 9.0 4.7 12.3 7.3
10 4.1 1.9 5.2 2.3 8.5 4.2 11.2 6.4
Fig. 4. Wear track of 6% beryl–Al composite in gravity cast condition.
The processing of composites also influence the wear rate.
It can be seen from Table 2, that squeeze cast composites
show lesser wear weight loss when to gravity cast compos-
ites for any sliding distance.
From the component designer’s point of view, it is essen-
tial that the material should retain its strength character. In
the present study, it was observed that the composite with
6% beryl particle shows peak strength, both in gravity cast
and squeeze cast condition, hence the wear studies of this
composite is presented here. Fig. 3 depicts the wear weight
loss of these composites under different sliding distances.
The squeeze cast composite showed decreases of 31% com-
pared to gravity cast composite over a sliding distance of
600 m. When the sliding distance was increased to 2400 m
the squeeze cast composite showed decrease of 40% which
is almost 1.2 times lesser wear weight loss of gravity cast
composites for same distance.
The squeeze cast composite shows lower wear weight loss Fig. 5. Wear track of 6% beryl–Al composite in squeeze cast condition.
as can be seen from Fig. 3. The photomicrographs of the
wear track of the composite in both the processing condi-
tions are presented in Figs. 4 and 5. More debris can be seen than that of gravity cast sample), better interfacial bond be-
in the tracks of gravity cast composite Fig. 4, while in Fig. 5 tween the particle and the matrix than in the gravity sam-
shows uniform wear track with reasonably lower debris. The ples, reducing the possibility of particle pull out which may
lower wear weight loss of squeeze cast sample may be due result in higher wear. Besides, denser squeeze cast samples
to the fact that the material is more denser (density is higher resist surfacial deformation during hardness testing indicat-
Fig. 3. Wear weight loss of 6% beryl–Al composites for different sliding distances.
5. 642 K.R. Suresh et al. / Wear 255 (2003) 638–642
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