This document summarizes a study on the development and characterization of dual particle and triple particle aluminum metal matrix composites (Al-MMCs) reinforced with Al2O3 particles. Al-7075 alloy was reinforced with 10% volume fraction of Al2O3 particles with sizes ranging from 10-210 micrometers in dual and triple particle configurations. The composites were fabricated using stir casting and evaluated for microstructure, hardness, wear behavior, and density. Hardness and strength increased compared to unreinforced alloy, with triple particle composite exhibiting the highest values. Wear resistance was highest for dual particle composite. Density measurements found good casting quality with no porosity.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Alumina Reinforced Aluminium ...IOSR Journals
The results of an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of fly ash and Alumina
reinforced aluminium alloy (LM25) composites samples, processed by stir casting route are reported in this
paper. Three sets of composites with constant weight fraction of fly ash (particle size of 3-100 μm) and
Al2O3(particle size of 150 μm) with different wt% were used. Composite samples have the reinforcement weight
fractions of constant 3% fly Ash and varying %wt of 5, 10 and 15% Al2O3 . The main mechanical properties
studied were the tensile strength,ductilityimpact strength & hardness. Unreinforced LM25 samples were also
tested for the same properties. It was found that the tensile strength & hardness of the aluminium alloy (Lm25)
composites increases with the increase in %wt of Al2O3 upto certain limit. in addition of more amount of
reinforcement the Tensile strength decrease due to poor wettability of the reinforced material with metal
aluminium matrix .And the charpy test shows decrease in impact load absorption with increase in %weight
reinforcement.The Microstructure study of the samples indicated near uniform distribution of the fly ash and
Al2O3 particles in the matrix. LM25 alloy is mainly used where good mechanical properties are required in
castings of a shape or dimensions requiring an alloy of excellent castability in order to achieve the desired
standard of soundness.The alloy is also used where resistance to corrosion is an important consideration
particularly where highstrength is also required.
Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC’s) are widely used in aerospace, automotive,
structural and marine applications due to their high strength to weight ratio, corrosion
resistance. In AMC one of constituent is aluminium or its alloy which forms a network
called as matrix phase and other constituent is embedded in matrix made of harder material
generally ceramic or non metallic material called as reinforcement. Various processing
techniques are available for manufacturing of AMC’s. Stir casting is one of the economical
and extensively used methods to enhance attractive properties of AMC’s. This paper
presents an overview of stir casing process, process parameter and preparation of AMC
using aluminium alloy as matrix phase and alumina (Al2O3) as reinforcement by varying
their proportion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis, characterization and mechanical behavior of nickel coated graphite...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we are going to describe the characterization and mechanical behavior of the Nickel Coated Graphite (NCG) particle reinforced Al6061 metal matrix composite. Many a times, the composites fail to answer the question or fail to serve the purpose for which it is fabricated to. This is due to the less wetting nature between the reinforcement and the matrix and the impossibility of higher percentage of reinforcement addition in to the matrix. However, metal coated reinforcements have been able to overcome these limitations to a very extent. NCG particles reinforced Al6061 matrix with various weight percentages were fabricated by Squeeze casting method. Samples of 0, 5 and 10 wt% reinforcement addition were synthesized and characterized. Finally some useful conclusions were made. Keywords: Metal Coated Reinforcement; Nickel Coated Graphite; Squeeze Casting; Wetting.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
Present study is focused on the fabrication of aluminium 6061 based metal matrix composites, Reinforced with
silicon carbide and Al2O3 by stir casting technique. The percentage of one reinforcement particulate is kept
constant and varying other and vice versa, namely typeI and typeII composites. The various mechanical tests like
tensile strength test, hardness test, wear test and Impact strength performed on the samples obtained by stir
casting technique for comparison purpose. The result indicated that the developed method is quite successful and
there is an increase in the value of tensile strength, hardness value and Impact strength of newly developed
composite having (SiC + Al2O3) particulates in comparison to the Aluminium.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
Design and Fabrication of a Stir Casting Furnace Set-UpIJERA Editor
Now-a-days a large variety of heating techniques/furnaces are available. There may be many method for supplying heat to the work but heat is produced either by combustion of fuel or electric resistance heating. Taking into consideration the effect of cost, safety, simplicity and ease of construction we are going for an electrical resistance heating furnace with indirect heating provisions. The stir casting furnace has two main parts that enable to perform all its operations, they are: Furnace Elements and Control Panel. This paper shows the design and fabrication of stir-casting furnace and aluminium melted and casted to form.
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM MESH REINFORCED POLYESTERCOMPOSITESIAEME Publication
This project deals with the study of physical, mechanical and chemical resistance properties of aluminum mesh reinforced polyester based blend composites with different forms of blending on weight percentage and reinforcement in layered form like single layer and double layer etc., and with the blending resin characteristics and different blending proportionalities. The efficient mechanism preserved the structural integrity of the composite under impact loads.
Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMC’s) are widely used in aerospace, automotive,
structural and marine applications due to their high strength to weight ratio, corrosion
resistance. In AMC one of constituent is aluminium or its alloy which forms a network
called as matrix phase and other constituent is embedded in matrix made of harder material
generally ceramic or non metallic material called as reinforcement. Various processing
techniques are available for manufacturing of AMC’s. Stir casting is one of the economical
and extensively used methods to enhance attractive properties of AMC’s. This paper
presents an overview of stir casing process, process parameter and preparation of AMC
using aluminium alloy as matrix phase and alumina (Al2O3) as reinforcement by varying
their proportion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis, characterization and mechanical behavior of nickel coated graphite...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we are going to describe the characterization and mechanical behavior of the Nickel Coated Graphite (NCG) particle reinforced Al6061 metal matrix composite. Many a times, the composites fail to answer the question or fail to serve the purpose for which it is fabricated to. This is due to the less wetting nature between the reinforcement and the matrix and the impossibility of higher percentage of reinforcement addition in to the matrix. However, metal coated reinforcements have been able to overcome these limitations to a very extent. NCG particles reinforced Al6061 matrix with various weight percentages were fabricated by Squeeze casting method. Samples of 0, 5 and 10 wt% reinforcement addition were synthesized and characterized. Finally some useful conclusions were made. Keywords: Metal Coated Reinforcement; Nickel Coated Graphite; Squeeze Casting; Wetting.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
Present study is focused on the fabrication of aluminium 6061 based metal matrix composites, Reinforced with
silicon carbide and Al2O3 by stir casting technique. The percentage of one reinforcement particulate is kept
constant and varying other and vice versa, namely typeI and typeII composites. The various mechanical tests like
tensile strength test, hardness test, wear test and Impact strength performed on the samples obtained by stir
casting technique for comparison purpose. The result indicated that the developed method is quite successful and
there is an increase in the value of tensile strength, hardness value and Impact strength of newly developed
composite having (SiC + Al2O3) particulates in comparison to the Aluminium.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
Studies on Al8081-B4C Metal Matrix Composites Fabricated by Stir Casting MethodIJMER
Aluminium MMCs are preferred in the fields of aerospace, military, automotive, marine and
in many other domestic applications. In the present work, an attempt has been made to develop and
study the, Mechanical properties of Al-8081/B4C reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. The
composite was prepared by using Liquid Metallurgy Route (Stir Casting Technique). Liquid state has
some important advantages such as better matrix particle bonding, easier control of matrix structure,
simplicity, low cost of processing, nearer to net shape and wide selection of material. Al-8081 alloy
was taken as the base matrix to which B4C particulates are used as reinforcements. Al8081-B4C
composites were prepared by varying weight percentage of B4C i.e 0 to 6 %, in steps of two. The
objective is to study the effect of B4C particulates on mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile
strength, yield strength and hardness of Al8081 alloy composites. The results of this study revealed
that, as the B4C content was increased, there were significant increases in the ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength and hardness in the composites as compared to the base matrix
Design and Fabrication of a Stir Casting Furnace Set-UpIJERA Editor
Now-a-days a large variety of heating techniques/furnaces are available. There may be many method for supplying heat to the work but heat is produced either by combustion of fuel or electric resistance heating. Taking into consideration the effect of cost, safety, simplicity and ease of construction we are going for an electrical resistance heating furnace with indirect heating provisions. The stir casting furnace has two main parts that enable to perform all its operations, they are: Furnace Elements and Control Panel. This paper shows the design and fabrication of stir-casting furnace and aluminium melted and casted to form.
PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM MESH REINFORCED POLYESTERCOMPOSITESIAEME Publication
This project deals with the study of physical, mechanical and chemical resistance properties of aluminum mesh reinforced polyester based blend composites with different forms of blending on weight percentage and reinforcement in layered form like single layer and double layer etc., and with the blending resin characteristics and different blending proportionalities. The efficient mechanism preserved the structural integrity of the composite under impact loads.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Computer Science
Active and Programmable Networks
Active safety systems
Ad Hoc & Sensor Network
Ad hoc networks for pervasive communications
Adaptive, autonomic and context-aware computing
Advance Computing technology and their application
Advanced Computing Architectures and New Programming Models
Advanced control and measurement
Aeronautical Engineering,
Agent-based middleware
Alert applications
Automotive, marine and aero-space control and all other control applications
Autonomic and self-managing middleware
Autonomous vehicle
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics
BioTechnology(Chemistry, Mathematics, Statistics, Geology)
Broadband and intelligent networks
Broadband wireless technologies
CAD/CAM/CAT/CIM
Call admission and flow/congestion control
Capacity planning and dimensioning
Changing Access to Patient Information
Channel capacity modelling and analysis
Civil Engineering,
Cloud Computing and Applications
Collaborative applications
Communication application
Communication architectures for pervasive computing
Communication systems
Computational intelligence
Computer and microprocessor-based control
Computer Architecture and Embedded Systems
Computer Business
Computer Sciences and Applications
Computer Vision
Computer-based information systems in health care
Computing Ethics
Computing Practices & Applications
Congestion and/or Flow Control
Content Distribution
Context-awareness and middleware
Creativity in Internet management and retailing
Cross-layer design and Physical layer based issue
Cryptography
Data Base Management
Data fusion
Data Mining
Data retrieval
Data Storage Management
Decision analysis methods
Decision making
Digital Economy and Digital Divide
Digital signal processing theory
Distributed Sensor Networks
Drives automation
Drug Design,
Drug Development
DSP implementation
E-Business
E-Commerce
E-Government
Electronic transceiver device for Retail Marketing Industries
Electronics Engineering,
Embeded Computer System
Emerging advances in business and its applications
Emerging signal processing areas
Enabling technologies for pervasive systems
Energy-efficient and green pervasive computing
Environmental Engineering,
Estimation and identification techniques
Evaluation techniques for middleware solutions
Event-based, publish/subscribe, and message-oriented middleware
Evolutionary computing and intelligent systems
Expert approaches
Facilities planning and management
Flexible manufacturing systems
Formal methods and tools for designing
Fuzzy algorithms
Fuzzy logics
GPS and location-based app
Study of Wear Behavior of Aluminum based MMCs using Taguchi MethodsRSIS International
composite material is a material system composed of a mixture or combination of two or more micro or macro constituents that differ in form and chemical composition and which are essentially insoluble in each other. Stir casting method is used to fabricate Metal Matrix composites (MMCs) having fly ash in 3, 6, 9 wt% and e-glass fibre in 3 wt%. The dry sliding wear tests were conducted on composite material using a pin-on-disc wear testing setup with a normal pin load of 20N, 40N and 60N, and wear rate for each load is calculated for different sliding speeds. Analytical modelling of composite material is carried out by Taguchi’s design of experiments (DOE) using L27 orthogonal array. The experimental results were transformed into a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the design parameters significantly influencing the wear rate of the composite material. Based on the experimental results, a multiple linear regression model was developed. A regression equation thus generated establishes correlation between the significant terms obtained from ANOVA, namely, load, sliding speed, fly ash content and their interactions. In order to validate the regression model, confirmation wear tests were conducted with parameter levels that were different from those used for analysis. The error associated with the relationship between the experimental values and the computed values of the regression model for hybrid composites was around ±5%.
ALUMINIUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE WITH DUAL REINFORCEMENT IAEME Publication
Metal matrix composites are important class of engineering materials used in automotive, aerospace and other applications because of their lower density, higher specific strength, and better physical and mechanical properties compared to pure aluminium. Multiwall Carbon Nanotube
(MWCNT) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) reinforced Aluminium (Al) metal matrix composite materials were fabricated by mechanical ball milling and hot pressing processes. The SiC was used as a physical mixing agent to increase dispersity of the MWCNT in the Al particles.
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Microstructure and Hardness of Aluminium Alloy- Fused Silica Particulate Comp...AM Publications
Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) refer to the class of light weight high performance aluminum centric
material systems. The reinforcement in AMCs could be in the form of continuous/discontinuous fibers, whiskers or particulates,
in volume fractions. Properties of AMCs can be tailored to the demands of different industrial applications by suitable
combinations of matrix, reinforcement and processing route. This work focuses on the fabrication of aluminum alloy (LM13)
matrix composites reinforced with 9%, 12% &15% fused silica particulates using stir casting route. The microstructure and
hardness of the fabricated composite were analyzed and reported.
THE EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT PARAMETERS AND GRAIN REFINEMENT ON MICROSTRUCTUR...dbpublications
Aluminium A357 alloy is widely used
at automobile and aircraft industries in the form of
cast component with varying section size. This study
investigates how the microstructure and mechanical
properties of A357 alloy before and after heat
treatment processes. Solutionising at 5000C-5h
followed quenching in water at room temperature
and Ageing at 1700C-3h alloy. Aluminium ingot is
melted using a furnace and poured in to the mold
having mold cavities of varying dimensions. In
order to investigate the effect of heat treatment and
aging processes microstructure and mechanical
properties such as hardness, and tensile strength
were analyzed as-cast condition and after solution
treatment process. The aim of present study is to
evaluate the effect on the microstructure and
mechanical properties of Combined Grain Refined
and Modified aluminum alloy A357
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Fabrication and mechanical properties of stir cast al si12 cub4c compositeseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND TRIPLE PARTICLE REINFORCED AL-7075/ AL2O3 METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE
1. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
DOI: 10.14810/ijmech.2017.6202 11
DEVELOPMENT AND TRIBOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF DUAL PARTICLE AND
TRIPLE PARTICLE REINFORCED AL-7075/ AL2O3
METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE
Raghavendra N1
,V S Ramamurthy2
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, B N M Institute of
Technology, Bangalore.1
,
Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yellamma Dasappa
Institute of Technology, Bangalore2
ABSTRACT
The this work the study on hardness and wear behaviour of dual particle and triple particle size Alumina
(Al2O3) reinforced aluminium alloy based metal matrix composite (Al2O3-Al MMC) was carried out. Al-
MMCs were prepared using 10 vol% Al2O3 reinforcement into aluminium metal matrix and developed
using stir casting process. Stir casting is a most suitable process for the production of particulate MMC in
which the reinforcement is introduced in to the molten matrix material with simultaneous stirring. The
reinforcement in the range of particle size with Dual particle and Triple particle at 10% volume fraction
with range from coarse to fine size were used (210µ, 180µ, 80µ & 10µ).The hardness of the composite was
determined by Vickers hardness tester and Brinell Hardness Tester. Tensile strength was determined by
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The wear rate was found by pin-on-disc type wear testing machine
with steel disc of 60HRC hardness in dry sliding condition. Wear test was conducted on all the samples
at speeds of 300,600 and 900 rpm by varying the load (2kg, 4kg, 6kg & 8kg) at a constant sliding distance
of 55mm. The wear track studies were carried out by optical microscope .The test results showed that
Dual particle composite and triple particle composite exhibited better hardness compared to as cast AL-
7075. Strength of Triple particle reinforced MMC was found to be higher than that of dual particle
reinforced composite material. The wear resistance properties of dual particle MMC was higher compared
to triple particle reinforced MMC. The secondary process will further enhances the wear resistance of the
composite and also that heat treatment will promote the wear resistance.
KEYWORDS
Dual Particle, Triple Particle, Stir Casting Al 7075, Al2O3, Wear rate.
1. INTRODUCTION
Aluminum alloys extensively used by aircraft, automobile and marine applications due to its light
weight, Stiffness and strength. The fuel efficiency in automobile, aerospace and marine engines is
strongly addressed by high performing components that are fabricated out of Al alloys.
Aluminum alloys exists in different series depending on the alloying elements out of which
2xxxx, 6xxxx and 7xxxx are used in automobile and aircraft applications. Aluminum alloys
having food response to heat treatment are 6xxx and 7xxxx with higher strength at both as cast
and heat treated among all other series. Al-6061 alloy are highly corrosion resistant with
moderate strength and finds it application in Automobile engines and valves. Al 7075 alloy are
the strongest among all series and further enhancement in strength can be achieved by T6 heat
treatment.
2. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
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Aluminum alloy Al7075 possess very high strength, high toughness and are preferred in
aerospace and automobile sector as compared to AL2024 and Al 6061. The high strength,
hardness, fracture toughness, wear resistance are further enhanced by addition of reinforcements
to the Al alloys. The compostes developed in such a combination are most suitable for wear
resistant application as compared to alloy and monolithic materials. Also at high temperature
applications it is the most suitable material.
The fabrication of the composite material consist of solid and liquid processing which are mainly
including techniques such as stir casting, liquid metal infiltration, squeeze casting, spray co-
deposition, powder metallurgy etc. Powder metallurgy route of MMC production is suitable for
critical parts due to its defect free components but adds to the cost of the part. The particulate
MMC are developed to a large quantity to reduce the cost of the production and for mass
production which can be best achieved by casting route. The uniform distribution of particulate
are achieved by stirring the mixture to create the vortex and disperse the particles in the viscous
melt. Therefore Stir casting process are suitable for particulate MMC for mass production of
structural and wear resistant parts.
2. EXPERIMENT
Composite material development are controlled by the factors related to alloying elements in
matrix, Reinforcements size and shape and process parameters. The performance of the
composite for specific application are achieved through the controlling all the above parameter at
the specified level with the through past experience. The poor performance of the MMC can be
reduced by the controlling parameters of matrix, Reinforcements and casting process. Also the
compatibility of the matrix and the reinforcements in terms of thermal, chemical and physical
parameters are to be taken care in the selection of the material stage.
Table 1: Composition and Properties of matrix material (AL-7075)
Element Si Fe Mn Mg Cu Zn Ti Cr Al
Weight % 0.4 0.5 0.3 2.9 2 6.1 0.2 0.28 87.32
Mechanical property Value
Hardness –Brinell 150
Ultimate tensile strength 572 MPa
Tensile yield strength 503 MPa
Elongation at beak 11%
Modulus of Elasticity 71.7 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.33
Fatigue strength 159 MPa
Machinability 70%
The aluminum alloy Al-7075 was used in the fabrication of MMC in this work. The matrix
material will be stable during melting process with the Alloy and are stable at the melting
temperature. The material also has good response to age hardening, heat treatment process and
precipitation hardening. The properties of matrix material are shown in Table1.
The reinforcement alumina (Al2O3) is in the form of particle size 50 micron to 210 micron are
used in the present study. It is more stable with matrix alloy and has high melting temperature. It
3. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
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is an oxide ceramic having low affinity to oxygen to form oxides. The size of the particulate form
is such that it has s better distribution in the matrix which produce the isotropic property for the
composite. The properties of the alumina are as shown in table 2.
Table 2: Properties of Al2O3
Property Value
Melting Point°C 2072
Hardness(kg/mm2
) 1175
Density(g/cm3
) 3.95
Coefficient of thermal
expansion(micron/ mºC)
8.1
Fracture Toughness 3.5
Poisson’s ratio 0.21
Colour White
The amount of reinforcement to be dispersed in the matrix medium is selected as 10%. The
quantity of reinforcement was calculated on volume fraction basis. To determine the quantity of
the reinforcement following mathematical relation was used:
volume of Al2O3 =
/ ρ
/ ρ × ρ
Where,
X = Weight of reinforcement
ρAl2O3 = Density of reinforcement , ρAl7075= Density of matrix
To prepare the dual and triple particle composites, reinforcements had to be selected in various
combinations. Table 3 shows the combination of reinforcement particles mixed in the matrix to
develop the composites.
Table 3: Specimen Composition for varying weight fraction.
Particle Type Al-7075 10µm 80 µm 180 µm 210 µm
Dual particle -1 2150g 175g 175g
Dual Particle -2 2150g 175g 175g
Triple particle -1 2150g 87.5g 87.5g 175g
Triple particle-2 2150g 175g 87.5g 87.5g
The matrix material Al-7075 was obtained in the form of rectangular billet of 20mm x 10mm area
and length 50mm. The alloy are initially cleaned with acetone to remove the impurity, dust and
oil and pre heated in the in graphite crucible in electric furnace. The quantity of alumina and the
reinforcement are shown in table 3. The furnace temperature was held at 900ᵒC, the melting
temperature was carried out at 800ᵒC. The reinforcement was heated separately at 450ᵒC. The
stirrer coated with graphite was used for stirring of the melt to have the uniform dispersion of
the particles. The slag and other impurities from the melt was removed prior to stirring . The
stirring at a speed of 500 rpm with the stirrer blades at half the depth in the melt was used and
stirring was carried for 10 minutes. The molten metal with the reinforcements were poured in the
metal mold without drop in the temperature of the melt. The furnace was provided with a bottom
pouring arrangements and the mold was kept at the bottom to ensure no settling of the particle in
4. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
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the melt. The stir casting furnace with bottom pouring arrangement and temperature and stirrer
rotation control, metal mold used and the casting developed in slab form are shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. Casting of the composite material
Microstructure of the material as determined by any of the available microscopic techniques
including reflected light metallography and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
microstructure analysis reveals the distribution of reinforcement in the matrix. Distribution of the
reinforcement in the matrix depends on the viscosity and the speed of stirring which decides the
final properties of the matrix. The uniform dispersion can be observed in the microstructure
analysis.
Vickers Hardness Test was conducted according to ASTM E384 standards. Vickers testing is
divided into two distinct types of hardness tests: macro indentation and micro indentation tests.
These two types of tests are defined by the forces. Micro indentation Vickers (ASTM E 384) is
from 1 to 1000 gf and macro indentation ranges with test forces from 1 to 120 kgf as defined in
ASTM E 92.
Table 4: Vickers Hardness Test Values
The wear behavior of the MMC was determined by Pin on Disc wear testing machine. The wear
rate at the varying disc speed and load on the pin are found. The mass loss was determined and
converted to volume loss for the calculation of the wear rate.
The type of wear existing in the current study is adhesive wear which are common in most of the
dry sliding applications. The coefficient of friction was also evaluated with the friction force
during the testing.
Coefficient of friction is calculated by the formula:
5. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
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COF =
"#
"
--- 2
Where,
COF – Coefficient Of Friction, Fn– Frictional force, F – Force Applied
Wear rate is calculated by the formula:
K =
∆&
"'
--- 3
Where,
∆ w = w – w --- 4
L = 2πRNT
W1 = Mass of the specimen before wear, W2 = Mass of the specimen after wear, ∆W = Mass loss
of the specimen, F = Applied load, L = Sliding distance, R = Radius of rotation, N = Speed of
Disc (rpm)
T = Time of wear (s)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Optical micrograph is shown in the figure 2 which clearly reveals distribution of reinforcement
Al2O3 for all the casting under investigation. Dendritic structure can be observed which is due to
many factors like thermal conductivity mismatch, melting temperature etc. Stirring action also
influence the dendritic growth. The optical micrograph for dual particle reveals more uniform
distribution compared to triple particle. Little particle clustering is observed at some places due to
imperfect wetting during addition of particles.
A
B
6. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
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C
d
Figure 2. Optical microstructures of MMC with a) DP-1 b) DP-2 c) TP-1 d) TP-
The presence of alumina in the Al 7075 affects the dendrite structure. Similar findings are
reported by various researchers. The clustering may also be caused by the accumulation of Al2O3
particles in the liquid between the growing dendrites, which seems to inhibit continued dendritic
growth.
The micrograph shown in figure 2.a indicates dual particle reinforced composite has uniform
distribution of reinforcement than triple particle. Coarse particle produces uniform distribution
compared to coarse and fine particle. Overall structure indicates presence of alumina particles in
the matrix which leads to better Tribological and mechanical properties of composites.
Scanning electron micrograph of composites is shown in the figure 3 indicates the grain boundary
and the particulates of reinforcements. The SEM of all the specimens indicates the presence of
primary columnar dendritic grains and uniform small grain size due to the use of metal mold. The
reinforcement particles are distributed uniformly on grey scale. The particles added externally
into the melt remains as it is (Al2O3). The optical micrograph at higher magnification clearly
indicates the Al2O3 particulates with fair uniform distribution.
7. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
A
C
Figure 3. Scanning Electron micrograph
The composite hardness is measured in as cast condition which is lower than hardness of Al
7075-T6 as seen in the figures 4
alloy nearly 30% increase in hardness value can be observed.
Therefore heat treating the composite material will increase the hardness further as compared to
Al 7075-T6. Hardness also depends on interfacial boundary between the matrix and the
reinforcement. The figure 4 indicates that triple particle reinforced Composite has enhanced
hardness due to stronger interface
Figure 4.
vickershardness
nternational Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
B
D
canning Electron micrograph of a)DP-1 b) DP-2 c) TP-1 d) TP-2
The composite hardness is measured in as cast condition which is lower than hardness of Al
4. But when comparing with hardness of as cast 7075
alloy nearly 30% increase in hardness value can be observed.
Therefore heat treating the composite material will increase the hardness further as compared to
T6. Hardness also depends on interfacial boundary between the matrix and the
The figure 4 indicates that triple particle reinforced Composite has enhanced
interface bond and fine particle size.
4. Particle size vs Vickers Hardness Number
119.08 120.37 122.7 123.7
86.28
179.5
0
50
100
150
200
DP-1 DP-2 TP-1 TP-2 Al 7075 Al 7075
T6Particle size(µm)
Particle size vs Vickers Hardness Number
nternational Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
17
The composite hardness is measured in as cast condition which is lower than hardness of Al
. But when comparing with hardness of as cast 7075 aluminum
Therefore heat treating the composite material will increase the hardness further as compared to
T6. Hardness also depends on interfacial boundary between the matrix and the
The figure 4 indicates that triple particle reinforced Composite has enhanced
8. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
Density of the composite material
experimentally are as shown in figure 5
It indicates good casting with no inclusions and air bubbles in the castings. The figure 5 show the
range of density as well as the porosity of all the specimens with the as
The mass loss (wear) of dual and triple particle reinforced composite as a function of load,
measured at different speed at ro
increases with the increase in speed of the disc, this
higher speed or due to the fracture of the particle. It is observed in the figures that wear
of the composite increases at room temperature for different speeds.
For Al-7075 the wear rate (mass loss) is higher than the composite material which can be seen in
the figure 6. The mass loss obtained for the
higher than the mass loss of dual particle composite 1 and 2. At higher speeds transition in wear
process occurs which is associated with breakdown of tribo layer. Wear process proceeds with
removal material with fracture in Reinforcement a
Increasing in sliding speed results in formation of molten matrix material that adheres to the steel
disc.
Figure 6
The mass loss (wear) of composite materials as a function of
room temperature is indicated in the fig
increases with the increase in load. Graph shows that increase in load leads to increase in mass
2621.12
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
DP
Density(kg/mm3)
nternational Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
Density of the composite material was calculated by rule of mixture for theoretically and
figure 5, the values are close to each other with only
It indicates good casting with no inclusions and air bubbles in the castings. The figure 5 show the
of density as well as the porosity of all the specimens with the as-cast and T6 Al7075.
Figure 5. Particle size vs Density
The mass loss (wear) of dual and triple particle reinforced composite as a function of load,
measured at different speed at room temperature is indicated in the figure 6. The mass loss
increases with the increase in speed of the disc, this behavior is due to the wear of the particle at
higher speed or due to the fracture of the particle. It is observed in the figures that wear
of the composite increases at room temperature for different speeds.
7075 the wear rate (mass loss) is higher than the composite material which can be seen in
loss obtained for the triple particle composite 1 and 2 was
loss of dual particle composite 1 and 2. At higher speeds transition in wear
process occurs which is associated with breakdown of tribo layer. Wear process proceeds with
removal material with fracture in Reinforcement and matrix due to high frictional force.
Increasing in sliding speed results in formation of molten matrix material that adheres to the steel
Figure 6. Mass loss vs speed at 2kg Load
The mass loss (wear) of composite materials as a function of speed, measured at different loads at
room temperature is indicated in the figure 7. The wear test shows that the wear (mass loss)
increases with the increase in load. Graph shows that increase in load leads to increase in mass
2621.12 2629.12 2628.72 2630.22
2393.25
2632.17
DP-1 DP-2 TP-1 TP-2 Al 7075Al 7075 T6
Particle size(µm)
Particle size vs Density
nternational Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
18
theoretically and
values are close to each other with only 8% porosity.
It indicates good casting with no inclusions and air bubbles in the castings. The figure 5 show the
cast and T6 Al7075.
The mass loss (wear) of dual and triple particle reinforced composite as a function of load,
6. The mass loss
is due to the wear of the particle at
higher speed or due to the fracture of the particle. It is observed in the figures that wear behavior
7075 the wear rate (mass loss) is higher than the composite material which can be seen in
was found to be
loss of dual particle composite 1 and 2. At higher speeds transition in wear
process occurs which is associated with breakdown of tribo layer. Wear process proceeds with
nd matrix due to high frictional force.
Increasing in sliding speed results in formation of molten matrix material that adheres to the steel
speed, measured at different loads at
7. The wear test shows that the wear (mass loss)
increases with the increase in load. Graph shows that increase in load leads to increase in mass
9. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
loss of the composite material. For Al
composite materials i.e., dual and triple particle composite.
In general, wear resistance is
composite such as hardness, stren
alter the wear behavior with increases
solidification a larger number of dislocations were generated so the strength and hardness of the
composite increases which increases the wear resistance. From graph it can be observed that the
dual particle composite material has higher wear resi
material.
Figure 7
The variation in co-efficient of friction with respect to the change in load is shown in the fig
. The friction co-efficient of the composite and th
for all the materials. For the aluminum alloy the friction co
compared to the composite material. It can be seen that at the beginning of the sliding motion, the
value of the friction co-efficient is lower than that at the end of the motion.
Figure 8.
Microstructure study of wear track at different loads and speeds are shown in the following
figures. The wear track for 2kg with 300 rpm indicates
figure 9. More grooves and wider grooves are formed at higher speed.
Delamination and broken particles are observed with higher loads and higher speed, delamination
is more with increase in temperature. More
surface exhibits combination of abrasion
load.
nternational Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
al. For Al-7075 alloy the wear rate is higher when compared with the
composite materials i.e., dual and triple particle composite.
property which depends on the mechanical properties of the
composite such as hardness, strength etc. The presence of different sized Al2O3
with increases the particle size wear resistance increases
solidification a larger number of dislocations were generated so the strength and hardness of the
composite increases which increases the wear resistance. From graph it can be observed that the
dual particle composite material has higher wear resistance than the triple particle composite
Figure 7. Mass loss vs Load at 300 RPM speed
efficient of friction with respect to the change in load is shown in the fig
efficient of the composite and the aluminum alloy increases with increasing load
for all the materials. For the aluminum alloy the friction co-efficient has the higher value
compared to the composite material. It can be seen that at the beginning of the sliding motion, the
efficient is lower than that at the end of the motion.
Figure 8. COF vs Load at 900 RPM Speed
Microstructure study of wear track at different loads and speeds are shown in the following
figures. The wear track for 2kg with 300 rpm indicates increase in wear loss as seen from the
9. More grooves and wider grooves are formed at higher speed.
Delamination and broken particles are observed with higher loads and higher speed, delamination
is more with increase in temperature. More grooves are visible at higher speeds; overall worn
of abrasion, adhesion and mild oxidation at the varying speed and
nternational Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
19
7075 alloy the wear rate is higher when compared with the
property which depends on the mechanical properties of the
particles will
particle size wear resistance increases. During
solidification a larger number of dislocations were generated so the strength and hardness of the
composite increases which increases the wear resistance. From graph it can be observed that the
stance than the triple particle composite
efficient of friction with respect to the change in load is shown in the figure 8
e aluminum alloy increases with increasing load
efficient has the higher value
compared to the composite material. It can be seen that at the beginning of the sliding motion, the
Microstructure study of wear track at different loads and speeds are shown in the following
increase in wear loss as seen from the
Delamination and broken particles are observed with higher loads and higher speed, delamination
visible at higher speeds; overall worn
, adhesion and mild oxidation at the varying speed and
10. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
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At highest load rapid surface wear is exhibited and thereafter wear loss is exhibited drastically.
The continuous longitudinal grooves parallel to sliding direction on the worn surface of
composite are due to ploughing action of particles. The depth and width of micro ploughing
increases with increasing load and higher load material is removed mainly due to delamination
which results from micro cracks.
Matrix materials removed during the initial stage which adheres to the softer material the hard
particles appearing after the initial wear and broken particles of Al2O3 produce craters.
Figure 9 Wear track for 2kgload and 300rpm speed
4. CONCLUSION
1. Aluminum (Al 7075) and Alumina (Al2O3) particulate metal matrix composites was
developed satisfactorily by Stir casting process with three different particle size
addition of reinforcement combined with preheating of particulates.
2. The uniform dispersion of the particulate achieved by creating the vortex by constant
stirring, maintaining the optimum melt temperature.
3. Isotropic property of the MMC was satisfactorily achieved by Stirring the melt and
using the metal mold.
4. The particles are distributed more uniformly in dual particle composite than the triple
particle composite.
5. Al-7075/Al2O3 particulate MMC composites exhibits improved hardness when
compared to the hardness of casted Al-7075 alloy due the hard reinforcements.
6. The wear increased with increase in load. Also the wear in triple particle is found to be
greater than the dual particle.
7. The mass loss found to increase with increase in speed. Also the mass loss in triple
particle is found to be greater than the dual particle.
8. The co-efficient of friction found to increase with increase in load. Also the co-
efficient of friction in triple particle is found to be greater than the dual particle.
12. International Journal of Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.6, No.2, May 2017
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AUTHORS
Raghavendra.N working as a as associate professor at BNMIT, Bangalore. Having
16 years of Experience in academics. Currently carrying out research on
Development and tribology studies on PMMC for automobile applications.
Dr V.S. Ramamurthy is a Professor & HOD at Yellamma Dasappa I T,
Bangalore, having 30 years of Academic experience in various capacity. Working
on thermal Stability & Analysis of Chill casting of PMMC. Presently guiding 5
Ph D.