Sundials
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Sundials can take several forms depending on their design and purpose. The simplest is a shadow stick sundial, which uses a stick or pole's shadow to indicate time, but isn't accurate year-round. An equatorial sundial points its style towards the pole star to keep a constant shadow rate, but has limited use at higher latitudes. The most accurate design has a horizontal dial kept at the observer's latitude, calibrated to account for the sun's changing rate of motion across the sky and providing local time.
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Mazhar Iqbal
BS Mechanical Engineering
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) Islamabad, Pakistan
Ppt of Class 6 ,ch 2, globe , Geography pdf
This ppt is Geography, classic 6 chapter-2, Globe : Latitudes and Longitude, ncert and CG board syllabus. Thus is useful for teachers and student's.
Measure the earth's radius
1. Using only a stopwatch, meter stick, and a sunset or sunrise, it is possible to measure the Earth's radius.
2. The method involves timing how long it takes the sun to set from two different heights - lying down and standing up. The difference in time can be used to calculate the angle of Earth's rotation, from which the radius can be derived.
3. Basic trigonometry relates the measured time difference, height difference of the observations, and Earth's radius to form a right triangle, allowing the radius to be solved for. Accuracy is typically within 15% for typical classes.
Geography the earth
The document discusses latitude and longitude on a globe. It explains that a globe is a model of the Earth that can be rotated and used to accurately show the location and size of countries, continents, and oceans. Latitudes and longitudes allow specific locations on the globe to be identified. Latitudes run parallel to the Equator and are measured in degrees from 0 degrees at the Equator to 90 degrees at the poles. Longitudes run from the Prime Meridian at 0 degrees to 180 degrees east and west, dividing the globe into eastern and western hemispheres. The intersection of a latitude and longitude specifies a single point on the Earth.
6 latitude an longitude ..pptx
The document discusses key concepts related to globes and maps. It explains that a globe is a miniature model of the Earth that can be rotated to accurately show the sizes and positions of continents, oceans, and other geographic features. Parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude form a grid system on a globe, with the equator dividing it into northern and southern hemispheres. The Prime Meridian passes through Greenwich, England and longitude is measured in degrees east and west from there. The document also discusses time zones and how local times differ depending on a place's longitude.
Mappingthesphere 121121234343-phpapp02
The document discusses different map projections of the sphere onto a plane. It introduces the gnomonic projection, which maps great circles on the sphere to straight lines on the plane by projecting through the center of the sphere. The gnomonic projection maps the northern hemisphere onto the entire tangent plane with North America on the bottom and Eurasia on top. Distortion in maps varies by location on the sphere and projection used. Distortion is analyzed by examining how a map transforms small disks tangent to the sphere.
Time Presentation
This document discusses different types of time measurement:
- Sidereal time is based on the motion of stars, while solar time is based on the motion of the sun.
- Local sidereal time is the hour angle of the first point of Aries measured from the local meridian.
- Mean solar time is measured based on the interval between the mean sun's position at the vernal equinox.
- Greenwich mean time is measured from the Greenwich meridian and is also known as universal time. Standard time uses the same time zone to avoid confusion caused by different local times.
333530255-Sun-Path-Diagram.pdf
The document discusses sun path diagrams, which are representations of the sun's path across the sky on a flat surface. They allow users to determine the location of the sun at any time of day or year for a given latitude. Key components of sun path diagrams are explained, including date lines, hour lines, azimuth and altitude angles. Factors that influence the sun's path like location, season, and time of day are also covered. The benefits and uses of sun path diagrams for architecture, shading design, and solar energy are then outlined.
Earth and sun relationships
1) The Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit over the course of 1 year, and its axial tilt of 23.5 degrees relative to the orbital plane causes the seasons.
2) As the Earth revolves, its hemispheres alternate between tilting towards and away from the sun, resulting in the summer and winter seasons in each hemisphere.
3) An analemma diagram can be used to determine the position of the subsolar point, solar noon time, and solar altitude for any location on Earth on any given date throughout the year.
Lab two
The document discusses several topics related to Earth-Sun relationships and topographic maps, including:
1) It describes the Earth's orbit around the Sun, the timing of seasons, and how Earth's rotation and revolution influence day and night.
2) It discusses the use of an analemma to determine the subsolar point and calculate solar altitude and zenith for any location and date.
3) It provides an overview of topographic maps, including how contour lines represent elevation and how maps can be used to measure distances.
Latitudine e longitudine
Latitude indicates your position north or south of the equator. It can be measured by taking the angle of the sun or pole star at noon - the higher the sun, the closer you are to the equator. Lines of latitude run parallel to each other. Longitude indicates your position east or west and is measured in degrees from the Prime Meridian in Greenwich, England. It can be calculated by comparing your local time to Greenwich Mean Time, as there is a one hour difference for every 15 degrees of longitude.
Longitude time and ist 1
The document discusses longitudes and how they are used to precisely locate places on Earth. [1] Longitudes are lines that run north-south and are measured in degrees east or west from the Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England. [2] Unlike parallels of latitude, all meridians of longitude are equal in length. [3] Standard time zones were established because the local solar time differs across longitudes, making coordination of schedules like train timetables difficult without standardization.
Lab six earth and sun relationships
The document discusses Earth's relationship with the Sun. It explains that Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit over the course of 1 year, and rotates on its axis over the course of 1 day. Due to Earth's axial tilt of 23.5 degrees and its revolution around the Sun, the Sun's rays strike different parts of Earth at different angles over the course of the year, causing the seasons. An analemma diagram can be used to determine the position of the subsolar point and solar altitude for any location on Earth on a given date.
Pr 1
A geographic coordinate system uses numbers to specify every location on Earth. Common coordinates are latitude, longitude, and elevation. Latitude is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line drawn from the Earth's center to the point, measured in degrees north or south. Longitude is the angle between the prime meridian and a line drawn to the point, measured in degrees east or west around the Earth's equator. Together, latitude and longitude uniquely identify any location on Earth.
Presentation on Equation of time
The document is a presentation on the equation of time. It begins by defining key terms like apparent sun, mean sun, apparent solar time, and mean solar time. It then defines the equation of time as the difference between apparent and mean solar time, which can range from -14 to +16 minutes. The chief causes of this difference are the unequal speed of the earth in its orbit and the fact that the apparent sun is on the ecliptic while the mean sun is on the equator. Graphs and tables are shown to represent the equation of time. Finally, some applications are discussed, such as correcting sundial times and accounting for the equation of time in solar energy systems.
Celestial coordinate systems
The document discusses coordinate systems used in celestial navigation including altitude-azimuth, latitude-longitude on Earth, and declination-right ascension in the sky. It explains how the three systems relate and how celestial objects move relative to observers on Earth. Major star groupings are described that can help navigators identify locations, including the Big Dipper, Summer Triangle, Orion, and winter constellations like Gemini and Leo. Specific stars are given for each constellation with their declinations and right ascensions or stellar longitudes to allow plotting positions.
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Sundials
- 1. Sundials
- 2. Shadow stick The shadow stick is probably the earliest and simplest form of sundial. As the sun moves across the sky so does the shadow and a graduated scale can be used to indicate the time. The problem with this as a time keeper is that the sun does not move across the sky at a constant rate throughout the year. It could be set up in the summer but it would not work in the winter.
- 3. Equatorial Sundial The solution is to point the pole or style towards the pole star, i.e. it will be parallel to the axis of the earth. The shadow will then move at a constant rate with the earth’s rotation. Every 15 o on the dial will represent one hour. There are problems with this dial as well. At RLS with a latitude of 52 o N, the sun would have to be at an altitude of at least 38 o to be able to cast a shadow on the dial. This means that for half of the year the dial cannot be used. In Britain this runs from 21 st September to 21 st March. X = Observers Latitude
- 4. Sundial To make a sundial which will work throughout the year, we must keep the style at an angle equal to the latitude of the observer, but the dial must be horizontal. The dial can then be calibrated to take into account the changing rate of sun across the sky. The sundial will give us local time, not GMT. To find the GMT time we must know our longitude. For example, the RLS has a longitude of about 1 o . This equates to a time of 4 minutes. We are west of Greenwich and are hence running behind. If our sundial shows 10:00 it will actually be 10:04 GMT.
- 5. Sundials can be both vertical or horizontal. In each case the style must point towards the pole star.
- 6. Prague
- 8. The Samrat Yantra in Jaipur, India is the largest sundial ever built