Sulphur (S) is a ubiquitous on earth and statistically S is available in adequate amounts to satisfy globally plant growth. Nevertheless S deficiency is an important nutrient disorder in agricultural production on all continents (Haneklaus et al., 2003). The S biogeochemical cycle of agro-ecosystems involves the processes like mineralization, immobilization, oxidation, reduction, adsorption, desorption and atmospheric S emissions. Das et al. (2012) reported that the organic C and clay play an important role in regulating sulphur availability in some rapeseed-growing soils of Assam. Examination of soils after incubation revealed that the mineralized S was mainly derived from the C-bonded S and non-reducible organic S pool, while the majority of mineralized S under soil S exhaustion by rice was derived from the C–O–S pool (Zhou et al., 2005). The agronomic efficiency and apparent S recovery by wheat-soybean system decreased with an increase in S application, while the percent response increased with increasing in levels of S. Due to S application, the content of available S was found to increase and the increase was more in surface soils than lower layers (Singh et al., 2014). In a pot culture study, the pesticides like endosulfan, dithane M-45 served a detrimental effect on transformation of S, whereas 2, 4-D created a favourable beneficial effect on S transformation in soil environment (Giri et al., 2011). Long-term human intervention markedly changed the molecular- level composition of soil organic S and led to a shift in the apparent oxidation state of organic S from undisturbed grassland soils primarily composed of S moieties in highly reduced and intermediate oxidation states toward managed agro-ecosystems dominated by organic S rich in strongly oxidized or high-valence S species (Solomon et al., 2011). The XANES (X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy) indicated that the long-term FYM application shifted S species composition from highly oxidized towards intermediate oxidization (Boye et al., 2011). Long term studies related to land use changes may help to understand the soil S cycle in cropping and agro-forestry systems and enrich the knowledge about S management (Jiang et al., 2007). Future research should include evaluation of all components of S cycle collaborating with others to asses environmental impact and sustainability of feedstock production.
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, GSOC17 – Setting the scientific scene for GSOC17 of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rattan Lal from Carbon Management and Sequestration Center – USA , in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Effects of land use/cover on soil aggregate-associated organic carbon in a mo...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Tshering Dorji, from Ministry of Agriculture and Forest - Bhutan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land Use Changes on Soil Carbon Dynamics, Stocks in Eastern Himalayas, IndiaExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Parmar Brajendra, from Indian Institute of Rice Research - India, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration: Importance and State of ScienceExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the Plenary 1, GSOC17 – Setting the scientific scene for GSOC17 of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Rattan Lal from Carbon Management and Sequestration Center – USA , in FAO Hq, Rome
Protection of soil from the loss of organic carbon by taking into account ero...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 3.3, Managing SOC in: Dryland soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Sergio Saia, from CREA – Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Effects of land use/cover on soil aggregate-associated organic carbon in a mo...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Tshering Dorji, from Ministry of Agriculture and Forest - Bhutan, in FAO Hq, Rome
Land Use Changes on Soil Carbon Dynamics, Stocks in Eastern Himalayas, IndiaExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Parmar Brajendra, from Indian Institute of Rice Research - India, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil management strategies to enhance carbon sequestration potential of degra...koushalya T.N
Reclamation of degraded lands has huge potential for carbon (C) sequestration to counteract the climate change. It was estimated that about 1,964 Mha of land is degraded worldwide and in India 146.8 Mha of land is degraded ( Bai et al., 2008). The major land-degradation processes in the World and in Asia are water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity, nutrient depletion and metal pollution. Enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks through sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in agricultural soils and degraded lands is important because of its impacts on improving soil quality and agronomic production, and also for adaptation to mitigation of climate change. Various management strategies like conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, afforestation, alternate land use, plantations and amendments and use of biochar hold promise for long-term C sequestration. It can be concluded that land degradation is a serious problem in India which need to be tackled because shrinking of land resource base will lead to a substantial decline in food grain production which in turn would hamper the economic growth rate and there would also be unprecedented increase in mortality rate owing to hunger and malnutrition.
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
It is about the importance of Soil carbon.The ways for enhancing the soil carbon and how these soil carbon changes over period of time under different land use systems.
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
Carbon sequestration is an important global phenomenon that plays a significant role in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle and sustainable crop production. Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO2 into a depository in such way that it remains safely and not released back to the atmosphere.
Among the soil factors, texture plays an important role in C sequestration. The observation that the decrease in clay- and silt associated C and N upon cultivation of soils was generally less than the decrease in C and N in the particle size fraction > 20 µm confirms that clay and sift particles protect C against microbial degradation (Hassink, 1997).
Increase in SOC concentration with conservation tillage was partly responsible for the increased macroaggregation near the soil surface.( Zhang et al. 2013)
Electrical conductivity in soils affects the organic carbon content by reducing the uptake of minerals and water by the plant which ultimately results in less plant growth. A higher electrical conductivity causes less decomposition in soils which consequently reduces the accumulation of humus meanwhile, the values of acidity; percentage of organic matter, organic carbon and the sequestration of carbon in soils containing T. kotschyiwas more than the values observed in soils containing T. aphylla and the soil of the control which contained no plants.
Nitrogen applicaton at optimum rate help to sequester carbon in soil.(Jiang et al. 2019). Integrated nutrient application in long-term rice-wheat cropping system would be a suitable option with respect to its potentiality of increasing yield, nutrient availability, and sequestering soil organic carbon for sustainable soil health management in partially reclaimed sodic soils of the north Indian subcontinent. He concluded that FYM application increase passive pool of soil while green manure increase active and labile pool. (Choudhury et al. 2018)
Six et al. (2006) by various observation of different sites concludes changes in the relative abundance and activity of bacteria and fungi may significantly affect C cycling and storage, due to the unique physiologies and differential interactions with soil physical properties of these two microbial groups. It has been hypothesized that C turnover is slower in fungal-dominated communities in part because fungi in corporate more soil C into biomass than bacteria and because fungal cell walls are more recalcitrant than bacterial cell walls. Same result by Aliasgharzad et al. 2016).
Tsai et al. (2013) showed positive correlation of soil organic carbon with elevation
Estimation of Reference soil Organic Carbon (SOC) for Mineral Soils of ColombiaExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Fredy Hernando Neira Mendez, LDN Consultant - Colombia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Status of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Small Island Developing States (S...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Siosiua Halavatu, from Secretariat of Pacific States - Fiji, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Miguel Taboada, from INTA - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” programExternalEvents
Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils: The “4 per mil” program presented by Hervé Saint Macary, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
It is about the importance of Soil carbon.The ways for enhancing the soil carbon and how these soil carbon changes over period of time under different land use systems.
Impact of soil properties on carbon sequestrationyoginimahadule
Carbon sequestration is an important global phenomenon that plays a significant role in maintaining a balanced global carbon cycle and sustainable crop production. Carbon Sequestration is the placement of CO2 into a depository in such way that it remains safely and not released back to the atmosphere.
Among the soil factors, texture plays an important role in C sequestration. The observation that the decrease in clay- and silt associated C and N upon cultivation of soils was generally less than the decrease in C and N in the particle size fraction > 20 µm confirms that clay and sift particles protect C against microbial degradation (Hassink, 1997).
Increase in SOC concentration with conservation tillage was partly responsible for the increased macroaggregation near the soil surface.( Zhang et al. 2013)
Electrical conductivity in soils affects the organic carbon content by reducing the uptake of minerals and water by the plant which ultimately results in less plant growth. A higher electrical conductivity causes less decomposition in soils which consequently reduces the accumulation of humus meanwhile, the values of acidity; percentage of organic matter, organic carbon and the sequestration of carbon in soils containing T. kotschyiwas more than the values observed in soils containing T. aphylla and the soil of the control which contained no plants.
Nitrogen applicaton at optimum rate help to sequester carbon in soil.(Jiang et al. 2019). Integrated nutrient application in long-term rice-wheat cropping system would be a suitable option with respect to its potentiality of increasing yield, nutrient availability, and sequestering soil organic carbon for sustainable soil health management in partially reclaimed sodic soils of the north Indian subcontinent. He concluded that FYM application increase passive pool of soil while green manure increase active and labile pool. (Choudhury et al. 2018)
Six et al. (2006) by various observation of different sites concludes changes in the relative abundance and activity of bacteria and fungi may significantly affect C cycling and storage, due to the unique physiologies and differential interactions with soil physical properties of these two microbial groups. It has been hypothesized that C turnover is slower in fungal-dominated communities in part because fungi in corporate more soil C into biomass than bacteria and because fungal cell walls are more recalcitrant than bacterial cell walls. Same result by Aliasgharzad et al. 2016).
Tsai et al. (2013) showed positive correlation of soil organic carbon with elevation
Estimation of Reference soil Organic Carbon (SOC) for Mineral Soils of ColombiaExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 3 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Fredy Hernando Neira Mendez, LDN Consultant - Colombia, in FAO Hq, Rome
Status of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Small Island Developing States (S...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 1, Monitoring, mapping, measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) of SOC, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Siosiua Halavatu, from Secretariat of Pacific States - Fiji, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves at Katunggan it IbajayASU-CHARRM
The Katunggan it Ibajay (KII) Eco Park is home to one of the most diverse mangrove forests in the Philippines. It is a 44.22 hectares protected park in the town of Ibajay in Aklan which boasts a total of 28 true species of mangroves or 80 percent out of the total 35 Philippine mangrove species. The forest is also a home to some species of birds and other wildlife like mud lobsters, fiddler crabs, mudskippers and other fauna. Recent studies have been conducted in the area which includes the identification of mollusk species, behaviours and activities of fiddler crabs. However, there is a lack of information on studies regarding Carbon storage and sequestration potential of mangrove species in KII.
Therefore, considering the vital role of mangrove species there is a need to conduct this study to provide a wide array of information about the total C-stock and sequestration potential of selected mangrove species in KII. Likewise, it will help local folks, LGU-officials and future researchers to increase their awareness to protect and preserve KII Eco-Park; to help reduce increasing negative impact of global warming in the environment.
This presentation was presented during the 1 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Miguel Taboada, from INTA - Argentina, in FAO Hq, Rome
Quantifying terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks for future GHG mitigation, su...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Michelle Garneau from Université du Québec á Montréal - Canada, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil is the largest carbon reservoir pool of terrestrial ecosystem and plays a key role in the global carbon budget and greenhouse effect. It contains 3.5% of the earth’s carbon reserve as compared with 1.7% in the atmosphere , 8.9% in the fossil fuels, 1.0% in the biota and 84.95% in the oceans. Soil reserves about 1550 GT of carbon as Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and 1700 GT as carbonate carbon (Soil Inorganic Carbon , i,e SIC).Soil carbon(C) plays an important role in exchange of CO2 between atmosphere and biosphere. SOC and SIC are important as it determine ecosystem and agro-ecosystem functions influencing soil structure ,soil fertility ,water holding capacity , cation exchange capacity and other soil characteristics.
silicon is a plant nutrient mainly helpful to plants during stress such as abiotic or biotic stress.it is abundant in nature. but its significance is less known by all.
Climate change impacts on soil health and their mitigation and adaptation str...Rajendra meena
The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is bringing about major changes to the global environment resulting in global warming, depletion of ozone concentration in the stratosphere, changes in atmospheric moisture and precipitation and enhanced atmospheric deposition. These changes impact several soil processes, which are influence soil health. Soil health refers to the capacity of soil to perform agronomic and environmental functions. A number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics have been proposed as indicators of soil health. Generally, biological processes in soil such as decomposition and storage of organic matter, C and N cycling, microbial and metabolic quotients are likely to be influenced greatly by climate change and have thus high relevance to assess climate change impacts (Allen et al., 2011). Soil organic matter (SOM) exerts a major influence on several soil health indicators and is thus considered a key indicator of soil health. An optimal level of SOM is essential for maintaining soil health and alleviating rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. Elevated CO2 has increased C decay rates generally but in some cases elevated CO2 increases soil C storage (Jastrow et al., 2016). Enhancing the soil organic carbon pool also improves agro-ecosystem resilience, eco-efficiency, and adaptation to climate change. Healthy soils provide the largest store of terrestrial carbon, when managed sustainably; soils can play an important role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon (carbon sequestration) and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere (Paustian et al., 2016).
Wright et al., (2005) reported that no tillage increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (SON) 11 and 21% in corn and 22 and 12 % in cotton than conventional tillage. Agroforestry system at farmers’ field enhance soil biological activity and amongst trees, P. cineraria based system brought maximum and significant improvement in soil biological activity (Yadav et al ., 2011).
Biochar is a product rich in carbon that comes from the pyrolysis of biomass, generally of vegetable origin. It is obtained by the decomposition of organic matter exposed to temperatures between 350-600°C in an atmosphere with low oxygen availability (pyrolysis), which can be slow, intermediate or fast. The objective of this review is to show how biochar (BC) can be obtained and its effects on the physicochemical properties of soils and physiological behavior of cultivated plants. However, most studies reported positive effects of biochar application on soil physical and chemical properties, soil microbial activities, plant biomass and yield, and potential reductions of soil GHG emissions. This review summarized the general findings of the impacts of biochar application on different aspects from soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties, to soil nutrient availabilities, plant growth, biomass production and yield, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, and soil carbon sequestration. The biochar applications in soil remediation in the past years were summarized and possible mechanisms were discussed. Finally, the potential risks of biochar application and the future research directions were analyzed to verify the mechanisms involved in biochar-soil-microbial-plant interactions for soil carbon sequestration and crop biomass and yield improvements.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
soil organic carbon- a key for sustainable soil quality under scenario of cli...Bornali Borah
The global soil resource is already showing a sign of serious degradation (Banwart et al. 2014) which has ultimately negative impact on sustained crop yield and environmental quality. Due to intense rainfall and concurrent rise in temperature with changing climate, the fertile top soil is prone to severe degradation with depletion of SOC. Most soils in agricultural ecosystems have lost soil C ranging from 30 to 60 t C ha-1 with the magnitude of 50 to 75% loss (Lal, 2004). Hence, restoration of soil quality through different carbon management options will enhance soil health, mitigate climate change and provide sustained agricultural production.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Contents
Biogeochemistry
Introduction to S biogeochemistry
Processes involved in S biogeochemistry
S Biogeochemistry of agro-ecosystems
Conclusion
Future work
3. Study of Biogeochemistry
Connected to the role of living
organisms in the migration and
distribution of chemical elements in
the Earth’s crust
Recognizes the importance of the
biology and the geology of a
particular environment in controlling
chemical transformations
Understanding the role each
component in regulating elemental
cycling
4. Sulphur biogeochemistry
5th most abundant (by weight) element in the
universe & the 13th most abundant element in
the Earth's crust
Valence states ranging from +6 to -2
Mostly found in sedimentary rocks
Aerobic environments, S weathered from
rocks is converted to its most highly oxidized
form – SO2−
4
SO4
2− : assimilated by plant and microbial
SO4
2− can accumulate, as gypsum in
illuviation zones of semiarid and arid soils
Likens, 2002
5. SOM & biomass
R-C-S & R-O-SO4
SO4 in solution
Sulphide (S2-) Oxidation
Reduction
Elemental S
Solution
Sulphide soil
mineral
Solid phase of
soil
Leaching
Desorption
Adsorption
Earth surface
Coal & Fuel
burning
Sulphur gases
SO2, H2S, COS
Volatilization loss
2-
SO2--->SO4
Direct absorption
Fertilizer &
pesticides
Wet & dry deposition
Animal
&
Human
Residue
2- soil
SO4
mineral
Erosion
&
Runoff
S Bigeochemical Cycle in Agro-ecosystem
6. Processes involved in S biogeochemistry in
agro-ecosystem
Mineralization
Immobilization
Oxidation-reduction
Adsorption-desorption
Mineral weathering
Leaching
Volatilization
7. S pools and fluxes in agro-ecosystem
Input Range S pools Range Output Range
Forest
Atmospheric
deposition
37-50 (kg
S/ha/yr)
Mineral soil S 310-3070 (kg
S/ha)
Seepage 37-41 (kg S/ha/yr)
AdsorbedSO4
2- -S 8-700 (kg S/ha)
Microbial biomass 12 (kg S/ha)
Literfall 4.8-6.3 (kg
S/ha/yr)
Forest floor 20-60 (kg S/ha) Uptake 6.4-7.6 (kg S/ha/yr)
Forest stand 20-60 (kg S/ha) Run-off 21-34 (kg S/ha/yr)
Agricultural land
Atmospheric
deposition
12-21 (kg
S/ha/yr)
Total S in soil 224-1120 (kg
S/ha)
Uptake 13-42 (kg S/ha/yr)
Ground water 0-295 (kg
S/ha/yr)
Leaching 30-80 (kg S/ha/yr)
Mineralization 10-30 (kg
S/ha/yr)
Gaseous losses 0.2-3.0 (kg S/ha/yr)
Wetland
Inflow 3.2 (kg
S/ha/yr)
SO4
2- -S conc. in
water
30-500 (μM SO4
2-
)
Discharge 10-70% (% of input)
Burial sediments 0.03-32 (kg
S/ha/yr)
H2S 0.01-26 (kg S/ha/yr)
DMS 0.004-1.8(kg S/ha/yr)
Haneklaus et al., 2003
8. S deficiency in Indian soils
S deficiencies are a critical problem in 40-45% of districts of the country
S deficiency covers 57-64 mha of net sown area
The deficit to the tune of 1 mt/annum
http://www.sulphurindia.com/link3.html
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Northern Region
(15323)
Western Region
(12474)
Eastern Region
(10108)
Southern Region
(11289)
All India (49194)
Low Medium High
% deficient soil samples
10. Selected literature
S. No. Country Author (s) Name Journal
1. United Kingdom Hendrik Schafer, Natalia Myronova & Rich
Boden
Journal of Experimental Botany
2. India Indranil Das, A. Datta, Koushik Ghosh, Sourov
Chatterjee &A. Chakraborty
Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science
3. China Y. Jiang, Y. Zhang, W. Liang Agricultural Journal
4. Columbia Dawit Solomon, Johannes Lehmann, Katrin
Knoth de Zarruk, Julia Dathe, James Kinyangi,
Biqing Liang & Stephen Machado
Journal of Environmental Quality
5. Sweden K . Boyea , G. Almvist, S. I. Nilsson, J. Eriksen
& I . Persson
European Journal of Soil Science
6. China Wei Zhou, Ping He, Shutian Li, Bao Lin Geoderma
7. Thailand N. Janjirawuttkul, M. Umitsu & S.
Tawornpruek
Internation Journal of Soil Science
8. India K.N. Das, Anjali Basumatari & Bikram
Borkotoki
Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science
9. India Pradip Kumar Giri, Mintu Sahab, Murari
Prasad Halder & Debatosh Mukherjee
International Journal of Plant, Animal and
Environmental Sciences
10. India S.P. Singh , Room Singh , M.P. Singh & V.P.
Singh
Journal of Plant Nutrition
11. Denmark Jorgen Eriksen Soil Biology & Biochemistry
12. Sweden K. Boye, J.Eriksen , S. I. Nilsson &
L. Mattsson
Plant Soil
11. S biogeochemistry of agro-ecosystems
S biogeochemistry in upland soils
Pedogenesis
Land use/cropping
Fertilization/residue management
Pesticide application
S biogeochemistry in flooded soils
S emission
13. Reservoirs of S near the surface of the Earth
Reservoir 1018 g S
Atmosphere 0.0000028
Seawater 1280
Dobrovolsky (1994)
Sedimentary rocks
Evaporites 2470
Shales 4970
Land plants 0.0085
Soil organic matter 0.0155
Total 8720
14. Pedogenesis of acid sulphate soil
Sampling site and distribution acid sulphate soil in Thailand
Janjirawuttkul et al., 2011
15. A model of 15 soil profiles
Janjirawuttkul et al., 2011
Profile A: Post-active acid sulphate soil
Profile B: Deep potential acid sulphate soil
Profile C: Non-acid sulphate soil
Profile D: Shallow potential acid sulphate soil
16. Physical analysis by optical micrograph
Janjirawuttkul et al., 2011
2Cg in L3 profile
Bjg2 in L3 profile
BCjg in L4 profile
22. Profile distribution of S under different land use
Land use: Paddy field (>14 yrs), maize field (14 yrs), fallow field (9 yrs) &
woodland (Poplur, 14 yrs)
Soil total S content under different land uses (g/kg)
Paddy field Maize field Fallow field Woodland
Jiang et al., 2007
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 60
Soil total S (g/kg)
Soil depth (cm)
23. Relationships of Soil Total Sulphur (STS) with organic carbon (SOC)
Land use Regression model R square (p=<0.01)
Paddy field STS=1.077 × 10-3+2.239 × 10-2SOC 0.894
Maize field STS=5.301 × 10-2+1.709 × 10-2SOC 0.833
Fallow field STS=4.776 × 10-2+1.525 × 10-2SOC 0.974
Woodland STS=8.004 × 10-2+1.282 × 10-2SOC 0.953
Soil total S storage under different land use
Soil depth (cm) Jiang et al., 2007
S Storage (t/ha)
24. Soil available S content under different land use
Jiang et al., 2007
Soil available S (mg/kg)
Soil depth (cm)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Paddy field Maize field Fallow field Woodland
0 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 60
25. Sulphur fractions & S availability index (SAI)
in some Rapeseed-growing soils of Assam
District Total S Organic S Non-SO4-S Adsorbed S Available S SAI
Golaghat 614 399.9 170 19.5 37.3 16.3
Jorhat 573 379.9 159 17.8 33.8 15.1
Sibsagar 444 310.0 100 12.0 27.7 10.8
Dibrugarh 552 441.7 80.6 5.10 29.8 12.9
Das et al., 2012
26. Effect of land use on organic S speciation result by XANES
Solomon et al., 2011
Undisturbed
grassland since 1880
Undisturbed
grassland since 1931
Cultivated since 1880
Total organic S (%)
28. Specific 35S-activity (% of recovered 35S per mg S) in rye grass biomass and soil fraction
Shoots at 1st (dark grey) and 2nd (light grey) harvest, stubble (white), roots (black)
Plant
Fo: Silt loam, Or: Sandy loam
-S FYM -S CR +S FYM +S CR
Sol-S (white with black dots), Org-non prot. S (light grey with black dots), Org-prot. S (dark grey with black dots)
& residual S (black with white dots)
Soil
-S FYM -S CR +S FYM +S CR
Boye et al., 2010
29. Net flow of soil S in soil-plant system (mg S/kg dry soil)
Soil Treatment Inorganic to
plants S
Organic to
plant S
Inorganic to
Organic S
Silt loam (Fo) FYM 0.2 4.1 0.2
CR 0.1 3.0 0.1
Sandy loam
(Or)
FYM 3.0 6.7 1.8
CR 1.3 4.8 0.6
Boye et al., 2010
CR- Crop residue
FYM: Farm yard manure
30. S mineralisation and immobilisation over 5 days incorporation
of plant materials
Eriksen et al., 2005
31. Relationship between C:S ratio & lignin on S transformation over
5 days of residue incorporation
Eriksen et al., 2005
32. Model spectra of S species under organic amended soil
FYM Crop residue
Soil (solid black)
Unprotected S (light grey)
Protected S (dark grey)
Residual S (dashed black)
Boye et al., 2011
33. Agronomic efficiency (AE), apparent S recovery (ASR) & %
response in wheat-soybean cropping sequence
Singh et al., 2014
AE, ASR & % Response
S levels
36. Effect of pesticides on available sulphur content in soil
Effect of pesticides on the population of thiosulphate oxidizing bacteria
Giri et al., 2011
CFU x 103/g soil Available S (mg/kg)
37. Effect of pesticides on aryl sulphatase activity (n kat 100/g) in soil
Treatments
Days after incubation
5th 10th 15th 30th 60th 90th
Control 2.34 2.52 2.81 3.07 3.46 3.16
Endosulfan 1.86 2.14 2.42 2.91 2.79 2.64
Diathane M-
45
2.36 3.01 3.39 3.41 3.14 2.97
2, 4-D 2.51 3.12 3.21 3.68 3.94 3.86
Relationship between R2
Available sulphur vs aryl sulfatase activity 0.97
Available sulphur vs thiosulphate oxidizing bacteria 0.98
Aryl sulfatase activity vs thiosulphate oxidizing bacteria 0.98
Giri et al., 2011
39. Mineralization of organic S in flooded paddy soil
Site description:-
Place: China
Climate: Temperate
Soil No. Soil Texture pH
Organic C
(g/kg)
Total S
(mg/kg)
1 Black
soil
Loam 6.2 16.8 316.6
2 Black soil Clay 6.7 19.6 373.0
3 Red soil Loamy clay 5.8 9.1 164.2
4 Red soil Clay 5.5 10.4 195.0
Zhou et al., 2005
40. S mineralization in incubated paddy soil
Incubation period in week Incubation period in week
Incubation period in week
Cumulative mineralized S (mg/kg)
Cumulative mineralized S (mg/kg)
Sulphate-S OI-S
TI-S
Zhou et al., 2005
OI-S: other inorg.S
TI-S: total inorg. S
Cumulative mineralized S (mg/kg)
41. Changes in soil S pools in incubated flooded paddy soil
Zhou et al., 2005
C-O-S: ester sulphate
NRO-S: non reducible org.-S
42. Changes in soil S pools under soil S exhaustion by rice
Zhou et al., 2005
C-O-S: ester sulphate
NRO-S: non reducible org.-S
44. Microbial degradation of DMS & related C1-S compound
Importance:-
• Dimethylsulphide (DMS) plays a major role in the global sulphur cycle
• Important implications for atmospheric chemistry, climate regulation, and
Sources of DMS:-
1. Marine environment
2. Terrestrial sources
• Soils may also emit volatile organic sulphur compounds, including DMS, and fluxes
can be enhanced by waterlogging
• The decomposition of plant residues in soil, especially those of crucifer species with
a high content of sulphur-containing glucosinolates, can generate a number of volatile
sulphur compounds
3. Production by plant
4. Anthropogenic sources
DMS emission into the atmosphere is a source of heat-reflecting aerosols that can
sulphur transport from the marine to the atmospheric and terrestrial
environments
serve as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby affect the radiative balance of the Earth,
thus linking DMS production to climate regulation. Atmospheric transport of DMS and its
oxidation products and deposition in the terrestrial environment provides an important link
in the global sulphur cycle.
Major pathways of DMS production and
transformation in the marine environment
Schafer et al., 2010
45. Sinks for DMS
Microbial metabolism of DMS
Three principle:-
(i) Utilization of DMS as a carbon and energy source
(ii) Oxidation to DMSO by phototrophic or heterotrophic organisms
(iii) Utilization as a sulphur source
Schafer et al., 2010
46. Phylogenetic tree
Depicting the genetic diversity of bacterial isolates capable of assimilating carbon from DMS
(overlaid in pink) or degrading DMS to DMSO (green). Schafer et al., 2010
47. Conclusion
Woodland have the potential to make a significant contribution to soil total
S storage as compared to cropping
The majority of mineralized S was derived from the C–O–S pool by rice
plant under flooded condition
Higher hystersis effect was more for S deficient soils, (i.e. Aeric
Haplaquept and Typic Ustorthent soil) adequate S fertilization is needed to
ensure optimum plant growth and yield
The AE and ASR by wheat-soybean system decreased with increase in S
application, while the percent response increased with increase in levels of
S
Conversion of undisturbed grassland towards cultivation leads to formation
of strongly oxidized S
48. Future work
Challenge of optimizing S availability & use efficiency in cropping systems in
synchrony with plant demand and in the required form and quantity
The emission of DMS from terrestrial and freshwater sources has not been
studied as intensively as that from the marine environment
Future research should include evaluation of all components of S cycle
collaborating with others to asses environmental impact and sustainability of
feedstock production.