TataKelola dan KamSiber Kecerdasan Buatan v022.pdf
Sugar Trade: Period 4
1. Sweet Revolution
Rise of the West: Sugar Consumption
Aim: To examine how sugar was produced, the way it
Aim: To examine how sugar was produced, the way it
changed the nature of work, and its role in global trade.
changed the nature of work, and its role in global trade.
2. “I do not know if coffee and sugar
are essential to the happiness of
Europe, but I do know well that
these two products have accounted
for the unhappiness of two great
regions of the world: America has
been depopulated so as to have
land on which to plant them; Africa
has been depopulated so as to have
“I do not know if coffee and sugar
are essential to the happiness of
Europe, but I do know well that
these two products have accounted
for the unhappiness of two great
regions of the world: America has
been depopulated so as to have
land on which to plant them; Africa
has been depopulated so as to have
the people to cultivate them.”
the people to cultivate them.”
- from Volume 1 of J.H. Bernardin de
Saint Pierre’s Voyage to the Isle de
France, Isle de Bourbon, The Cape
- from Volume 1 of J.H. Bernardin de
Saint Pierre’s Voyage to the Isle de
France, Isle de Bourbon, The Cape
of Good Hope… (1773)
of Good Hope… (1773)
How do these documents
reflect the importance and
impact of the sugar trade?
3. SSwweeeett RReevvoolluuttiioonn
Early History and Growth of the Sugar Market:
• Sugar first domesticated in India (3000BCE) – slowly reached China,
Japan, Middle East
• Arabs were the first great sugar cultivators. Introduced to Europe during
the Crusades
• Italy prospered by controlling European sugar trade during Middle Ages
• Rise of Ottoman Empire deprived Italy from sugar sources causing Italy
and Portugal to look elsewhere
Early History and Growth of the Sugar Market:
• Sugar first domesticated in India (3000BCE) – slowly reached China,
Japan, Middle East
• Arabs were the first great sugar cultivators. Introduced to Europe during
the Crusades
• Italy prospered by controlling European sugar trade during Middle Ages
• Rise of Ottoman Empire deprived Italy from sugar sources causing Italy
and Portugal to look elsewhere
5. Sugar as a Consumer Item
• When it was first introduced, sugar was grouped with spices such as pepper and ginger. Rare,
expensive, tropical, and used sparingly by those who could afford it.
• In 13th and 14th centuries, used to make marzipan and molded into sculptures. The
preciousness of the ingredients and the large amount required confined such practices to the
king, nobility, and church. To be able to provide one’s guests with such attractive (and
unnecessary food) displayed the host’s wealth, power, and status.
• In the 16th century, no longer considered a spice. Began to be used as a condiment. Used for
special dishes for the holidays such as gingerbread cookies. This was because more sugar was
now available.
• As sugar diffused more widely, becoming cheaper and more ordinary, its once enormous
symbolic importance as an icon of prosperity and power declined. Became an item of mass
consumption.
Went from spice and condiment to decorative substance, to preservative to sweetener, and eventually to food rather
than mere sweetener.
6. Portuguese
Dominance
* TRULY GLOBAL*
Asian plant, European capital,
African labor, American soil
• Discovered and used islands of Madeira and Sao Tome for sugar production
• To meet high demands, revolutionized sugar production by using African slaves
on plantations
• Expanded plantations to Brazil
• Portuguese dominated sugar trade for 100 years (until mid 1600s when the
Caribbean dominated)
7.
8. Plantations Become Proto-Factories
• Sugar production brought slavery and industrial capitalism together.
• Consisted of a large disciplined labor force, specialization, integration of
tasks – assembly line fashion.
• Required sophisticated refining techniques and expensive equipment.
9. Division of Labor
- Sugar refining needs skilled labor – distillers, boilers, coopers, stone
masons, managers. Can be as high as 20-30% of men in skilled
positions.
- Another element of the sugar revolution is a managerial revolution.
Need agents, bookkeepers, attorneys, black drivers…..
10. COMPARISON OF LABOR
NEEDS
Sugar needs 1 per person per
acre, preferably two per acre.
Wheat needs 1 person per 6 or
7 acres.
Cotton needs 1 person per 5
acres.
11.
12. HHoolliinngg aa CCaannee FFiieelldd,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11882233
We see a black driver pointing something out. See the gang labor.
13. Digging CCaannee HHoolleess,, TTrriinniiddaadd,, 11883300ss
PPlolowwss d dididnn’t’ tw woorrkk w weelll li nin t trrooppicicaal ls sooilisls. . M Maaddee m moorree s seennssee t too u ussee h haanndd t toooolsls..
14. FFiieelldd GGaanngg,, MMaarrttiinniiqquuee,, 11882266
Large gangs, highly regimented. Shift position – marching people in lockstep.
Notice that there are many women. Many men were in skilled positions.
Large gangs, highly regimented. Shift position – marching people in lockstep.
Notice that there are many women. Many men were in skilled positions.
15. Harvesting tthhee SSuuggaarr CCaannee,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11882233
Note the height of the cane. Usually 7-8 feet, as much as 12feet high. Here too we see a
Note the height of the cane. Usually 7-8 feet, as much as 12feet high. Here too we see a
white man, could be a manager or an overseer. Driver talking to him.
white man, could be a manager or an overseer. Driver talking to him.
16. Again, note the height. Also, see how it needs to be shipped out – juice needs to
Again, noteSS tuuhegg haaerig--hcct.aa Annleso ,hh seaaerr hvvoeewss it t,,n eTTedrrsii nto iibdde aashddip,,p 11e8 d33ou00ts – juice needs to
be extracted within 24 hours of cutting.
be extracted within 24 hours of cutting.
19. Sugar Mill, driven bbyy ooxxeenn,, FFrreenncchh AAnnttiilllleess,, 1166665
Typical mill: out in the open, 3 vertical rollers, copper vats (produced in Europe). Some
Typical mill: out in the open, 3 vertical rollers, copper vats (produced in Europe). Some
expensive, elaborate equipment.
expensive, elaborate equipment.
20. SSuuggaarr WWoorrkkss,, FFrreenncchh WWeesstt IInnddiieess,, 1177tthh cceennttuurryy
Slaves vertical-roller
Slaves feeding feeding cane cane stalks stalks into into mill; mill; note, note, trough trough through through which
which
the cane juice flows to the boiling
the cane juice flows to the boiling
house ("sugar works").
house ("sugar works").
21. SSuuggaarr MMiillll,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11882233
Wind powered sugar mill . Canes being
brought in on ox-pulled carts, slaves
"heading" canes into the mill rollers,
Wind powered sugar mill . Canes being
brought in on ox-pulled carts, slaves
"heading" canes into the mill rollers,
women stacking cane bunches in
women stacking cane bunches in
foreground; black driver to left and at base
of windmill, white owner or manager in
foreground; black driver to left and at base
of windmill, white owner or manager in
lower left overseeing the scene.
lower left overseeing the scene.
22. SSuuggaarr BBooiilliinngg HHoouussee,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11882233
Caption: "Exterior of a Boiling House, on Weatherell's Estate" slaves hauling cane
trash to fuel furnace, ox carts, white overseer/manager. Works through 24 hours.
Caption: "Exterior of a Boiling House, on Weatherell's Estate" slaves hauling cane
trash to fuel furnace, ox carts, white overseer/manager. Works through 24 hours.
23. Interior of a Boiling HHoouussee,, FFrreenncchh WWeesstt IInnddiieess,, 11776622
On the left (B) is the tank that receives the cane juice flowing from the mill where the
sugar cane juice was extracted. In the center are the coppers where the sugar juice is
boiled (C) with slaves moving the crystallized sugar from one to the other with giant ladles
(D). On the lower right are the sugar pots into which the raw sugar will be placed and then
On the left (B) is the tank that receives the cane juice flowing from the mill where the
sugar cane juice was extracted. In the center are the coppers where the sugar juice is
boiled (C) with slaves moving the crystallized sugar from one to the other with giant ladles
(D). On the lower right are the sugar pots into which the raw sugar will be placed and then
taken to the curing house to drain out the molasses.
taken to the curing house to drain out the molasses.
25. Interior ooff BBooiilliinngg HHoouussee,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11882233
Captioned "Interior of a Boiling House," this is a detailed view of the process of sugar
making and the coppers (large vats) in which the sugar was processed. Mostly male
Captioned "Interior of a Boiling House," this is a detailed view of the process of sugar
making and the coppers (large vats) in which the sugar was processed. Mostly male
workers – skilled labor.
workers – skilled labor.
26. SSuuggaarr CCuurriinngg HHoouussee,, 11776622
Shows sugar pots and jars; the geographical area is unidentified. After the sugar is processed
in the boiling house, the raw (Muscavado) sugar is poured into the conical pots and the
molasses drains into the jars below. Although a European is shown in this illustration, the
Shows sugar pots and jars; the geographical area is unidentified. After the sugar is processed
in the boiling house, the raw (Muscavado) sugar is poured into the conical pots and the
molasses drains into the jars below. Although a European is shown in this illustration, the
job was commonly performed by slaves in the Caribbean and Brazil.
job was commonly performed by slaves in the Caribbean and Brazil.
27. RRuumm DDiissttiilllleerryy,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11882233
Slaves in foreground feeding cane trash into the furnaces, people rolling hogsheads of
rum, cattle carts hauling the hogsheads, white overseers/managers; in background
windmills used for grinding the sugar cane. The marketing of the byproducts created a
Slaves in foreground feeding cane trash into the furnaces, people rolling hogsheads of
rum, cattle carts hauling the hogsheads, white overseers/managers; in background
windmills used for grinding the sugar cane. The marketing of the byproducts created a
new level of craft. Need coopers, distillers…
new level of craft. Need coopers, distillers…
28. Interior ooff rruumm ddiissttiilllleerryy,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11882233
Caption: "Interior of a Distillery, on Delaps Estate...," shows slaves at
work filling hogsheads with rum, cooper making barrels, etc.; also, white
Caption: "Interior of a Distillery, on Delaps Estate...," shows slaves at
work filling hogsheads with rum, cooper making barrels, etc.; also, white
overseer/manager.
overseer/manager.
29. Sweetness and Power
- Sidney W. Mintz
“Sugar cane must be cut when it is ripe, and
ground as soon as it is cut. These simple
facts give a special character to any
enterprise dedicated to the production of
sugar…The early Spanish plantations of
Santo Domingo probably consisted of about
125 acres of land, manned by as many as two
hundred slaves and freemen. Perhaps only a
tenth of the labor force was required in the
mill and the boiling house, but their
operations and those of the cutting crews
had to be coordinated, while the field labor
had to be divided not only seasonally but
also between the cane and the subsistence
crops (crops to feed the workers). The
specialization by skill and jobs, and the
division of labor by age, gender, and
conditions into crews, shifts, and gangs,
together with the stress upon punctuality
and discipline…”
1. How do sugar plantations seem to be different from regular farms?
2. With an emphasis on crews, shifts, and gangs, what other production institution does
this sound like? Why?
30. SSuuggaarr PPllaannttaattiioonn,, CCuubbaa,, 11885577
By the 19th Century – Cuba is the leader. Their sugar mills are extensive with 500-700 slaves. This shows
central or yard area of the plantation with steam-driven sugar factory, main house, various outbuildings; houses
of enslaved in upper right and people reaping cane and loading it into oxcarts in lower left.
31. SSuuggaarr FFaaccttoorryy,, CCuubbaa,, 11885577
Shows interior of factory; enslaved in foreground are feeding sugar cane refuse into the furnaces. The plantation
had 632 enslaved laborers.
33. SSuuggaarr FFaaccttoorryy,, CCuubbaa,, 11885577
The average sugar plantation was
worth $20 million. That capital
value is in present day terms. More
valuable than cotton at the time.
The average sugar plantation was
worth $20 million. That capital
value is in present day terms. More
valuable than cotton at the time.
Shows interior of sugar factory with machinery and slaves engaged in various tasks including boiling in large vats.
34. Fun Fact!
The average sugar plantation was worth $20
million. That capital value is in present day
terms. More valuable than cotton at the time.
35. View of a Sugar Plantation, FFrreenncchh WWeesstt IInnddiieess,, 11776622
A generalized view of a typical sugar plantation in the French West Indies. In the upper right (1) is shown the houses
of the owner and overseers (surrounded by a fence); in the lower right, the houses of the slaves, "forming one or two or
more streets," depending on the size of the plantation (2); sugar cane fields in the center and left (5); the water mill for
grinding canes is on the lower left (6) and the boiling house (7) next to it; the curing house, where the sugar is dried in
pots is on the upper left (12), and fields devoted to food crops are on the upper slopes to the left (13).
36. Sugar Plantation, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 11880011
In the foreground are slave houses, several figures (including a woman with a pottery jar on her head);
background shows plantation house on top of hill, slave houses on hillside, two windmills and other buildings.
37. P La Grange Pllaannttaattiioonn,, SStt.. CCrrooiixx,, cc.. 11884400
39. TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn
Moving Sugar, CCoouunnttrryy RRooaadd,, SStt.. CCrrooiixx,, cc.. 11886633
Equestrian traffic and carts, including carter driving an ox team loaded with hogsheads of
Equestrian traffic and carts, including carter driving an ox team loaded with hogsheads of
sugar being taken to harbor.
sugar being taken to harbor.
40. CCaarrtteerr wwiitthh tteeaamm ooff ooxxeenn,, BBrriiddggeettoowwnn,,
BBaarrbbaaddooss,, 11883355
Wagon loaded with hogsheads of sugar or rum.
43. SShhiippppiinngg SSuuggaarr,, AAnnttiigguuaa,, 1188233
Caption: "Shipping Sugar, Willoughby Bay"; shows slaves rolling hogsheads of sugar, brought to shore by ox carts,
aboard lighters for transport to ocean- going vessels.
45. Overall Impact
• Start of the slave trade
• Change in model of empire results in full scale colonization
• Sugar becomes a major consumer good for Europeans
• Develops mercantilist and capitalist economic systems
Caption: "Holeing a Cane-Piece, on Weatherell's Estate," shows first gang of slave men and women performing the most common method of preparing fields for the planting of sugar cane; black driver surpervising the work.
Sugar Cane Cultivation, Trinidad, ca.1830s Caption, "Planting the sugar cane"; shows men and women digging cane holes and planting cane; long-handled hoes, machetes, gourd water containers. "The land being cleared, the field is formed into beds, and . . . round ridged; it is then lined off with a chain for the cane holes, which are dug with a hoe, and at from four to five feet distance . . . . two or three [cane plants] are fixed in each hole in an inclined position . . ." (Bridgens).
Field Gang at Work, Martinique, 1826 Caption, "Negres au Travail" (blacks at work). Shows men and women with long-handled hoes, guarded by overseers with whips. The slaves are called to work by the plantation bell at 6 in the morning, each person takes his hoe to the field under the supervision of overseers, either European or Creole; in a single line, they work in unison while chanting some African work song; the overseers occasionally use the whip to increase the work pace; at 11 the bell sounds, they take a meal, then resume their work until 6 in the evening (p. 26).
Caption: "Cutting the Sugar Cane, on Delap's Estate...," men and women in first gang, black driver supervising; white manager/overseer on horseback
Richard Bridgens, West India Scenery...from sketches taken during a voyage to, and residence of seven years in ... Trinidad (London, 1836), plate 9. (Copy in The Providence Athaneum, Rhode Island) Caption, \\\"cutting canes\\\"; men and women in first gang cutting cane; two women in lower left, one drinks from a gourd container, the other smokes a pipe; ox cart on right is loaded with canes to be taken to the mill. \\\"Cutting canes in general commences in January . . . . The Negro seizes the cane by the top, cuts off the upper joints to plant for the next crop; he then cuts down the remaining stem close to the ground....\\\" (Bridgens). There is no certain date of publication of Bridgens West India Scenery, though major libraries with copies of this work usually assign 1836 as a publication date. A sculptor, designer and architect, Bridgens was born in England in 1785.
Slaves grirnd the canes, collect juice, and stir evaporating juice. Items are lettered for identification in a key within the image. Note vertical rollers. Various phases of sugar-making are identified by letters, e.g., A, "la facon de faire marcher les boefs que sont tourner le moulin" (the way in which the cattle that turn the mill are walked); L, "les negres qui servent le moulin, et qui possent les cannes entre les rouleaus" (the blacks who service the mill, and push the canes between the rollers). The same illustration appears in the 1665 edition of De Rochefort.
Slaves feeding cane stalks into vertical-roller mill; note, trough through which the cane juice flows to the boiling house ("sugar works"). This image is derived from Jean Baptiste DuTertre, Histoire Générale des Antilles (1667);
Original caption is: "A Mill Yard, on Gamble's Estate...." Shows a functioning sugar mill with sails into the wind; canes being brought in ox-pulled carts, slaves "heading" canes into the mill rollers, women stacking cane bunches in foreground; black driver to left and at base of windmill, white owner or manager in lower left overseeing the scene.
Caption: "Exterior of a Boiling House, on Weatherell's Estate....," slaves hauling cane trash to fuel furnace, ox carts with sugar bags; whte overseer/manager.
Shows slaves at work in the processing of sugar. On the left (B) is the tank that receives the cane juice flowing from the mill where the sugar cane has been crushed and the juice extracted. In the center are the coppers (cauldrons) in which the sugar juice is boiled (C) with slaves moving the crystallized sugar from one to the other with giant ladles (D). On the lower right are the conical sugar pots into which the raw sugar will be placed and then taken to the curing house to drain out the molasses. A reversed version of this image is in M. Chambon, Le commerce de l'Amérique par Marseille (Avignon 1764) Vol. 1, plate IV (top), after p. 382), titled "Sucrerie".
Captioned "Interior of a Boiling House," this is a detailed view of the process of sugar making and the coppers (large vats) in which the sugar was processed.
Shows sugar pots and jars; the geographical area is unidentified. After the sugar is processed in the boiling house, the raw (Muscavado) sugar is poured into the conical pots and the molasses drains into the jars below. Although a European is shown in this illustration, the job was commonly performed by slaves in the Caribbean and Brazil
Rum Distillery, Antigua, West Indies, 1823 Caption: "Exterior of a Distillery, on Weatherell's Estate . . .", shows slaves in foreground feeding cane trash into the furnaces, people rolling hogsheads of rum, cattle carts hauling the hogsheads, white overseers/managers; in background windmills used for grinding the sugar cane.
Source William Clark, Ten Views In the Island of Antigua, in Which are Represented the Process of Sugar Making.... From Drawings Made by William Clark, During a Residence of Three Years in the West Indies (London,1823). (Copy in Beinecke Lesser Antilles Collection, Hamilton College Library, Clinton, NY)
Comments Caption: "Exterior of a Distillery, on Weatherell's Estate . . .", shows slaves in foreground feeding cane trash into the furnaces, people rolling hogsheads of rum, cattle carts hauling the hogsheads, white overseers/managers; in background windmills used for grinding the sugar cane.
Caption: "Interior of a Distillery, on Delaps Estate...," shows slaves at work filling hogsheads with rum, cooper making barrels, etc.; also, white overseer/manager.
Shows central or yard area of the plantation with steam-driven sugar factory, main house, various outbuildings; houses of enslaved in upper right and people reaping cane and loading it into oxcarts in lower left. The accompanying text gives information on location, ownership, technical features of sugar production and similar data.
Sugar Factory, Plantation Santa Susana, Cuba, 1857 Shows interior of factory; enslaved in foreground are feeding sugar cane refuse into the furnaces. The accompanying text gives information on location, ownership, technical features of sugar production and similar data. The plantation had 632 enslaved laborers, plus 20 Chinese, and 34 "Yucatecos". These people were housed in two barracks of 3.55 square meters each. The image shown here is from the 1984 reprint which only reproduces, on a smaller scale, 13 of the 28 colored lithographs found in the original 1857 edition; images in the latter can be viewed on the British
Shows interior of sugar factory with machinery and enslaved laborers engaged in various tasks. The accompanying text gives information on the plantation's location, ownership, technical features of sugar production and similar data. There were 400 slaves on the plantation
Shows interior of sugar factory with machinery and slaves engaged in various tasks including boiling in large vats. The accompany text gives information on location, ownership, technical features of sugar production and similar data. In 1857, the plantation had 409 enslaved Africans and 179 (paid) Chinese laborers.
This illustration is a generalized view of what is supposed to be a typical sugar plantation in the French West Indies. Details of the illustration are given in Diderot, section on Agriculture, p. 11. For example, on the upper right (1) is shown the houses of the owner and overseers (surrounded by a fence); on the lower right, the houses of the slaves, "forming one or two or more streets," depending on the size of the plantation (2); sugar cane fields in the center and left (5); the water mill for grinding canes is on the lower left (6) and the boiling house (7) next to it; the curing house, where the sugar is dried in pots is on the upper left (12), and fields devoted to food crops such as manioc and bananas are on the upper slopes to the left (13). A slightly altered and reversed version of this image is in M. Chambon, Le commerce de l'Amérique par Marseille (Avignon 1764), Vol. 1, plate V, facing p. 382
A water color by Nicholas Pocock showing Green Castle Estate. In the foreground are slave houses, several figures (including a woman with a pottery jar on her head); background shows plantation house on top of hill, slave houses on hillside, two windmills and other buildings.
View of the La Grange plantation by Frederick von Scholten with town of Frederiksted in background. Slave gang in foreground is harvesting field of sugar cane; left center are sugar works, windmill, and plantation yard
Equestrian traffic and carts, including carter driving an ox team loaded with hogsheads of sugar being taken to harbor.
Enlargement of section of illustration of Trafalgar Square, Bridgetown, showing wagon loaded with hogsheads of sugar or rum.
Carters with oxen teams and hogsheads of sugar to be shipped. Image accompanies article, "Sugar Cultivation in the West Indies. " Although about a decade after slave emancipation in the British West Indies, this scene (one of four in the article) can easily serve for the later slave period.
Scene on unidentified West Indian island, with shipping in the bay; foreground, slaves with sugar hogsheads.
PAH3019 (original art).Shipping Sugar (Antigua).New mount.Produced by Infant School Depository [publishers].Aquatint & etching, coloured.Height 265mm, width 372mm.Parts height 405mm, width 559mm.Museum negative number: A436.Hand-coloured.Plate No.6.Exhibition: Bligh 3.22.Depiction:Antigua: Islands, Leeward: Caribbean Sea.maritime: loading, sugar.
Also on Handler website. William Clark, Ten Views In the Island of Antigua, in Which are Represented the Process of Sugar Making.... From Drawings Made by William Clark, During a Residence of Three Years in the West Indies (London,1823). (Also published in Ladies' Society for Promoting the Early Education of Negro Children [London, ca. 1833]; image shown here is taken from a copy in the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University). Caption: "Shipping Sugar, Willoughby Bay"; shows slaves rolling hogsheads of sugar, brought to shore by ox carts, aboard lighters for transport to ocean- going vessels.
The picture shows a small boat with a six-man crew, loading a large hogshead of sugar. Dating from the post-emancipation period, but evoking similar scenes of the later slave period (and well into the twentieth century). Author viewed this scene in early 1847, on a visit to a small village in St. Vincent which had a small wooden pier used for shipping sugar: "The drogher, a schooner generally about forty-five tons . . . conveys the sugar from the estates to the ship in which it is exported, lies at anchor a few hundred yards from the shore . . . . The boats called moses-boats, which convey the hogshead from the shore to the drogher, are tremendously strong . . . . They are manned by Negroes and Carib Indians, and the very launching of such a heavy boat through such a surf is a sight to be remembered" (pp. 94-95).
