2. Striking Gold and Silver
Q: How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?
Notes -
1849 California Gold Rush brought about mass migration west.
1858 Prospectors found gold near Pikes Peak in Colorado
1859 Prospectors found silver in the carson river valley present day Nevada
- Became known as the Comstock Lode producing $500 Million dollars worth of
silver over the course of 20 years.
3. The Klondike gold rush
Q: How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?
July 17, 1897 A huge gold strike had been made along the Klondike River in
Canada’s Yukon Territory near the Alaska Border.
Later in 1897 gold was found on the Alaska side of the border
Over the course of 1 year, more than 100,000 Americans rushed to the Klondike
in search of gold and riches
4. Mining Camps become towns
Q: How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?
Reports of gold created a sudden creation of camps and small shanty towns
overnight.
Some Sprawling mining camps developed into towns creating dirt streets and
wooden sidewalks
As towns developed women and children joined the men, changing the rough and
tough tumble camps into respectable communities.
Seattle Washington was one of these mining camps that became the largest and
richest town to grow out of a mining camp
5. Mining as Big Business
Q: Why did mining become a big business?
Surface deposits run out and mining now requires more sophisticated equipment
and technology to extract gold
Large companies with significant resources jumped in on the business of finding
gold using two different methods
- Hydraulic mining: used water under high pressure to blast away dirt
exposing the minerals underneath(This method put a lot of sediment into the
rivers and caused issues choking rivers and creating floods)
- Hard-rock mining: required cutting deep shafts in solid rock to extract the
ore/mineral
Miners became employees of these large companies as success of discovering
6. The Cattle Boom
Origins of Western Ranching & Demand for Beef
Q: What were the four reasons for the the development of the Texas longhorn breed of
cattle?
The first ranchers were the Spanish, who brought cattle to the New World in the 1500s.
These ranchers became adept to raising cattle in dry environments and interbred
spanish and English cattle to develop a new breed that would thrive on the plains: The
Texas Longhorn.
- Hardy and could travel long distances
- Did not need a lot of water
- Could live on prairie grass alone
By 1866 the Demand for beef was
growing at a massive rate in order to
feed the urban populations on the
east coast.
1 Steer in Texas sold for $4 wholesale
and in the market a butcher could
profit $40 from the same steer
7. The Cattle Boom
Cattle Trails
Q: Who worked as cowboys on the cattle drives?
Cattle trails ran from cattle country in Texas to major rail centers.
- The Chisholm Trail which began in San Antonio, ran through Fort Worth, and
ended in the Kansas towns of Abilene and Ellsworth. By 1871 600,000 cattle
traveled the route each year.
The long drives on cattle trails usually lasted 3 months
Cowboys ⅔ of whom were teenage boys between the ages of 12 & 18 guided the
cattle 10-12 miles per day, any faster and the cattle may have died and or caused
a stampede.
8. Ranching as big business
Q: How and why did the cattle boom come to an end?
In the 1870s Joseph Glidden of Dekalb Illinois patented barbed wire as a way to
create a cheap enclosure system for cattle.
Between 1882 and 1886 more than 400 cattle corporations sprang up in
Wyoming, Montana, Colorado and New Mexico.
The Enclosure of the open range led to conflicts between landless cattle owners
and their ranchers and farmers who enclosed the land.
The harsh winters of 1885-1886 & 1886-1887 brought great loss to the cattle
industry
- The cattle migrations were blocked by drifting snow piling up on the barbed
wire fencing preventing cattle from moving south.
Editor's Notes
The California gold rush of 1849 had captured the imaginations of many Americans. New mining strikes inspired thousands of people to rush to the West in search of fortune.
As news of each new discovery spread, miners raced from one gold or silver strike to the next to Idaho, Montana, the black hills of the Dakota Territory, Arizona, and to cripple creek, Colorado. Miners were excited by reports of other finding riches.
Getting to the Klondike was treacherous. Canadian officials required that miners bring enough provisions for a year nearly a ton of goods. Prospectors brought groceries, clothing hardware, tents pack saddles, camp stoves, bedding and sleds. Prospectors made slow progress, having to move a year’s worth of supplies weighing as much as a ton over rough terrain.
Most camps had no law enforcement. Since miners were competing against each other for gold, the intense rivalry frequently led to violence. Some people formed their own vigilante committees to combat theft and violence, but their methods were often very violent. Criminals could be hung after a speedy trial
Respectable towns had schools churches newspapers and even an opera house.
Seattle: ⅔ of all prospectors pass through Seattle. Merchants offered everything from tents to miners’ shoes to “Alaska Dog Feed.” In 1897 a newspaper reported teams of trained dogs, trotting about with sleds; men with packs upon their backs and a thousand and one things where were of use in the klondike trade. The Klondike gold rush created Seattle as a one-stop shop for miners.
In the Early days of the Gold Rush, individual prospectors worked with hand tools. Some used Placer mining in which minerals are found in loose sand and gravel. The simplest way was to panning for gold, it was cheap but also very hard work with little results.
They dug mine shafts, built tunnels, and drilled and processed ore/minerals. For some it was better than relying on their own luck. Yet it carried plenty of risk, countless miners died in cave-ins, underground fires, explosions, and flooded mines.
This demand created the demand of cattle drives from ranches to railroad stations that would transport the cattle to meat packing factories in places like chicago. The cattle drives created the demand for cowboys to guide/drive the cattle to the transportation centers on the plains.
Substantial numbers of African Americans and Hispanics also worked as cowboys, even some women, usually disguised as men.