This document discusses soil quality and monitoring in India. It covers topics like soil pollution, soil quality monitoring using soil health cards, remote sensing and GIS techniques to map soils, and the quality of irrigation water. It describes how soil surveys are conducted to study and map soils. Soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, waste disposal, mining, and other sources is also discussed. The document emphasizes the importance of sustainable agriculture practices like organic farming for controlling soil pollution.
The document discusses soil health management in Kerala. It notes that soil health cards are provided to farmers to evaluate soil quality based on physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The cards are intended to help farmers monitor soil health and make informed management decisions. They provide information on soil type, nutrients, pH, and recommendations to improve soil quality. The overall goal is to support sustainable land management and increase agricultural productivity.
This document discusses soil erosion and methods to prevent it. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil degradation, including physical, chemical, and biological degradation. It then focuses on soil erosion, describing it as the movement of soil particles from their original site via agents like water, wind, ice, and human activity. The main types of water erosion are then outlined, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, and shore erosion. Causes of erosion like deforestation and overgrazing are also listed. The document concludes by describing various biological and agronomic methods that can be used to prevent erosion, such as contour farming, strip cropping, intercro
ICAR - National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use PlanningExternalEvents
This document summarizes the activities and achievements of ICAR-NBSS&LUP. It details that NBSS&LUP has conducted soil surveys and mapping across India to promote optimal land use. It has also conducted research in areas like pedology, soil survey, remote sensing applications, land degradation assessment, land evaluation and land use planning. NBSS&LUP has produced soil resource maps of India at 1:1 million and 1:250,000 scales. It highlights ongoing work in monitoring land degradation through remote sensing and case studies in different states.
Wasteland assessment using remotesensing and gisaakvd
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map and assess wastelands in India. Approximately 63.85 million hectares of land in India, accounting for 20.17% of the total area, are classified as wastelands. Remote sensing data from satellites like Landsat, IRS, and SPOT are used to map wasteland types and changes over time. A classification system was developed to characterize wastelands based on attributes visible in remote sensing imagery like color, texture, and pattern. Mapping wastelands helps with management including reclamation through techniques like contour bunding and check dams. Remote sensing and GIS provide cost-effective and accurate methods for wasteland mapping, characterization, monitoring, and management
This document discusses soil health in Mitchell, South Dakota. It notes that the growing season is short and winters are cold. Moisture and season length limit crop growth. The soils are loamy and only 6-8 inches deep, so tillage reduces infiltration and increases runoff and erosion. The author recommends adopting a 3-crop rotation including a perennial crop like alfalfa, adding a cover crop after wheat, and adopting no-till practices to build soil health and reduce erosion and improve water quality. Various outreach and demonstration activities are discussed to educate producers and the public on soil health best practices.
The document discusses soil health management in Kerala. It notes that soil health cards are provided to farmers to evaluate soil quality based on physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The cards are intended to help farmers monitor soil health and make informed management decisions. They provide information on soil type, nutrients, pH, and recommendations to improve soil quality. The overall goal is to support sustainable land management and increase agricultural productivity.
This document discusses soil erosion and methods to prevent it. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil degradation, including physical, chemical, and biological degradation. It then focuses on soil erosion, describing it as the movement of soil particles from their original site via agents like water, wind, ice, and human activity. The main types of water erosion are then outlined, including splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, and shore erosion. Causes of erosion like deforestation and overgrazing are also listed. The document concludes by describing various biological and agronomic methods that can be used to prevent erosion, such as contour farming, strip cropping, intercro
ICAR - National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use PlanningExternalEvents
This document summarizes the activities and achievements of ICAR-NBSS&LUP. It details that NBSS&LUP has conducted soil surveys and mapping across India to promote optimal land use. It has also conducted research in areas like pedology, soil survey, remote sensing applications, land degradation assessment, land evaluation and land use planning. NBSS&LUP has produced soil resource maps of India at 1:1 million and 1:250,000 scales. It highlights ongoing work in monitoring land degradation through remote sensing and case studies in different states.
Wasteland assessment using remotesensing and gisaakvd
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS techniques to map and assess wastelands in India. Approximately 63.85 million hectares of land in India, accounting for 20.17% of the total area, are classified as wastelands. Remote sensing data from satellites like Landsat, IRS, and SPOT are used to map wasteland types and changes over time. A classification system was developed to characterize wastelands based on attributes visible in remote sensing imagery like color, texture, and pattern. Mapping wastelands helps with management including reclamation through techniques like contour bunding and check dams. Remote sensing and GIS provide cost-effective and accurate methods for wasteland mapping, characterization, monitoring, and management
This document discusses soil health in Mitchell, South Dakota. It notes that the growing season is short and winters are cold. Moisture and season length limit crop growth. The soils are loamy and only 6-8 inches deep, so tillage reduces infiltration and increases runoff and erosion. The author recommends adopting a 3-crop rotation including a perennial crop like alfalfa, adding a cover crop after wheat, and adopting no-till practices to build soil health and reduce erosion and improve water quality. Various outreach and demonstration activities are discussed to educate producers and the public on soil health best practices.
Regional Initiatives and Priorities of Soil Health for Research and Developmentapaari
The document discusses soil health issues in Bangladesh and priorities for soil research. It notes that Bangladesh has many problem soils covering 24.5 million hectares that impact agriculture. These include saline soils, acid sulphate soils, and soils deficient in organic matter, sulfur, or zinc. Major constraints on soils include depletion of fertility, erosion, acidification, salinity, and pollution. Priorities for soil research include improving physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of soils. Research goals include conserving soils, improving nutrient management, sequestering carbon, and developing management for problem soils and those impacted by climate change and degradation. Regional cooperation is needed to address soil challenges.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Soil degradation in india and solutions, presentation for educational purpose only. Prepared by Nilakshi, Neshab, Manami, Tapan Moran and Biplab Sarma of Dept. Of Env. Scince, Gauhati University
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
This document discusses healthy soils and soil quality. It covers topics like soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. Soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, solid waste disposal, mining, and other sources is discussed. The effects of soil pollution include reduced fertility and nutrition imbalances. Remote sensing and GIS are important tools for soil surveys, agriculture monitoring, forestry, and land use mapping. Maintaining soil quality through sustainable practices is key to a healthy life.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
GIS can model and map various impacts of climate change. It can model CO2 emission sources and storage, map solar potential on rooftops, analyze impacts on forest cover and vegetation over time using satellite data, project impacts on agriculture like changes in crop yields and help determine best farming practices, map species vulnerability and help with conservation efforts, model impacts on water bodies like changes in water yield and flooding/drought risks, map climate zones based on vulnerability parameters, and help predict future temperature changes based on statistical analysis of past weather data. GIS is a useful tool for understanding, projecting, and responding to various effects of climate change.
Taking all these into account, it is important to increase the fertility of the soil from the erosion process in Ismayilli and to prevent the washing of fodder crops from perennial herbs. The cultivation of these plants in the mountainous regions protects the slopes from the terrible erosion process and provides the animals with a strong fodder. It is proved by the results of the research that restoration of fertility and ecological balance of erosion lands and the implementation of soil-agro-technical measures to increase productivity are of great importance. Due to the application of these measures, I, as a result of improving the water and physical properties of the affected land, prevent surface water flows. In addition, the results of the study have been proven by the fact that, for certain reason, erosion and erosion hazards are most likely to be taken over by the sowing of perennial herbs. Thus, perennial herbs, in particular, accumulate the nitrogen atmosphere of the legumes, enriches the soil with organic matter, accelerates the formation of water-resistant granular - topical structure and improves its water-physical properties, which in turn facilitates the rapid digestion of foodstuffs.
This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
This document outlines the terms of reference for a study on developing a methodology for landscape-level catchment assessment and planning for watershed management in India. The study will review catchment planning approaches used internationally and in India's Integrated Watershed Management Programme. The draft methodology developed will guide improved watershed planning and include recommendations on the appropriate scale, watershed selection criteria, stakeholder participation processes, data needs, and decision support tools. The methodology will then be piloted and revised as needed for incorporation into India's national watershed management guidelines.
Soil degradation and erosion are problems that reduce soil quality and fertility. Conservation methods aim to preserve soil for sustainable use. In the USA, the Tennessee Valley Authority addressed severe erosion through dams, reforestation, and encouraging improved farming practices. Similarly, in Tanzania, contour ridging, manure use, fallowing, and resettlement programs have helped curb erosion in areas like Kondoa. Overall, successful soil conservation requires community participation, education, and coordinated efforts across multiple scales.
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil Degradation in India: Challenges and Potential SolutionsLokesh Kumar
This document discusses soil degradation in India. It provides an overview of the extent and types of soil degradation affecting 147 million hectares of land in India. The major drivers of soil degradation are identified as overgrazing, deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, overexploitation of land, and certain agricultural activities such as low fertilization, crop residue burning, excessive tillage, poor irrigation practices, and improper crop rotations. Case studies on the costs of soil erosion and management strategies to mitigate degradation are also summarized.
1. The document discusses a project that uses very high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map glacial lakes and monitor changes in glacial lake extent over time in order to assess glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazards.
2. SAR is well-suited for this task because it has high spatial resolution of 2m and can acquire imagery regardless of weather or sunlight conditions with a repeat cycle of 11 days.
3. The project aims to classify imagery to identify water, ice, and other areas and deliver lake outlines and glacier outlines as GIS shapefiles for integration into user mapping systems.
Regional Initiatives and Priorities of Soil Health for Research and Developmentapaari
The document discusses soil health issues in Bangladesh and priorities for soil research. It notes that Bangladesh has many problem soils covering 24.5 million hectares that impact agriculture. These include saline soils, acid sulphate soils, and soils deficient in organic matter, sulfur, or zinc. Major constraints on soils include depletion of fertility, erosion, acidification, salinity, and pollution. Priorities for soil research include improving physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of soils. Research goals include conserving soils, improving nutrient management, sequestering carbon, and developing management for problem soils and those impacted by climate change and degradation. Regional cooperation is needed to address soil challenges.
Soil fertility is the backbone of agriculture systems and plays a key role in determining food quantity and quality. The intension of soil fertility management is to improve soil buffering capacity and to reduce soil degradation. Soil health is fundamental for a healthy food production. It provides essential nutrients, water, oxygen and support to the roots, all elements that favor the growth and development of plants for food production. Now the Indian population is 1.37 billion (Census India gov.in) Land area availability is 3.287 million km2. Net cultivable area is 143 million ha. Degraded land in India around 141 million ha. Per capita land availability is 0.3 ha per farmer (Indian express Nov 6,2009). Food grain supply 234.0 million tons, food grain demand 236.2 million tones (Praduman Kumar et al.,2016). In the year 2019 Global Hunger Index(GHI), India ranks 102nd out of 117 qualifying countries. With a score of 30.3, India suffers from a level of hunger that is serious (Global Hunger Index Organization). Nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. Soil management is important, both directly and indirectly, to crop productivity, environmental sustainability, and human health (Mittal et al., 2008). To achieve future food security, the management of soils in a sustainable manner will be the challenge, through proper nutrient management and appropriate conservation practices. Such as maintain soil organic carbon, effective utilization of natural resources, use of non-monetary input like LEISA etc., will be the better option to fulfils the ever-growing population’s food and nutritional security.
Soil degradation in india and solutions, presentation for educational purpose only. Prepared by Nilakshi, Neshab, Manami, Tapan Moran and Biplab Sarma of Dept. Of Env. Scince, Gauhati University
Best Practices In Land And Water ManagementJosé Jump
Government organizations need to serve farmer clients in more interdisciplinary and participatory ways
Re-orient agriculture and rural development programmes to promote and nurture active participation of farmers and their organizations
Target the production chain: GAP-LWM productivity + food quality markets health and nutrition
Participatory research and support services to facilitate transition from conventional agriculture to GAP-LWM
Restructure inappropriate macro-economic and agricultural policies
Adopt policies that promote and enforce sustainable and productive land and water use through GAP protocols
Protect the integrity of agricultural families – land tenure, build on indigenous knowledge, promote youth in agriculture, reduce labour/drudgery
Adjust legislation to facilitate initiatives of local groups adopting GAP (help meet their needs)
This document discusses healthy soils and soil quality. It covers topics like soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. Soil pollution from excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, solid waste disposal, mining, and other sources is discussed. The effects of soil pollution include reduced fertility and nutrition imbalances. Remote sensing and GIS are important tools for soil surveys, agriculture monitoring, forestry, and land use mapping. Maintaining soil quality through sustainable practices is key to a healthy life.
Soil Health definition and relationship to soil biology
Characteristics of healthy soil
Assessment of soil health
Framework for evaluating soil health
Indicators
Types of indicators
Biological indicators
Role of biological indicators
The document discusses land capability classification (LCC), which classifies land based on its potentialities and limitations for agricultural use. LCC takes into account soil profile characteristics, external land features, and climate factors to assign lands to capability classes. There are two main groups - arable land classes suitable for cultivation, and non-arable land classes where cultivation is limited. The classification aims to properly match land use to its capabilities to prevent degradation. However, LCC has constraints as it does not consider special crops or economic factors, and assumes a moderate management level.
GIS can model and map various impacts of climate change. It can model CO2 emission sources and storage, map solar potential on rooftops, analyze impacts on forest cover and vegetation over time using satellite data, project impacts on agriculture like changes in crop yields and help determine best farming practices, map species vulnerability and help with conservation efforts, model impacts on water bodies like changes in water yield and flooding/drought risks, map climate zones based on vulnerability parameters, and help predict future temperature changes based on statistical analysis of past weather data. GIS is a useful tool for understanding, projecting, and responding to various effects of climate change.
Taking all these into account, it is important to increase the fertility of the soil from the erosion process in Ismayilli and to prevent the washing of fodder crops from perennial herbs. The cultivation of these plants in the mountainous regions protects the slopes from the terrible erosion process and provides the animals with a strong fodder. It is proved by the results of the research that restoration of fertility and ecological balance of erosion lands and the implementation of soil-agro-technical measures to increase productivity are of great importance. Due to the application of these measures, I, as a result of improving the water and physical properties of the affected land, prevent surface water flows. In addition, the results of the study have been proven by the fact that, for certain reason, erosion and erosion hazards are most likely to be taken over by the sowing of perennial herbs. Thus, perennial herbs, in particular, accumulate the nitrogen atmosphere of the legumes, enriches the soil with organic matter, accelerates the formation of water-resistant granular - topical structure and improves its water-physical properties, which in turn facilitates the rapid digestion of foodstuffs.
This document discusses soil quality and sustainable agriculture. It defines soil quality as a soil's ability to function for its intended use. Sustainable agriculture aims to satisfy human needs while enhancing the environment and natural resources. Maintaining soil quality through practices like reduced tillage, crop rotations, and organic matter additions is important for achieving sustainable agriculture goals. Future research priorities include developing soil quality indexes, identifying biological indicators, and understanding how management practices impact soil quality indicators and agricultural sustainability.
This document outlines the terms of reference for a study on developing a methodology for landscape-level catchment assessment and planning for watershed management in India. The study will review catchment planning approaches used internationally and in India's Integrated Watershed Management Programme. The draft methodology developed will guide improved watershed planning and include recommendations on the appropriate scale, watershed selection criteria, stakeholder participation processes, data needs, and decision support tools. The methodology will then be piloted and revised as needed for incorporation into India's national watershed management guidelines.
Soil degradation and erosion are problems that reduce soil quality and fertility. Conservation methods aim to preserve soil for sustainable use. In the USA, the Tennessee Valley Authority addressed severe erosion through dams, reforestation, and encouraging improved farming practices. Similarly, in Tanzania, contour ridging, manure use, fallowing, and resettlement programs have helped curb erosion in areas like Kondoa. Overall, successful soil conservation requires community participation, education, and coordinated efforts across multiple scales.
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Soil Degradation in India: Challenges and Potential SolutionsLokesh Kumar
This document discusses soil degradation in India. It provides an overview of the extent and types of soil degradation affecting 147 million hectares of land in India. The major drivers of soil degradation are identified as overgrazing, deforestation, industrialization, overpopulation, overexploitation of land, and certain agricultural activities such as low fertilization, crop residue burning, excessive tillage, poor irrigation practices, and improper crop rotations. Case studies on the costs of soil erosion and management strategies to mitigate degradation are also summarized.
1. The document discusses a project that uses very high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to map glacial lakes and monitor changes in glacial lake extent over time in order to assess glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) hazards.
2. SAR is well-suited for this task because it has high spatial resolution of 2m and can acquire imagery regardless of weather or sunlight conditions with a repeat cycle of 11 days.
3. The project aims to classify imagery to identify water, ice, and other areas and deliver lake outlines and glacier outlines as GIS shapefiles for integration into user mapping systems.
Land use land cover mapping for smart village using gisSumit Yeole
This document summarizes a presentation on land use and land cover mapping for a smart village in India using GIS. The objectives were to understand GIS and remote sensing technologies and their applications in precision agriculture. The presenter described collecting satellite imagery, classifying land use types, and mapping them for the village of Kundewadi to identify agriculture, settlements, vegetation, water bodies and other land types. Pie charts showed the results, which found people primarily used the land for agriculture and suggested ways to improve wastewater, groundwater, solid waste management and increase agriculture land and trees.
The presentation introduces with the concept of "Internet of Things - IoT", it will cover IoT definition, some internet survey statistics, future growth of Internet and how it will connect the physical world objects with the virtual world, Applications of IoT Enabled World, Technical risks associated with it and a sweet video demonstrates the IoT concept of IoT enabled home.
CIEC16_PPT_Iot Based Smart Solar MonitoringSOHAM ADHYA
This document discusses using the Internet of Things (IoT) for remote monitoring and control of solar photovoltaic power plants. It describes the key components of solar PV plants, the goals of monitoring them, and parameters that can be tracked. These include voltages, currents, power output, radiation levels, and temperatures. The document proposes using sensors connected over IoT to monitor these factors, store the data in databases, and provide web-based access to the information. This would allow remote monitoring, maintenance scheduling, output analysis, and fault detection for solar farms.
This document discusses remote sensing and GIS applications for studying glaciers and snow cover. It describes different types of glaciers, snow cover, and cryosphere regions like the Arctic and Antarctica. MODIS instruments on Terra and Aqua satellites are used to map global snow cover monthly and observe changes in Arctic sea ice extent over time. GIS tools can integrate satellite imagery with digital elevation models to analyze glacier changes and snow melt runoff. Monitoring snow and glaciers is important for assessing climate change impacts and managing water resources in regions like the Himalayas.
Iirs Remote sensing application in Urban PlanningTushar Dholakia
Remote sensing using aerial and satellite imagery allows for collection of large amounts of spatial data quickly and repeatedly to support urban planning. This data can be analyzed using GIS to generate planning options and models, optimizing the planning process. Remote sensing provides data for tasks like land use mapping, monitoring urban growth, transportation analysis, and detecting slums. Different satellite missions support remote sensing at various spatial scales for applications including urban, infrastructure, disaster management, and rural development planning.
Agri-IoT: A Semantic Framework for Internet of Things-enabled Smart Farming A...Andreas Kamilaris
With the recent advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), it is now possible to process a large number of sensor data streams using different large-scale IoT platforms. These IoT frameworks are used to collect, process and analyse data streams in real-time and facilitate provision of smart solutions
designed to provide decision support. Existing IoT-based solutions are mainly domain-dependent, providing stream processing and analytics focusing on specific areas (smart cities, healthcare etc.). In the context of agri-food industry, a variety of external parameters belonging to different domains (e.g. weather conditions, regulations etc.) have a major influence over the food supply chain, while flexible and adaptive IoT frameworks, essential to truly realize the concept of smart farming, are currently inexistent. In this presentation, we propose Agri-IoT, a semantic framework for IoT-based smart farming applications, which supports reasoning over
various heterogeneous sensor data streams in real-time. Agri-
IoT can integrate multiple cross-domain data streams, providing
a complete semantic processing pipeline, offering a common
framework for smart farming applications. Agri-IoT supports
large-scale data analytics and event detection, ensuring seamless interoperability among sensors, services, processes, operations, farmers and other relevant actors, including online information sources and linked open datasets and streams available on the Web.
This document describes a proposed wireless AI-based industrial security robot project. The objectives are to build a wireless robot for industrial applications with live audio and video streaming to monitor areas that are difficult for people to access safely. The proposed system uses various sensors like fire, smoke, intruder, humidity and temperature sensors along with a wireless camera and Zigbee transmission to an ARM processor-controlled robot. If any abnormalities are detected, an alarm is sent to a remote PC and mobile phone via GSM. The robot is expected to move autonomously and avoid obstacles while transmitting real-time video and alerts. This intelligent robot could help improve safety and efficiency in hazardous industrial environments.
The document discusses various applications of radar technology across several fields. It describes how radar is used for military purposes like air defense systems and targeting weapons. It also outlines applications in remote sensing, air traffic control, law enforcement, aircraft and ship safety, space exploration, and more. Some specific examples mentioned include using ground penetrating radar to locate buried objects and map landfills, and impulse radar to search rubble for trapped people.
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This document discusses various topics related to soil health including soil pollution, soil quality monitoring, soil health cards, remote sensing, GIS, soil-based plant nutrient information systems, and quality of irrigation water. It provides details on soil survey, soil pollution sources and effects, and applications of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture, forestry, land use mapping, and urban planning. Key points covered are soil formation, classification, variability, monitoring soil quality, and controlling soil pollution through sustainable practices. Remote sensing techniques and their use in various fields like agriculture, natural resource management, and infrastructure development are also summarized.
Use of remote sensing for land cover monitoring servir science applicationsKabir Uddin
This document discusses land cover mapping using remote sensing. It provides background on land cover mapping and monitoring in the Himalayan region, where deforestation and forest degradation have been issues. Remote sensing using satellite imagery and tools like GIS allows accurate land cover mapping over large areas. The document discusses different remote sensing platforms and sensors, as well as image classification techniques including unsupervised, supervised and object-based classification. It provides examples of software used for object-based image analysis, and outlines the steps involved in land cover mapping projects using remote sensing.
XIIa - Sudan Soil Information System (SUSIS)Soils FAO-GSP
The document discusses developing a Soil Information System (SUSIS) for Sudan using Digital Soil Mapping techniques. It notes that Sudan has highly variable rainfall and drought is common. It lacks an integrated system to manage agricultural land and monitor soil status. SUSIS would provide soil data and maps to support food security, climate adaptation/mitigation, and land management. Developing SUSIS requires digitizing legacy soil data, building staff skills in information management, and mapping key soil properties on pilot areas. Challenges include developing standards, training soil scientists, and ensuring users accept new map and data formats.
This document summarizes a report on using GIS and remote sensing for natural resource mapping and management. It was prepared by Kamal Abdurahman for his supervisor at Koya University. The report describes using satellite imagery to map geology, vegetation, soils, and land use/land cover in a region of the Middle East. Imagery was analyzed using GIS software to extract spatial information on natural resources for sustainable management and decision making. Field verification involved collecting GPS points to validate mapped resources. Final maps of the study area's geology, soils, vegetation and land use were produced at a scale of 1:25,000.
Soil mapping , remote sensing and use of sensors in precision farmingDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
Soil mapping involves identifying different soil types, recording their properties and locations on maps. Soil maps show the spatial distribution of soils and are used for land evaluation, planning, and environmental protection. Digital soil mapping uses statistical, data mining and GIS tools to create more detailed and accurate soil maps. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation to image land, oceans, and the atmosphere from ground, air, or space. It provides data that can be used to identify crops, estimate yields, and monitor land and crop conditions. Precision farming uses remote sensing and GNSS data in geographical information systems to help make crop management decisions.
Land use planning refers to the process by which a society decides where different socioeconomic activities such as agriculture, residence, industry, and commerce should take place within its territory. Aerial photographs and remote sensing techniques are applied in land use planning for various purposes such as crop production forecasting, land cover and land degradation mapping, soil mapping, and precision farming.
Land use planning refers to the process by which a society decides where different socioeconomic activities such as agriculture, residence, industry, and commerce should take place within its territory. Aerial photographs and remote sensing techniques are applied in land use planning for various purposes such as crop production forecasting, land cover and land degradation mapping, soil mapping, flood mapping and monitoring, and precision farming.
Food production needs to double by 2050 without using more land, water or fertilizer. Improved soil fertility is key. Soil fertility maps are integral to land evaluation and planning. They are used in surveys, reports, assessments and more. Creating soil fertility maps involves soil sampling, analysis, and mapping using tools like GPS, remote sensing, photography, and GIS. Maps show soil indicators and help plan soil management. Kerala and other regions have soil testing labs and produce maps and soil health cards.
Remote sensing and GIS techniques allow large-scale analysis of changes in land use and monitoring of soil characteristics. Conventional soil sampling cannot provide the temporal and spatial data needed. Remote sensing provides continuous monitoring of soil moisture, roughness, texture, and temperature. GIS integrates spatial data and allows analysis of complex spatial problems in agriculture, including soil mapping and assessing land for suitable crop planting. The combined use of remote sensing and GIS allows management of problematic soils like salinity, erosion, and assessing drought and flood risks.
1. The document discusses the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in agricultural surveys. GIS combines location data with quantitative and qualitative information to visualize and analyze data through maps and charts.
2. GIS has proved beneficial for those in farming by analyzing and visualizing agricultural environments and workflows. From field work to data analysis in offices, GIS plays an increasing role in agriculture worldwide by helping farmers increase production and efficiency.
3. The document provides examples of how GIS can be used in agriculture, such as monitoring crop growth, soil analysis, irrigation planning, and more precise farming. GIS allows understanding relationships and patterns to help farmers make decisions about land and resource management.
Remote sensing can be used to study soils by analyzing parameters like surface color, temperature, moisture, vegetation indices, mineralogy, organic carbon, iron content, and salinity. High resolution DEM and imagery from sensors like LIDAR and SAR can be used to map landforms and classify soils. Traditional soil mapping is done at scales of 1:1 million to 1:50,000. Remote sensing allows soil mapping across large areas by analyzing the spectral response patterns influenced by soil properties.
Use of remote sensing techniques for nutrient studies in soil and plant _Knig...KnightNthebere
Remote Sensing Techniques used in nutrient studies in plant and soil . Prospects as far as space technology is concerned in agriculture. The usefulness of Hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing in agriculture sector. How can remote sensing protect the soil from degradation and increase food production with sustainable management practice of agricultural land?
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a study that evaluated soil quality impacts from a reservoir in Andhra Pradesh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Soil samples were collected from 24 locations near the Tandava Reservoir and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. Spatial distribution maps of soil quality parameters like bulk density, moisture content, organic matter, pH, EC, nutrients, and a Soil Quality Index (SQI) were generated in a GIS. The SQI analysis found that 41.65% of samples were of good quality, 24% were average, and 33.36% were poor. Soil quality was generally better upstream than downstream of the reservoir, and some parameters like organic matter and nutrients were within permissible limits across the
Remote sensing and GIS are two interrelated fields of geoinformatics that deal with the collection, analysis, and display of data about the earth's surface. Remote sensing is the science and technique of measuring and recording the properties of objects or phenomena without physical contact, using electromagnetic radiation (EMR) data from aircraft and satellites ¹. GIS is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing the spatial and statistical aspects of the data, using databases and visual representations ¹.
Remote sensing and GIS techniques can be used to monitor the
(1) Remote sensing and GIS applications in earth and
Application of Geo-informatics in Environmental ManagementMahaMadhu2
Geo-informatics is the science and the technology which develops and uses information science, infrastructure to address the problems of geography, geosciences and related branches of engineering. “The art, science or technology dealing with the acquisition, storage, processing, production, presentation & dissemination of geo-information“. Perhaps the most important concern for all of us today is protecting the environment we live and breathe in. Climate change issues are creating havoc with erratic weather patterns affecting everything from crop production to untimely melting of ice glaciers.
There is a lot to worry about and immediate action is definitely required. It’s not that the world has not geared up to take corrective actions, but we need to do more, and Geo-informatics can help us achieve that. Geo-informatics is a powerful platform which enables every sector to perform better and the environment is no exception! Coupled with a digital map, GIS allows a user to see locations, events, features, and environmental changes with unprecedented clarity, showing layer upon layer of information such as environmental trends, soil stability, pesticide use, migration corridors, hazardous waste generators, dust source points, lake remediation efforts, and at-risk water wells. Effective environmental practice considers the whole spectrum of the environment. ArcGIS® & other GIS technologies offers a wide variety of analytical tools to meet the needs of many people, helping them make better decisions about the environment. People in the environmental management community use GIS to organize existing information and communicate that information throughout their organizations. GIS can be used as a strategic tool to automate processes, transform environmental management operations by garnering new knowledge, and support decisions that make a profound difference on our environment.
The document discusses the application of geospatial technologies in agriculture. It provides examples of how remote sensing, GIS, and GPS technologies can be used to map soil variability, detect crop health issues, monitor pests and diseases, and enable precision farming. These tools provide spatial data and analysis that can improve decision making around irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management, and more. When integrated, geospatial technologies provide valuable information to farmers and agricultural managers.
Rajeshwari Urban Environment, RS and GISrajeshwariku
Remote sensing and GIS techniques are useful for managing urban environments. The document discusses how satellite imagery and GIS can be used to:
1) Analyze land use and land cover of Dehradun city using IKONOS satellite data and classify imagery into classes like built-up, vegetation, and open areas.
2) Map locations of urban infrastructure and facilities in Dehradun like schools, hospitals, and roads to understand their distribution and assess accessibility using network analysis.
3) Propose suitable sites for new hospitals and schools through multi-criteria analysis of population density, existing facilities, and road access.
The document discusses the concept and functioning of geographic information systems (GIS) and their applications in agriculture. Some key points:
1) GIS allows capturing, storing, manipulating and displaying spatially referenced data. It integrates various data types such as maps, satellite images, surveys etc.
2) In agriculture, GIS is used for applications like soil mapping, watershed management, crop production forecasting, locating suitable areas for crops/livestock, and monitoring droughts/floods.
3) Case studies showed how GIS helped with land capability classification, fuelwood/fodder resource planning, and locating water harvesting structures in a watershed management project in India.
4) Establ
Precision farming involves managing spatial and temporal variability across all aspects of agricultural production using technologies and principles. It distinguishes from traditional farming by customizing management for small field areas rather than treating the whole field uniformly. The key aspects are taking care of each plant throughout the crop cycle using information-based and technology-enabled decision making. Precision farming can increase profits and sustainability while improving product quality and conserving natural resources like water, soil and energy. It includes components like micro irrigation, fertigation, plastic mulching, integrated pest management and protected cultivation.
This document discusses soil fertility evaluation techniques. It begins by introducing the importance of adequate nutrient supply for crop productivity and discusses techniques to assess soil fertility including nutrient deficiency symptoms in plants, plant and soil analysis, and biological tests. It then covers specific techniques like plant tissue tests, the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS), and using a chlorophyll meter. The document concludes by discussing causes and control of soil pollution.
The expert committee report summarizes the process of revising the Vocational Higher Secondary Education (VHSE) curriculum in Kerala. A 10-member expert committee studied the outdated VHSE syllabus and proposed reforms. This included constituting academic teams to research best practices, collect stakeholder feedback, and prepare a revised curriculum focusing on emerging 21st century skills. The proposed curriculum structures 35 vocational courses under 8 streams into a modular format with increased emphasis on practical skills, multiskilling, entrepreneurship, and on-the-job training. The restructured VHSE aims to better align vocational education in Kerala with national standards and industry needs.
The document lists several agriculture skill areas including mushroom cultivation in bottles, vermicomposting in bottles, vegetable seedling production, a modular biogas unit, and orchid cultivation. It also provides contact information for "knnmagri@gmail.com" and a mobile number for questions about these agricultural skills.
The document outlines the curriculum, courses, modules, and employment opportunities for an agriculture vocational program. It describes 3 courses - Agriculture Crop Health Management, Agri-Business and Farm Services, and Agriculture Science and Processing Technology. Each course consists of 4 modules covering topics like agri-field techniques, crop production, integrated pest management, and post-harvest technology. Upon completing the program, students will be qualified for jobs in government and private sectors as agricultural officers, lab assistants, instructors, and field technicians or they can pursue self-employment in activities like nurseries, mushroom cultivation, and agro-processing.
This self-survey document provides a 14-item personal style rating scale for assessing one's suitability to become a mentor. The rating scale covers key mentor qualities like establishing trust, maintaining confidentiality, commitment to student development, helping students gain insights and set goals, listening skills, encouraging creativity, and understanding cultural factors. Respondents are asked to rate themselves from 1 to 4 on each of the 14 items to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in these important mentor characteristics and competencies.
The story of Mentor comes from Homer's Odyssey, where Odysseus entrusts the care of his household and son Telemachus to Mentor. After the Trojan War, Odysseus wanders for 10 years trying to return home. Telemachus grows up and searches for his father, accompanied by Athena disguised as Mentor. Father and son are reunited and defeat usurpers, establishing the origins of mentor meaning a trusted advisor, teacher, or wise person who invests in another's growth.
This self-survey document provides a 14-item personal style rating scale for assessing one's suitability to become a mentor. The rating scale addresses key mentor qualities like establishing trust, maintaining confidentiality, commitment to student development, helping students gain insights and set goals, listening skills, encouraging creativity, and understanding cultural factors. Respondents are asked to rate themselves from 1 to 4 on each item to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in these important mentor characteristics.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document discusses learning outcomes and their key features. Learning outcomes describe what a learner should know, understand, and be able to do as a result of learning. They are specific statements about the skills and knowledge students will demonstrate at the end of a course. Learning outcomes are assessable, not just goals, and are simply and clearly described with an emphasis on the learner and their abilities. The document also contrasts learning outcomes with learning objectives, which describe what content a teacher intends to cover rather than what students will achieve. It provides examples of learning objectives and outcomes and discusses different types of outcomes like conceptual, process, and skill outcomes.
The document outlines the key differences between the existing vocational curriculum developed in the 1980s and the restructured vocational curriculum. The restructured curriculum is learner-centered, activity-based, outcome-focused, and integrates learning and assessment. It defines job roles, focuses on multiple skills development, work-based pedagogy, and entrepreneurship. Evaluation is continuous and comprehensive. The number of courses was reduced from 42 to 35 and the curriculum updated to focus on emerging 21st century skills.
The document outlines the key differences between the existing vocational curriculum developed in the 1980s and the restructured vocational curriculum. The restructured curriculum is learner-centered, activity-based, outcome-focused, and integrates learning and assessment. It defines job roles, focuses on multiple skills development, work-based pedagogy, and entrepreneurship. Evaluation is continuous and comprehensive. The number of courses was reduced from 42 to 35 and the curriculum updated to focus on emerging 21st century skills.
Roses come in many varieties including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. Hybrid teas produce beautiful long-stemmed flowers in a wide range of colors. Floribundas bloom in large clusters and are used for bedding. Climbers have soft branches that spread and produce small flower clusters. Roses require well-drained soil, pruning, fertilization, and protection from pests like aphids and diseases like black spot. Flowers are harvested as buds to extend vase life or when partially open for loose flowers. With proper care, roses provide economic yields for several years.
This document discusses soil erosion and methods to control it. It defines soil erosion as the removal of soil particles from their original site by forces like water, wind, ice or human activity. The key agents and processes of soil erosion are described. The types of water and wind erosion are explained. The impacts of erosion like loss of fertile soil and pollution of water bodies are highlighted. Finally, the document discusses various biological, agronomic and mechanical methods to control soil erosion like contour farming, strip cropping, mulching, bunding, terracing etc.
Geographic information systems (GIS) are organized collections of computer hardware, software, and geographic data used to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display geographically referenced information. GIS provides spatial data depicted as points, lines, or polygons with attributes stored in tables, and can take data from various sources and integrate them into multiple layers for analysis. Common applications of GIS include agriculture, natural resource management, disaster management, and urban planning.
An introduction to the new generation pesticides 25 10-2013. newDilin Sathyanath
The document discusses new generation pesticides from various groups including organo chlorines, carbamates, organo phosphorus, and synthetic pyrethroids. It provides the brand names, active ingredients, dosages, and target pests for many new pesticides from groups like phenyl pyrazoles, phallic acid diamides, chloro nicotynyls, and insect growth regulators. New generation fungicides and their uses are also outlined. The document compares conventional and new generation pesticide options for pests like leaf minor and epilachna beetle.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
1. HEALTHY SOILS FOR A HEALTHY LIFE
Sudhis Kumar. K
Assistant Director –SS-NC
Department of Soil Survey & Soil Conservation
2.
3. Topics
• Soil pollution
• soil quality monitoring
• soil health card
• Remote sensing and GIS
• Soil Based Plant Nutrient Information System
• Quality of irrigation water
4. Soil
The unconsolidated mineral or organic
material on the immediate surface of
the Earth that serves as a natural
medium for the growth of plants.
8. Soil Survey
• Soil survey is the study and mapping of soils in
their natural environment
• It is the systematic examination, description,
classification and mapping of soils in an area
9. SOIL SURVEY
A soil survey describes the characteristics of the soils,
classifies them, plots the boundaries of the soils on an
appropriate base map, and makes predictions about the
behavior of soils.
Thus soil survey provide basic information on soils for
planning developmental programmes.
11. Field survey and mapping (Detailed soil survey)
Identification and location of survey area on soil and cadastral
maps,
Traverse the area and identify correctly the field plots
and subplots by starting from a known point present both on
map and field,
Selection and location of transects,
Study and classification of profiles,
Preparation of preliminary soil mapping legend,
13. Survey and mapping
Identification of soil series –have same differentiating characters and horizons
Identification of dominant phases for each series,
surface texture,
gravelly/stony/rocky,
slope,
depth,
erosion,
calcareousness,
salinity,
Surface crusting, etc.,
17. Soil, and pollution
POLLUTION-
An undesirable change in the physical chemical or biological
characteristics of air, water or soil.
SOIL POLLUTION-
The undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of soil, which are harmful for all living beings.
18. KINDS OF SOIL POLLUTION-
1) Agricultural pesticides
2) Disposal of solid wastes on land
3) Mining activities
4) Biological agents
5) Radioactive pollutants
6) Heavy metal pollutants
19. Agricultural practices-
The use of indiscriminate use of inorganic nutrients
for a long time gradually declines the soil fertility.
The intensive inappropriate tillage practices lowers
the capability of soil.
20. Disposal of solids wastes on land
The solid wastes are mostly generated from industrial,
domestic and urban and agricultural sources.
The solid wastes generated in indian cities mainly contains
sludge, glass materials, metallic cans, fibres, waste paper,
packing materials, leather.
21. Mining activities-
The top layer of soil is generally damaged or
destroyed during both shaft and strip mining
practices.
The uncontrolled mine fires may also destroy the
productivity of the areas near mines.
22. Biological agents-
The major sources of biological agents causing soil
pollution are human excreta, animal and bird excreta,
muncipal wastes, faulty sanitation.
The industrial parasites are among the most
threatening biological agents.
23. Radioactive pollutants-
Huge amounts of radio-active substances result
from nuclear device explosion, nuclear testing
laborateries, nuclear power plants and weapons.
All these are responsible for enhancing soil
pollution.
24. Heavy metal pollutants
• Heavy metals in soil are basically due to industrial discharges.
• Certain heavy metals eg. Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb are also
present in significant levels in sewage sludge and reach the soil
where they become part of life cycle and affects adversely.
27. Effects of soil pollution
1. Soil fertility is adversely affected if pesticide remain in
soil for longer period.
2. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticide chemicals does
not allow microbial flora and fauna in soil to flourish.
3. Excessive use of nitrogen and phosphatic fertilizer makes
the soil deficient in other micronutrients like Zn, Cu etc.
and causes nutrition imbalance.
4. Pesticides like DDT, dieldrin etc. are known to seep
gradually through soil into ground water and thus
contaminate public drinking water supplies.
28. 5. People in contact with pesticides are extremely prone
to get poisoned.
6. Some of the industrial wastes are extremely toxic for
organisms.
7. Solid urban wastes and industrial wastes produce foul
and offensive odour.
8. Heavy metals and other toxic substances can destroy
benefecial microorganisms of the soil.
9. Radioactive pollutants can cause a number of
undesirable disease of digestive system if they enter
our body through food chain.
29. Control of soil pollution-
1. Adoption of sustainable agriculture having organic
farming and use of biofertilizers, biointegrated pest
management and proper water management,
composting etc.
2. Adoption of suitable and proper industrial and
urban wastes management.
3. Adequate controlled use of heavy metal and toxic
substances.
4. Non-biodegradable wastes can be recycled and
used again
5. Biomedical wastes should be carefully disposed off
so that it does not create any health hazard.
40. • Remote Sensing:
– The art and science of obtaining information
about an object without physically contact
between the object and sensor
– The processes of collecting information about
Earth surfaces and phenomena using sensors
not in physical contact with the surfaces and
phenomena of interest.
– There is a medium of transmission involved i.e.
Earth’s Atmosphere.
Remote Sensing
41. Energy Source or Illumination (A)
Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
Interaction with the Target (C)
Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
Transmission, Reception, and
Processing (E)
Interpretation and Analysis (F)
Application (G)
Source: Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing Process Components
42. Types of REMOTE SENSING
Active Remote Sensing
Passive Remote Sensing
43.
44.
45.
46. • Agriculture
• Forestry
• Geology
• Hydrology
• Sea Ice
• Land Cover & Land Use
• Mapping
• Oceans & Coastal Monitoring
Area:
APPLICATION:
49. Agriculture
• Crop acreage estimation
• Crop modeling for yield &
production forecast / estimation
• Crop & Orchard monitoring
Scope
• Timely availability of crop
statistics for decision making &
planning
• Crop growth monitoring
• Soil status monitoring
• Regular reports regarding total
area under cultivation
Benefits
Banana Plantation – Muhammad Pur (Ghotki)
FFC Goth Macchi
Mar 05, 2006, RecoveryJan 12, 2006, DamageDec 16, 2005, Pre-Frost
50. Forestry
• Satellite image based forest
resource mapping and updation
• Forest change detection
• Forest resource inventory
• GIS database development
Scope
• Availability of baseline information
• Planning for aforestation strategies
• Futuristic resource planning
• Sustainability of environment
• Wild life conservation & development
for recreation purpose
Benefits Sarhad Reserve Forest (Ghotki)
Nausharo
Firoz
51. Landuse / Landcover Mapping
• Monitoring dynamic changes
• Urban/Rural infrastructure
• Waterlogging & salinity
Scope
• Assessment of spatial distribution of
land resources
• Infrastructure monitoring
• Availability of usable land
• Future planning for better land
management for socio-economic
development
Benefits
52. • Use of Remote Sensing and GIS technology in these areas of
sustainable agricultural management.
•
Cropping System Analysis
Cropping system map generated through integrated use of temporal digital satellite data and GIS
53. Urban & Regional Planning
• Mapping & updation of
city/town maps
• Urban sprawl monitoring
• Town planning
• Facility management
• GIS database development
Scope
• Better decision support, planning
& management
• Rapid information updation
• Infrastructure development
monitoring
• Spatial information analysis
Benefits
54. What is GIS?
• GIS = Geographic Information System
– Links databases and maps
– Manages information about places
– Helps answer questions such as:
• Where is it?
• What else is nearby?
• Where is the highest concentration of ‘X’?
• Where can I find things with characteristic ‘Y’?
• Where is the closest ‘Z’ to my location?
55. • Geographic Information System
• A GIS is a computer system capable of capturing,
storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically
referenced information; that is, data identified
according to location.
• Practitioners also define a GIS as including the
procedures, operating personnel, and spatial data that
go into the system.
What is a GIS?
56. • A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate,
information that is difficult to associate through any
other means.
• Thus, a GIS can use combinations of mapped
variables to build and analyze new variables.
• GIS is most useful when used to perform data
analysis
57. Why Does GIS Matter?
“Almost everything that happens, happens
somewhere. Knowing where something
happens is critically important.”
Longley et al. (2001, 6)
Because location is so important, it is an issue in
many of the problems
58. • the real world has a lot of spatial data
– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be effective
and efficiently carried out with a GIS
• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house
• the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area
• location of historical sites to visit
• the earth surface for purposes of army
• the earth surface is a limited resource
• rational decisions on space utilization
• fast and quality information in decision making
THE NEED FOR GIS
59. complexity of management
– due to the need to combine and process many
sets of data, in addition to judge as many as
possible, situation that might happen.
intense competition
– the need to use technology in making decisions
and strategy in the world of intense
competition.
... THE NEED FOR GIS
61. Basic functions of GIS
•Data Acquisition and prepossessing
•Database Management and Retrieval
•Spatial Measurement and Analysis
•Graphic output and Visualization
62. • Maximize the efficiency of planning and decision
making
• Provide efficient means for data distribution and
handling
• Elimination of redundant data base - minimize
duplication
• Capacity to integrate information from many sources
• Complex analysis/query involving geographical
referenced data to generate
GIS OBJECTIVES
63. Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard
format.
Revision and updating are easier.
Geospatial data and information are easier to search,
analysis and represent.
More value added product.
Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.
Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient.
Time and money are saved.
Better decision can be made.
64. Facilities Management:
Locating underground pipes & cables, planning facility
maintenance, telecommunication network services
Environmental and Natural Resources Management:
Environmental impact analysis, disaster management and
mitigation
Street Network:
Locating houses and streets, car navigation, transportation planning
Planning and Engineering:
Urban planning, regional planning, development of public facilities
Land Information:
Taxation, zoning of land use, land acquisition
Area:
GIS Application:
65. Courses conducted at the
Directorate of Soil Survey and Soil Conservation
• Basics of Remote sensing and GIS & Global Navigation System
• Applications of RS & GIS for Natural Resources
• Applications of Microwave Remote Sensing for Natural Resource
Management
• Contact Number 0471 2339800
67. Water Uses
Use Typical quality parameters
Public Water Supply Turbidity, TDS, inorganic and
organic compounds, microbes
Water contact recreation Turbidity, bacteria, toxic
compounds
Fish propagation and wildlife DO, chlorinated organic
compounds
Industrial water supply Suspended and dissolved
constituents
Agricultural water supply Sodium, TDS
Shellfish harvesting DO, bacteria
68. Basic Water Quality Parameters
• pH
• Specific conductance (EC)
• Salinity
• Total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Turbidity
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Temperature
69. pH
• Measures hydrogen ion
concentration
• Negative log of hydrogen ion
concentration
• Ranges from 0 to 14 std. units
• pH
– 7 neutral
– 0 - 7 acidic
– 7 - 14 alkaline
Thanks to Phil Brown
70. Solubility of Specific Ions
Based on Water pH
Toxic metals less available in water at pH 6 to 8.
71. Conductivity
• Measures electric
conductivity (EC) of water
• Higher value means water
is a better electrical
conductor
• Increases when more salt
(e.g., sodium chloride) is
dissolved in water
• Indirect measure of salinity
• Units are μmhos/cm at 25o
C or μsiemens/cm
Thanks to Phil Brown
72. Salinity
• Classification of Ground Water
• Composition Based on Total Dissolved
Solids Content
Salts in Sea Water
Type of Water Dissolved salt content (mg/l)
Fresh water < 1,000 mg/l
Brackish water 1,000 - 3,000 mg/l
Moderatly saline
water
3,000 - 10,000 mg/l
Highly saline water 10,000 - 35,000 mg/l
Sea water > 35,000 mg/l
73. Salinity and irrigation
• Low salinity water
– used for most crops
• Medium salinity water
– used with moderate amount of leaching (potatoes,
corn, wheat, oats, and alfalfa)
• High salinity water
– Cannot be used on soils having restricted drainage.
• Very high salinity water
– Can be used only on certain crops only if special
practices are followed
74. Designated-Best-Use Class of water Criteria
Drinking Water Source without
conventional treatment but after
disinfection
A
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less
Outdoor bathing (Organised) B
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH
between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less
Drinking water source after
conventional treatment and disinfection C
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less
pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries D
pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled
Waste disposal E
pH betwwn 6.0 to 8.5
Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250
Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26
Boron Max. 2mg/l
Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria
Standards fixed by Central Pollution Control Board