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Into to Charles Darwin and natural selection
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Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group that can interbreed and defines speciation as the origin of new species. It describes two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which occurs when a population is separated geographically, and sympatric speciation which occurs without barriers. Sympatric speciation can happen through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out one of the speciation types.
Evolution of complex traits
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved to take on new roles.
Brain notes projects
The document describes the main structures and regions of the brain. It states that the cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum's surface is wrinkled with gyri and sulci. It then lists the four main lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal - and their functions. The limbic lobe which controls involuntary behavior is also mentioned. The cerebellum at the back controls balance and coordination. The diencephalon and brain stem located under the cerebrum are involved in unconscious behaviors.
Vision projects
The document describes the main structures of the eye. It lists the cornea, iris, retina, lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber, rods, and cones as key parts. It notes that the cornea lets light in, the iris controls the pupil size, the retina contains photoreceptors, and the lens focuses light onto the retina. It also explains that rods support peripheral and night vision while cones allow for color vision.
Notes genetic drift
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
Diversity of life
The document describes the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea are single-celled and prokaryotic. Bacteria are also single-celled and prokaryotic, and can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic. Eukarya have complex cells with nuclei and organelles, and can be single-celled or multicellular, including animals, plants, fungi and protists. It includes a diagram of the tree of life showing the relationships between these domains and kingdoms. Students will research and present on specific types of protists.
Dichotomous keys
Dichotomous keys are tools used to identify unknown items. They work by presenting two choices at each step, narrowing down the options until the item is identified. An example key is provided that uses three steps to distinguish between a ladybug, grasshopper, dragonfly, and housefly based on characteristics like wing coverage and wing position. The document concludes by constructing a sample key to identify strawberries, apples, oranges, and bananas based on color and shape traits.
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Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group that can interbreed and defines speciation as the origin of new species. It describes two main types of speciation: allopatric speciation which occurs when a population is separated geographically, and sympatric speciation which occurs without barriers. Sympatric speciation can happen through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out one of the speciation types.
Evolution of complex traits
The document discusses complex traits that have multiple interacting parts, such as eyes and blood clotting. It notes that opponents argue some traits are too complex to have evolved through small changes, but biologists have shown this is not true. Complex traits can evolve through natural selection accumulating small beneficial changes over time, and traits may have had different functions in the past and evolved to take on new roles.
Brain notes projects
The document describes the main structures and regions of the brain. It states that the cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain and consists of two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum's surface is wrinkled with gyri and sulci. It then lists the four main lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal - and their functions. The limbic lobe which controls involuntary behavior is also mentioned. The cerebellum at the back controls balance and coordination. The diencephalon and brain stem located under the cerebrum are involved in unconscious behaviors.
Vision projects
The document describes the main structures of the eye. It lists the cornea, iris, retina, lens, anterior cavity, vitreous chamber, rods, and cones as key parts. It notes that the cornea lets light in, the iris controls the pupil size, the retina contains photoreceptors, and the lens focuses light onto the retina. It also explains that rods support peripheral and night vision while cones allow for color vision.
Notes genetic drift
This document discusses genetic drift, which is changes in allele frequencies in a population due to chance events rather than natural selection. Genetic drift is more likely to have large effects in small populations and can cause increases in neutral, beneficial, or detrimental traits randomly. Two types of genetic drift are founder effects, which occur when a new population is founded by a small number of colonists, and population bottlenecks, when a population is drastically reduced in size, such as by a natural disaster. Examples are provided of each type.
Diversity of life
The document describes the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea are single-celled and prokaryotic. Bacteria are also single-celled and prokaryotic, and can be photosynthetic or heterotrophic. Eukarya have complex cells with nuclei and organelles, and can be single-celled or multicellular, including animals, plants, fungi and protists. It includes a diagram of the tree of life showing the relationships between these domains and kingdoms. Students will research and present on specific types of protists.
Dichotomous keys
Dichotomous keys are tools used to identify unknown items. They work by presenting two choices at each step, narrowing down the options until the item is identified. An example key is provided that uses three steps to distinguish between a ladybug, grasshopper, dragonfly, and housefly based on characteristics like wing coverage and wing position. The document concludes by constructing a sample key to identify strawberries, apples, oranges, and bananas based on color and shape traits.
Science overview
Science is a method of understanding the natural world through making observations and developing testable explanations known as hypotheses. Scientists form hypotheses and models to make predictions that can be observed, and theories are explanations that have been well tested to unify broad observations. The scientific process involves observations, developing hypotheses and models, making predictions, and building theories through testing to best explain natural phenomena.
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Pcr
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Experimental design
Scientists design controlled experiments to test hypotheses and answer testable questions about the natural world. They identify an independent variable to manipulate and keep all other variables constant. For example, an experiment could test if fertilizer increases plant growth by applying fertilizer to half the plots and controlling variables like soil type, water, and sunlight. Good experiments are replicated multiple times to improve reliability. Observations can be quantitative by including numbers or qualitative with descriptions. The results are analyzed to determine if the independent variable affected the outcome.
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Thyroid
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Pituitary gland
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Kidney physiology
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Bones of the skull
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Experimental design
Scientists design controlled experiments to test hypotheses and answer testable questions about the natural world. They identify an independent variable to manipulate and keep all other variables constant. For example, an experiment could test if fertilizer increases plant growth by applying fertilizer to half the plots and controlling variables like soil type, water, and sunlight. Good experiments are replicated multiple times to improve reliability. Observations can be quantitative by including numbers or qualitative with descriptions. The results are analyzed to determine if the independent variable affected the outcome.
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Adrenal, pancreas, pineal, etc
The document describes several endocrine glands and their functions: the adrenal glands produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids; the pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar; the pineal gland produces melatonin to induce sleep; the thymus produces thymosin which aids immune system development; and the placenta exchanges materials between mother and baby and produces hormones to maintain pregnancy.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the throat and produces two hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin. Thyroid hormone regulates the rate at which cells convert glucose to energy, while calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bones. The parathyroid glands are four small masses located on the back of the thyroid that produce parathyroid hormone to raise blood calcium levels by stimulating bone cells to release calcium. Disorders of the thyroid can include goiters caused by iodine deficiency, cretinism in newborns from low thyroid hormones, and hyperthyroidism where too much hormone is produced.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is about the size of a pea and is located below the hypothalamus. It consists of an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe produces hormones that control other endocrine glands, earning it the name the "master gland." These hormones include growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins. The posterior lobe stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus, including oxytocin and ADH, and releases them when signaled by the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland regulates many bodily processes through these hormones.
Endocrine system overview
The document provides an overview of the endocrine system and hormones. It discusses how the endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones which regulate bodily processes. The hormones travel via the bloodstream and each only impacts target cells that have receptors for that specific hormone. The document also reviews the different types of hormones and how hormone release is controlled, either by other hormones, changing blood levels, or neural stimulation.
Kidney physiology
The kidney is composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla, and contains over 1 million functional filtration units called nephrons. Each nephron contains a renal corpuscle for blood filtration and a renal tubule for reabsorption and secretion. Urine is formed in 3 steps - filtration of blood into nephron filtrate, reabsorption of useful substances back into blood, and secretion of waste products into filtrate. Hormones like antidiuretic hormone regulate water and electrolyte balance by controlling reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
Joints and fractures
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The skull contains 22 bones that are divided into 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones form the cranial cavity that surrounds and protects the brain, while the facial bones form the framework of the face and provide attachment points for facial muscles. Specific cranial bones include the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones include the maxillae, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, vomer, and mandible. Additionally, the skull contains small auditory ossicles in the middle ear and sinuses located in cranial bones that help reduce the weight of the skull.
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represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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