The document discusses various topics related to social issues including substance abuse, crime, poverty, and unemployment. It defines key concepts such as addiction, tolerance, and different categories of drugs. It examines causes of issues like drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, and poverty. It also explores the effects and consequences of these issues on individuals and society. Preventative measures to reduce problems are proposed.

1. Study Units 12.9-12.13
By C Settley

2.  Explain the concepts addiction and tolerance
 Name the categories of drugs with some
examples
 Discuss the causes of drug abuse and
addiction
 Discuss the causes of alcohol abuse and
addiction
 Explain what is meant by alcoholism
 Discuss the effects and consequences of
substance abuse and addiction

3. ADDICTION TOLERANCE
 is a state that is characterized
by either compulsive drug or
substance use or compulsive
engagement in rewarding
behavior, despite adverse
consequences.
 Addiction can also be defined
as a chronic brain disease or a
terminal illness
 the capacity to endure
continued subjection to
something such as a drug or
environmental conditions
without adverse reaction

4. Stimulants
Ecstasy, Speed,Base, Crystal
Meth,Cocaine, Crack Cocaine
Depressants
Cannabis, Inhalants, Heroin, Morphine,
Codeine, Pethidine
Hallucinogens
Ketamine

5. Unstable home environment
A poor relationship with parents
Use of drugs by friends / peers

6. Behavioral problems combined with poor
parenting
Poor achievement in school
Approval of drug use in the school, peer
group or community
Availability of drugs from friends

7. An addiction to the consumption of an
alcoholic drink
Alcohol dependency

9.  Criminal record
 Career and employment
 Licenses
 Travel
 Social status
 Physical health
 Mental health
 Addiction
 Relationships
 Families
 Peers
 School

10. Juvenile delinquency, also known as
"juvenile offending," is participation in
illegal behavior by minors (juveniles)
(individuals younger than the statutory age
of majority).

11.  Explain the concept of juvenile delinquency
 Examine the factors that contribute to juvenile
delinquency
 Discuss delinquency and related issues such as:
 - Family experience
 - Social environmental influences
 - Education
 - Peer interaction
 - Gangs
 - Substance abuse
 - Mass media
 - HIV/AIDS
 Discuss the consequences of delinquency

12. Economic problems
Psychological problems
Social problems
Moral problems
Parenting styles

13.  - Family experience
 - Social environmental influences
 - Education
 - Peer interaction
 - Gangs
 - Substance abuse
 - Mass media
 - HIV/AIDS

14. The victims
The juvenile
The family
The community
The society

15.  Differentiate between the three categories of
sexual deviation
 - Prostitution
 - Promiscuity
 - Homosexuality
 Explain what is meant by homosexuality
 Identify and describe the different categories of
homosexuality
 Discuss homosexuality under the following
headings
 - Causes
 - Consequences
 Explain the phenomenon prostitution
 Discuss the reasons for prostitution
 Discuss the consequences of prostitution

16. Explain the following unnatural sexual
behaviours:
- Transsexualism
- Exhibitionism
- Fetishism
- Frotteurism
- Pedophilia
- Sexual masochism
- Sexual sadism
- Voyeurism

17.  PROSTITUTION
 - The practice or occupation of engaging in sexual
activity with someone for payment
 PROMISCIOUS
 - the fact or state of being promiscuous; immorality.
 - some fear this will lead to greater sexual
promiscuity amongst teens
 HOMOSEXUALITY
 - sexually attracted to people of the same sex

18.  1) The “secret homosexual” prefers to keep
gay status hidden from family, friends, and
employers.
 2) The “blatant homosexual” is the “most
visible of all homosexuals” because they
make their homosexuality public knowledge,
whether through dress, speech or
mannerisms. Holmes & Holmes hypothesize
that drag queens are usually part of this
group.

19. 
3) The “adjusted homosexual” is quite content to
be gay. The adjusted gay admits to being gay, but
doesn’t flaunt his homosexuality in the same
fashion as blatant homosexuals.
 4) The “institutional homosexual” does not have a
gay self-image. He’s involved in gay sex because
he’s in prison, the military, or lives in a seminary —
places where he does not have access to the other
sex.

20. 
5) The “homosexual prostitute” is between
15 and 17 and has turned to prostitution
for economic reasons. (And he has no
interest in gay sex other than money, but,
then, how does he perform sexually?)

6) The “homosexual pedophile” is attracted
to children.

21. Father-son relationships
Conflict with male peers
Mother-son relationships
Sexual abuse
Sexual experiences
Personality traits
Consequences: might be complexed and
hurtful

22. Molestation
Sexual abuse
Emotional pain
Finances/poverty
Feelings of
acceptance
Lack of education

23. Fines
Jail time
Conviction of criminal record
Mug shot made public and posted on area
billboards
Injury to family relationships and career

24.  - Transsexualism
 When an individual identifies with a gender
inconsistent or not culturally associated with
their assigned sex, i.e. in which a person's
assigned sex at birth conflicts with their
psychological gender
 - Exhibitionism
 The act of exposing in a public or semi-public
context those parts of one's body that are not
normally exposed – for example, the breasts,
genital

25.  - Fetishism
 Sexual fetishism or erotic fetishism is the
sexual arousal a person receives from a
physical object, or from a specific situation.
 - Frotteurism
 A paraphilic interest in rubbing, usually one's
pelvis or erect penis, against a non-
consenting person for sexual gratification

26.  - Pedophilia
 A psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older
adolescent experiences a primary or exclusive
sexual attraction to prepubescent
 - Sexual masochism
 masochism falls under the psychiatric sexual
disorders category of paraphilias, meaning
"abnormal or unnatural attraction."
 Sexual masochism refers to engaging in or
frequently fantasizing about being beaten, bound,
or otherwise made to suffer, resulting in sexual
satisfaction.

27.  - Sexual sadism
 The essential feature of sexual sadism is a feeling of
sexual excitement resulting from administering pain,
suffering, or humiliation to another person. The pain,
suffering, or humiliation inflicted on the other is real; it
is not imagined and may be either physical or
psychological in nature
 - Voyeurism
 the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people
engaged in intimate behaviors, such as undressing,
sexual activity

28. Define crime
Explain the various types of crime as
classified in South Africa
Discuss the causes of crime
Discuss the consequences of crime
Discuss the preventative measures that
could be put in place to reduce the crime
rate of South Africa

29. In ordinary language, the
term crime denotes an unlawful act
punishable by a state.
The term crime does not, in modern
criminal law, have any simple and
universally accepted definition, though
statutory definitions have been provided
for certain purposes

30. TYPES EFFECTS/CONSEQUENCES
 Violent crime
 Murder
 Rape
 Car hi- jacking's
 Murders on farmers
 Financial crimes
 Advanced fee fraud
 Gated Communities
 Private security companies
 Effects on victims
 Effects on perpetrators
 Economic standards

31.  Create, implement and monitor a
national action plan for violence prevention.
 Enhance capacity for collecting data on
violence.
 Define priorities for, and support research on,
the causes, consequences, costs and
prevention of violence.
 Promote primary prevention responses.
 Strengthen responses for victims of violence.

32.  Integrate violence prevention into social and
educational policies, and thereby
promote gender and social equality.
 Increase collaboration and exchange of
information on violence prevention.
 Promote and monitor adherence
to international treaties, laws and other
mechanisms to protect human rights.
 Seek practical, internationally agreed
responses to the global drugs and
global arms trade.

33. Differentiate between absolute and relative
poverty
Explore factors leading to poverty
Discuss the consequences of poverty
Describe the types of unemployment
Discuss the causes of unemployment:
Personal causes
Social causes
Discuss the consequences of
unemployment

34. ABSOLUTE POVERTY RELATIVE POVERTY
 Absolute poverty refers to
a condition where a person
does not have the minimum
amount of income needed to
meet the minimum
requirements for one or
more basic living needs over
an extended period of time
 Relative poverty is the condition in
which people lack the minimum
amount of income needed in order to
maintain the average standard of
living in the society in which they
live.
 Relative poverty is considered the
easiest way to measure the level of
poverty in a individual country.
 Relative poverty is defined relative to
the members of a society and
therefore differs across countries.
 People are said to be impoverished if
they cannot keep up with standard of
living as determined by society.

35.  Social
- High Infant Mortaliy and
Annual Death Rate.
- Increase in hygiene and diet related diseases
, for example cholera, dysentery, tuberculosis
etc.
- Increased Crime Rate, since people turn
desperate to survive in the face of poverty.
- Increased rate of homeless people

36.  Political
- increased risk of war.
Nations that are unable to keep up with world
economy, lack raw materials and markets to do so may
turn to war in a bid to obtain new markets for its goods,
and simultaneously acquire raw materials from the
state as well. This, however, is not a viable option -
often this will lead to international condemnation,
resulting in trade embargos from various countries, or
even conflict between peacekeeping forces (i.e. the
UN) and the nation itself. Therefore, it can be said that
such a move isn't ideal - the negative aspects
overshadow the positive ones.

37.  Mass emigration of population.
In the face of a nation's poor economy and
weak rule of the government, the population
may seek to migrate to areas with a better-
faring economy, where the trade is more
profitable, where there is low cost for all.
Since the people of such poverty-stricken
nations choose to migrate in search of better
living/job/social conditions, it may undermine
the nation's ability to recuperate from the far-
reaching effects of poverty.

38.  Genocide
This is a most extreme case of poverty, where
there has only been one example in history -
Uganda under the regime of the totalitarian and
brutalistic Idi Amin , army colonel turned leader. In
this case, Idi Amin spending spree quickly landed
the beleaguered nation to total economic collapse.
It is known that he systematically organized a
mass killing pogrom of his fellow countrymen.
Relatives of the victims were to pay an exorbitant
sum to "recover" the bodies, and this was how he
kept Uganda's battered economy afloat.

39.  Terrorism
Through recent years, analysts have been able to
point out that politically and economically weak nations
often fall prey to terrorism. i.e. Afghanistan, Iraq,
Yemen . Poverty too is a major factor in explaining the
spike in terrorism in recent years. Between the years of
1933 to 1973 were times when Afghanistan
experienced political and economic stability. By the
end of the Soviet-Afghan War , the country had been
ravaged by infighting and devestation caused by the
Soviets. Only then did terrorism flourish.

40. Frictional Unemployment
Cyclical Unemployment
Structural Unemployment

41.  Rapid changes in technology
 Recessions
 Inflation
 Disability
 Undulating business cycles
 Changes in tastes as well as alterations in the
climatic conditions. This may in turn lead to
decline in demand for certain services as well
as products.
 Attitude towards employers

42. Willingness to work
Perception of employees
Employee values
Discriminating factors in the place of work
(may include discrimination on the basis of
age, class, ethnicity, color and race).
Ability to look for employment

43.  High and persistent unemployment, in
which economic inequality increases, has a
negative effect on subsequent long-run economic
growth.
 Unemployment can harm growth not only because
it is a waste of resources, but also because it
generates redistributive pressures and subsequent
distortions, drives people to poverty, constrains
liquidity limiting labor mobility, and erodes self-
esteem promoting social dislocation, unrest and
conflict