GENDER DISCRIMINATION.ppt

GENDER STUDIES
Dr.M.Mathivanan,
Associate Professor of Commerce

Meaning:
Within sociology, ‘Discrimination' is the
prejudicial treatment of an individual
based solely on their membership in a
certain group or category.
 Discrimination is the actual behavior members
of another group.
 It involves excluding or restricting members of
one group from opportunities that are available
to other groups

Areas of Discrimination
 Family
 Sex ratio
 Literacy
 Sex, Gender and Gender Identity discrimination
 Literacy
 Health
 Governance
 Religious discrimination
 Employment discrimination
 Market
 Media
 Politics
 Law

Domestic violence
 Domestic abuse, spousal abuse or intimate
partner violence (IPV) Such as marriage,
dating, family, friends or cohabitation.
 Many forms including physical aggression often
used synonymously violence relating hitting,
kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping,
throwing objects thereof;

Domestic violence
Sexual abuse; emotional abuse;
controlling or domineering; intimidation;
stalking;
Passive/covert abuse (e.g., neglect); and economic
deprivation
Family violence; child abuse, elder abuse
Other violent acts between family members wife
abuse and beating.
Due to DV, between 60 million to 107 million
women are missing worldwide -Amartya Sen

Classification of DV
 Common CoupleViolence
 IntimateTerrorism (IT)
 Violent Resistance (VR)
 Mutual violent control (MVC)
 Situational CoupleViolence

Physical Abuse
Physical abuse: Abuse involving contact
intended to cause feelings: intimidation, pain, injury,
or other physical suffering or bodily harm.
Physical Abuse includes hitting, slapping, punching,
choking, pushing, and other types of contact that result in
physical injury to the victim.

Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse is any situation in which
force is used to obtain participation in
unwanted sexual activity.
Forced sex, even by a spouse or
intimate partner withwhom consensual
sex has occurred, is an act of aggression
and violence.

Emotional Abuse
Emotional abuse (also called
psychological abuse or mental abuse)
Include humiliating the victim privately or
publicly, controlling what the victim can
and cannot do
Withholding information from the victim,
deliberately doing something to make the
victim feel diminished

Verbal Abuse
 A form of abusive behavior involving the use of
language. It is a form of profanity that can occur
with or without the use of expletives.
 Abusers may ignore, ridicule, disrespect, and
criticize others consistently; manipulate words;
 Purposefully humiliate; falsely accuse;
manipulate people to submit to undesirable
behavior

Economic Abuse
 when the abuser has control over the
victim's money and other economic
resources.
 In its extreme (and usual) form, this
involves putting the victim on a strict
"allowance", withholding money at will
and forcing the victim
 Beg for the money until the abuser gives
them some money

Effects of Abuse
Physical- Bruise, Broken bone, head
insuries,Lacerations and internal bleeding. ,chronic pain,
pelvic pain etc.,
Psychological- Stress, fear, anxiety and depression
Financiall- Lack of specilised shills, training and
training
Long-term- Domestic violence victimization include
psychological/mental health issue

Harassment in Situations
 Its occur variety of circumstances. Often
but not always,
 Harasser is in a position of power or
authority over the victim
 Due to differences in age, or social,
political, educational or employment
relationships

Sexual Harassment
 Form of illegal employment discrimination in
many countries
 Form of abuse (sexual and psychological) and
bullying.
 Many Businesses, preventing sexual harassment
and defending employees from sexual
harassment charges have become key goals of
legal decision making.

Types of harassment
Power player: These harassers insist on sexual favours in
exchange
Mother /father figure: Create mentor like relationships
with their targets,
One-of-the-gang: Groups of men or women embarrass others
Serial harasser: Plan their approaches carefully, and strike in
private so that it is their world against that of their victims.
Groper : Whenever the opportunity presents harassers’
eyes and hands begin to wander, engaging in unwanted
physical contact

Forms of harassment relationships
 A client, a co-worker, a teacher or professor, a
student, a friend, or a stranger.
 Adverse effects on the victim are common
 The victim can be any gender.
 The harasser does not have to be of the opposite
sex.
 Victim does not have to be the person directly but
can be any one who finds the behavior offensive
and is affected by it.

State policies and planning
 All Central and State Ministries will draw up time
bound Action Plans
 The action plans for translating the Policy into a
set of concrete actions
 Participatory process of consultation with
Centre/State Departments ofWomen
 Child Development and National /State
Commissions forWomen

Action Plan including the following
Measurable goals to be achieved by 2010.
Identification and commitment of resources.
Responsibilities for implementation of action
points.
Structures and mechanisms to ensure efficient
monitoring, review and gender impact
assessment of action points and policies.
Introduction of a gender perspective in the
budgeting process.

Unit – 5 Women and Gender Development
International Day for rural women, the African Union
(AU)
Officially launched the African women’s Decade (AWD)
(2010-2020)
Aim to advance Gender equality
Through acceleration of the implementation of
global and regional decisions and commitments
To attain Gender Equality And Women’s
Empowerment.

Focus 10 Thematic Areas
Fighting poverty and promoting economic empowerment
Agriculture and Food Security
Health ,Maternal Mortality and HIV
Education, science and Technology
Environment and Climate Change
Peace and Security andViolence Against Women
Governance and Legal Protection
Finance and Gender Budgets
Women in Decision Making Position
YoungWomen Movements

Economic empowerment of women
Poverty Eradication
Micro Credit
Women and Economy
Globalization
Women and Agriculture
Women and Industry

Social Empowerment of Women
Education
Health
Nutrition
Drinking Water and Sanitation
Housing and Shelter
Environment
Science andTechnology

International Women’s Year
International Women'sYear (IWY) is 1975
by the United Nations.
March 8 celebrated as International
Women's Day
March 8 International WorkingWomen’s
Day,
United Nations Decade for Women, from
1976–1985.
Appreciation and love towards women for
women's economic, political and social
achievements.

National Policy-Empowerment of Women
 Goals &Objectives NPEW
Creating an environment positive economic social policies
Participation and decision making
Enjoyment of all human rights
Strengthening legal systems
Elimination of discrimination
Equal access to women to healthcare,
Quality education at all levels,
Career and vocational guidance,
Employment, social security and public office etc.,
Changing societal attitudes and community practices
Elimination of discrimination and all forms of violence
against women and girl child.

Women in Difficult Circumstances
•Violence against women
•Rights of the Girl Child
•Mass Media
•Institutional Mechanisms
•Resource Management
•Legislation
•Gender Sensitization
•Panchayat Raj Institutions
•Partnership with the voluntary sector organizations
•International Cooperation

Policy Prescriptions
Judicial legal systems
Decision making- women’s equality in power
sharing and active participation in decision making
in political process at all levels
Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the
developmental process

Additional Resources on environmental
mainstreaming
• Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Production
Landscapes
(October 2005)
• Environmental Mainstreaming: A User Guide
toTools andTactics (under development)
• Poverty Environment Initiative
• Poverty Environment Partnership
• OECD DAC Guidelines on “Integrating the Rio
Conventions into Development Co-operation

Unit – V Women’s Movements and
Safeguarding Mechanism
 In India National/State Commission
For Women (NCW)
 Activities
 Positions
 Pub Attack Controversy
 All Women’s Police Station
 Family Court

Domestic Violence Act
Effect of the act on society: The patriarchal
system continues to assign women to a
lower position in the family, society, and
before law. The law does not perceive of
women as autonomous individuals
capable of making decisions appropriate
to their own lives. Rather, women
continue to be recognized only in terms
of their relationships with others, as
mothers, or wives.

Prevention of Sexual Harassment At
Work Place
All the soldiers and civilians have the responsibility
to help resolve acts of sexual harassment.
1. Direct Approach
2. Indirect Approach
3. Third Party
4. Chain of Command
5. File a Formal Complaint
6. Training

Supreme Court Guidelines MB Act, 1961
I. Object, ii, Applicability
iii. Prohibited period of employment or work
iv. Payment of maternity benefit
V. Eligibility for maternity benefit
VI Maximum period of maternity benefit
VII Other benefits
VIII Dismissal, deduction wages, etc
IX To whom claim can be preferred
X Appellate authority
XI Registers , XII Annual return
XIV Who can file prosecution

Who can File Prosecution
1. Any aggrieved women.
2.An office bears of a trade union registered
under the Trade unions Act.1926.177
3. A voluntary organization registered under
the Societies Act.
4. An inspector
No court inferior to that of a Metropolitan
Magistrate or a Magistrate of the First Class
shall try any offences under this Act,
(section-23)

Authorities appointed under the Act
1. Inspectors (under Section-14)
a. Labour commissioner .
b. Additional Labour commissioner, (IR and E).
c. Additional Labour commissioner, Kozhikode
d. Joint Labour Commissioner (P)
e. Deputy Labour Commissioner (HQ)
f. Regional Joint Labour Commissioners.
g. Chief Inspector of Plantations
h. Inspector of Plantations
i. District Labour Officers (E)
j. Asst. Labour officers – Grader II
2. Appellate Authority under Section-17(3)
Deputy Labour Commissioners.

XVI. Annual Returns
• (1)The employer of 1[every mine or circus] shall on or
before the 21st day of January ineach year submit to
the competent authority return in each of the Forms
“L”, “M”, “N” and “O” giving information’s as other
particulars specified in respect of the preceding year.
• (2) If the employer of 1[a mine or circus] to which the
Act applies, sells, abandons or discontinues the
working of 1[the mine or circus] he shall, within one
month of the date of sale or abandonment or four
months of the date of discontinuance, as the case may
be, Submit to the competent authority a further return
in each of the said forms in respect of the period
between the end of the preceding year and the date of
sale, abandonment or

PNDT Act
• The Pre-natal DiagnosticTechniques (regulation and
prevention of misuse) Act 1994, was enacted and
brought into operation from 1st January, 1996, in
order to check female foeticide. Rules have also
been framed under the act.
• Recently, PNDT Act and rules have been amended
keeping in view the emerging technologies for
selection of sex before and after conception and
problems faced in the working implementation of
the act and certain directions of the Hon’ble
Supreme Court after a PIL was filed in May, 2000 by
CEHAT and Ors, an NGO on slow implementation of
the Act. These amendments have come into
operation with affect from 14th February, 2003.

Hindu Succession Act 2005
(i) On and for the commencement of the Hindu
Succession (Amendment) Act 2005, in a Joint
Hindu family governed by the Mitakshara
law, the daughter of a coparcener shall (a).
By birth became coparcener in her own right
in the same manner as the son; (b). Have the
same rights in the coparcenary's property as
she would have had if she had been a son;
(c). Be subject to the same liabilities in
respect of the said coparcenary's property as
that of a son, and any reference to a Hindu
coparcener shall deemed to include a
reference to daughter of coparcener.

(ii) Any party to which a female Hindu
becomes entitled by virtue of sub
section (1) shall be held by her with
the incidents of coparcenary's
ownership and shall be regarded,
not withstanding anything
contained in this Act, or any other
law for the time being in force, as
property capable of being disposed
of by her by testamentary
deposition.

(iii) Where a Hindu dies after the commencement of
the Hindu Succession Act 2005 , his interest in the
property of a Joint Hindu family governed by the
Mitakshara law, shall devolve by testamentary or
intestate succession as the case may be, under this
act and not by survivorship, and the coparcenaries
property shall be deemed to have been divided as if
a partition had taken place and i. The daughter is
allotted the same share as is allotted to a son; ii.
The share of the pre-deceased son or a pre-
deceased daughter, as they would have got had
they been alive at the time of partition, shall be
allotted to the surviving child of such pre deceased
son or of pre deceased daughter

(iv) After the commencement of the
Hindu Succession Act 2005, no
court will recognize any right to
proceed against a son, grandson or
great grandson for the recovery of
any dept due from his father,
grandson or great grandfather
solely on the ground of the pious
obligation under the Hindu law.

Eve Teasing Prevention Act
 Eve-teasing or non-euphemistically sexual
harassment or molestation of women in
public places.
 It is a growing concern and also
throughout this sub-continent at present.
 The fact is that the act of eve teasing is
widely condemned and considered a
nuisance by the public and is also
punishable.

Recommendations To Stop Eve Teasing
(i) Promote positive relationship between girls
and boys, especially at a younger age.
(ii) Co-education encourages competition, but the
curriculum must target at building a healthy
environment of learning rather than
encouraging male-female contact
unnecessarily.
(iii) Parents must educate their children 'what to'
or 'what not to' watch.

Recommendations to stop eve teasing
(iv) Policemen must be deployed and conscious.They
should not create a kind of deterrence against such
offensive acts and to punish such vagabonds where
necessary.
(v) Boys should respect the opposite sex, as morality
demands it.
(vi) Parents should put utmost trust in their daughters,
for this trust will give them the confidence to face the
eve teasers bravely
(vii) Overall the most important is the consciousness of
the women themselves.
(viii) Girl should not ignore the teasing of eve teasers
and don't think what the people think of her.

Self Help Groups
• SHG is group of rural poor who have
volunteered to organize themselves into a
group for eradication of poverty of the
members. They agree to use this common
fund and such other funds that they may
receive as a group through a common
management. The group formation will keep
in view the following broad guidelines.
• Generally a self help group may consist of 10
to 20 members. However, in difficult areas
like deserts, hills and areas with scattered and
sparse population and in case of minor
irrigation and disabled persons, this persons,
this number may be from 5- 20.

73rd & 74th Amendment For PRIS
The 73rd and 74th amendments of the
Indian Constitution, passed in 1993,
devolved a significant amount of power
over social sector and development
planning to local level governments or
panchayats. The constitution mandates
a one third reservation for women in
panchayat assemblies and earmarks a
portion of panchayat spending for
women’s planning.

Implications of constitutional
73rd & 74 Amendment
• The 73rd & 74thConstitutional Amendment 16 has been
made to many weakness. It has certain features which are
binding on the state legislature where they can go to
discretion :
• i. Constitutional Status to Panchayati Raj Institutions.
• II. Reservation of Seats forWeaker Section of Society.
• III. Direct Election of Panchayati Raj, every five years at all
levels.
• IV. Finance Commission to be set up by State Government
to devolve funds and suggest ways of financing Panchayati
Raj Institutions.
• V. Election Commission at State Level to Conduct
Panchayati Raj Elections.
•

Implications of constitutional
73rd & 74 Amendment
 1.Devolution of finances to PRI's bodies.
 II.Exercise of Power and responsibility by
PRI.
 III. Impact of the reservations especially fo
woman and to what extant this has helped
the weaker section of society.
 IV. Whether the PRI's in the new set up
have improved their position regarding
devolution of powers and financial resource
in view of setting up State Finance and
Election Commissions.

Features of 73rd & 74th Amendment
I. Constitutional Status to Panchayat Raj
Institutions.
II. Reservation of Seats forWeaker Section of
Society.
III. Direct Election of Panchayat Raj, every five
years at all levels.
IV.FinanceCommission to be set up by State
Government to devolve funds and
suggest ways of financing Panchayat Raj
Institutions.
V.Election Commission at State Level to Conduct
Panchayati Raj Elections.

Women’s Studies Vs Gender
Studies
 PromoteWomen's Studies and to translate the
component of empowerment of women,
 University Grants Commission has since been
playing a significant role in the venture through
the creation of Centre forWomen's Studies
(CWS)
 By implementation of a scheme on Development
ofWomen Studies in Indian Universities and
Colleges.

UGC Guidelines
 since 1986 and have practically succeeded in playing an
Interventionist role by initiating gender perspective
 UGC, under the scheme, has been supporting thirty-four
Centers forWomen’s Studies including thirteen Centers
 With the view that these Centre have been facilitating
the national goals for the empowerment of women.
 UGC has decided to continue the scheme with financial al
support for various activities and programs covered in
the X Plan and has already made a certain budget
allocation (item no 2.1.3 (vii) of Non-Formal Education
Sector) for the current financial year 2003-2004 and will
also continue to provide suitable grants for the remaining
period (2004-2007) of X Plan.

Directions and Goals of UGC
 Incorporate women’s studies in various courses in
teaching;
 Promote research to certain fields.
 Create, develop and evaluate projects;
 Generate resource and documentation materials;
 Active counseling in women as well
socially/politically relevant issues
 Networking and multidisciplinary collaborating
activities; and
 Supplement into the development plans of the
State/ Central Government etc.

Development of women’s Studies: Policy
and Present Status
 Government right from the very first Plan (1951-56).
 Disadvantaged groups like destitute, disabled, aged etc.
 The Central SocialWelfare Board (CSWB), set up in 1953,
 Acts as an Apex Body at National level to promote
voluntary action at various levels especially for women
and children.
 The Second to Fifth Plans (1956-79) continued to reflect
the very same welfare approach, education and
launching measures to improve maternal and child
health services.
 Sixth Plan adopted a multi-disciplinary approach with a
special thrust on the three core sectors of health,
education and employment.

Beijing Conference
 Elimination ofViolence against Women
 Full implementation of the human rights of women and
of the girl child.
 summits - on women in Nairobi in 1985, on children in
NewYork in 1990, on environment and development in
Rio de Janeiro in 1992, on human rights inVienna in
1993, on population and development in Cairo in 1994
and on social development in Copenhagen in 1995 with
the objectives of achieving equality, development and
peace;
 Women's empowerment and their full participation
 Participation in the decision-making process and access
to power,

Beijing Conference:
 Determined to advance the goals of equality, development and
peace for all women
 Everywhere in the interest of all humanity
 Acknowledging the voices of all women everywhere
 Honouring the women who paved the way and inspired by the
hope present in the world's youth,
 Recognize that the status of women has advanced in some
important respects in the past decade but that progress has been
uneven, inequalities between women and men have persisted and
major obstacles remain.
 Also recognize that this situation increasing poverty that is
affecting the lives of the majority of the world's people, in
particular women and children, with origins in both the national
and international domains,
 Dedicate ourselves unreservedly to addressing these constraints
and obstacles

Beijing Conference
 Women's rights are human rights;
 Equal rights, opportunities and access to resources,
equal sharing of responsibilities for the family by men
and women,
 Eradication of poverty based on sustained economic
social development,
 Environmental protection and social justice requires
the involvement of women in economic and social
development;
 The explicit recognition and reaffirmation of the right
of all women to control all aspects of their health
 Local, national, regional and global peace is attainable
and is inextricably linked with the advancement of
women,

Beijing Conference
 Essential to design, implement and monitor, with the
full participation
 Participation and contribution of all actors of civil
society, particularly women's groups and networks and
other non- governmental organisations.
 Intensify efforts and actions to achieve the goals of the
Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the
Advancement ofWomen by the end of this century;
 Ensure the full enjoyment by women and the girl child
of all human rights and fundamental freedoms
 Take all necessary measures to eliminate all forms of
discrimination against women and the girl child
 Encourage men to participate fully in all actions
towards equality;

Beijing Conference
 Promote women's economic independence,
 Promote people-centered sustainable
development, including sustained economic
growth through the provision of basic
education.
 Take positive steps to ensure peace for the
advancement of women and,
 Disarmament under strict and effective
international control, and support negotiations
on the conclusion, without delay, of a universal
and

Beijing Conference
• Ensure equal access to and equal treatment of women
and men in education and health care.
• Promote and protect all human rights of women and
girls;
• Ensure respect for international law, including
humanitarian law, in order to protect women.
• Develop the fullest potential of girls and women of all
ages
• Ensure women's equal access to economic resources
including land, credit, science and technology,
vocational training, information, communication and
• Ensure the success of the Platform for Action which will
require a strong commitment on the part of
Governments, international organizations and
institutions at all levels.

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