An ecosystem includes living and non-living components that interact. The document describes four main ecosystems - forest, grassland, desert, and aquatic. A forest ecosystem has producers like trees and consumers like deer. It also explains the layers and roles of organisms. A grassland ecosystem has grasses as producers and grazing animals as consumers. A desert ecosystem has succulent plants and adapted reptiles and mammals. An aquatic ecosystem can be freshwater like a lake or pond, with algae and plants as producers and fish and plankton as consumers, or saltwater like an ocean.
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
The document discusses ecosystems, defining them as interconnected systems of living organisms and non-living components that interact. It describes the key components of ecosystems - abiotic (non-living) factors like water, air, minerals; and biotic (living) factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers. The two main types of ecosystems are aquatic (marine and freshwater) and terrestrial (forests, deserts, grasslands, mountains). Forest ecosystems are further divided into tropical and temperate rainforests, deciduous forests, taiga, etc. The ecosystem is a dynamic system formed by interactions between its living and non-living parts.
An ecosystem is a functional unit formed by the interaction of living organisms and their physical environment. The document discusses two main ecosystems - forest ecosystems and grassland ecosystems.
Forest ecosystems have trees as their key component and include producers like trees, consumers like deer and birds, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. They provide benefits like increasing soil humus, conserving wildlife, and regulating climate.
Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and herbivorous plants. They include grass producers, herbivore primary consumers like cows, carnivore secondary consumers like snakes, and decomposers. Grasslands provide benefits such as groundwater recharge, preventing floods, and producing food.
An ecosystem is a functional unit formed by the interaction of living organisms and their physical environment. The document discusses two main ecosystems - forest ecosystems and grassland ecosystems.
Forest ecosystems have trees as the key component and include producers like trees, consumers like deer and birds, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. They provide benefits like increasing soil humus, conserving wildlife, and regulating climate.
Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and herbivorous plants. They include grass producers, herbivore primary consumers like cows, carnivore secondary consumers like snakes, and decomposers. Grasslands provide benefits such as groundwater recharge, preventing floods, and producing food.
ecosystem topic will help you in understanding the basic means and other components like structure, functions, types, ecological pyramid, energy flow in ecosystem and many more environment related studies.
An ecosystem is generally an area within the natural environment in which physical (abiotic) factors of the environment, such as rocks and soil, function together along with interdependent (biotic) organisms, such as plants and animals, within the same habitat
The document provides an overview of various ecosystem concepts including producers, consumers, decomposers, energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and different types of ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, and marine. It discusses abiotic and biotic factors, trophic levels, and key aspects of different ecosystems including climate, plants, animals, and adaptations. Examples are given of different food webs and how ecosystems function in terms of productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow.
The presentation is aimed for undergraduate students and covers the details of forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem as well as aquatic ecosystems. It is suitable for compulsory environmental science course at undergraduate level. The content has been simplified for easy understanding of both science as well as humanities students.
The document discusses ecosystems, defining them as interconnected systems of living organisms and non-living components that interact. It describes the key components of ecosystems - abiotic (non-living) factors like water, air, minerals; and biotic (living) factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers. The two main types of ecosystems are aquatic (marine and freshwater) and terrestrial (forests, deserts, grasslands, mountains). Forest ecosystems are further divided into tropical and temperate rainforests, deciduous forests, taiga, etc. The ecosystem is a dynamic system formed by interactions between its living and non-living parts.
An ecosystem is a functional unit formed by the interaction of living organisms and their physical environment. The document discusses two main ecosystems - forest ecosystems and grassland ecosystems.
Forest ecosystems have trees as their key component and include producers like trees, consumers like deer and birds, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. They provide benefits like increasing soil humus, conserving wildlife, and regulating climate.
Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and herbivorous plants. They include grass producers, herbivore primary consumers like cows, carnivore secondary consumers like snakes, and decomposers. Grasslands provide benefits such as groundwater recharge, preventing floods, and producing food.
An ecosystem is a functional unit formed by the interaction of living organisms and their physical environment. The document discusses two main ecosystems - forest ecosystems and grassland ecosystems.
Forest ecosystems have trees as the key component and include producers like trees, consumers like deer and birds, and decomposers like fungi and bacteria. They provide benefits like increasing soil humus, conserving wildlife, and regulating climate.
Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and herbivorous plants. They include grass producers, herbivore primary consumers like cows, carnivore secondary consumers like snakes, and decomposers. Grasslands provide benefits such as groundwater recharge, preventing floods, and producing food.
ecosystem topic will help you in understanding the basic means and other components like structure, functions, types, ecological pyramid, energy flow in ecosystem and many more environment related studies.
An ecosystem is generally an area within the natural environment in which physical (abiotic) factors of the environment, such as rocks and soil, function together along with interdependent (biotic) organisms, such as plants and animals, within the same habitat
The document provides an overview of various ecosystem concepts including producers, consumers, decomposers, energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and different types of ecosystems such as forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, and marine. It discusses abiotic and biotic factors, trophic levels, and key aspects of different ecosystems including climate, plants, animals, and adaptations. Examples are given of different food webs and how ecosystems function in terms of productivity, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and energy flow.
This document provides an overview of different ecosystem types, including terrestrial ecosystems like forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains, and aquatic ecosystems like marine and freshwater. It defines ecosystem as a biological environment consisting of organisms and abiotic components that interact. It describes various forest, grassland, desert, and tundra biomes and their locations. It also outlines the economic and environmental importance of ecosystems in providing resources and regulating climate and water.
Temperate and tropical grasslands are two major types of grassland ecosystems. Temperate grasslands are characterized by grasses and fluctuating temperatures from very cold in winter to over 100 degrees Fahrenheit in summer. They have deep, nutrient-rich soils suitable for grasses. Tropical grasslands, also called savannas, feature scattered trees and shrubs with lions, zebras, and giraffes. Savannas have wet and dry seasons and cover large areas in Africa, Australia, and South America. Grasslands support a food chain of producers like grasses, primary consumers like herbivores, secondary consumers like foxes and snakes, and decomposers that recycle nutrients.
This document discusses different ecosystem types and how energy flows through them. It begins by defining ecosystems and their components like habitats and communities. It then explains how plants get energy through photosynthesis while animals get energy by consuming other organisms or their waste. The document outlines the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and how they transfer energy. It describes trophic levels and how energy is lost at each level. Different ecosystem types are then discussed like forests, grasslands, aquatic systems, and wetlands. Key aspects of each system and the flows of energy are summarized.
Want to know what an ecosystem is? Here’s your complete guide to learning all there is to know about ecosystems - its components, functions, and human impacts.
The document describes several biomes and their key characteristics, biotic factors, and abiotic factors. It provides details on tropical rainforests, tropical dry forests, tropical grasslands, deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, coniferous forests, coastal temperate rainforests, and tundra. For each biome, it lists the dominant plant and animal life as well as environmental factors like climate, temperature, precipitation, and soil composition.
An ecosystem is formed by the interaction of living organisms with each other and their environment. Forest ecosystems consist of trees, plants, soil, animals, and microorganisms that interact. The main components are producers like plants that undergo photosynthesis, primary consumers like deer that eat producers, secondary consumers that eat primary consumers, and decomposers like bacteria and insects that break down dead matter. Forest ecosystems provide goods, regulate climate and rainfall, support biodiversity, and have cultural importance for tribal communities.
The document discusses different ecosystems and the flow of energy within ecosystems. It defines an ecosystem as a functional unit where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. It describes producers, consumers, and decomposers and their roles. Energy from the sun is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and passed through food chains and webs to consumers. At each transfer, most energy is lost as heat. Key ecosystems discussed include forests, deserts, mangroves, and oceans.
The document defines and describes the major biomes of the world, including aquatic, desert, forest, grassland, tundra, and rainforest biomes. It provides details on the key physical features, animals, vegetation, climate, seasons and threats for each biome. The aquatic biome is further divided into saltwater and freshwater habitats. The forest biome includes temperate forests, taiga/boreal forests, and rainforests. Grasslands contain savannas and temperate grasslands.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology including the biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, and nutrient cycles. It defines important terminology like community, biome, abiotic and biotic components. It describes the major biomes like tundra, grasslands, forests and aquatic biomes. It explains the abiotic factors that influence organisms like temperature, water, light and soil. It outlines the biotic components including producers, consumers and decomposers. It discusses energy flow through ecosystems in food chains, webs and pyramids. It also summarizes important nutrient cycles like nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and water.
This document provides information about ecosystems. It begins by defining an ecosystem as a community of living organisms interacting with their environment. It then describes the main components of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, and decomposers.
It classifies ecosystems into two main types - terrestrial and aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems discussed include forests, deserts, grasslands, and mountains. Forest ecosystems are described in more detail. Aquatic ecosystems include marine, freshwater, and wetlands.
The document also covers food chains and webs, and ecological pyramids including pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy. Finally, it introduces the topic of environmental pollution, which will be covered in more depth in the next unit.
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Key concepts in ecology include biodiversity, distribution, biomass, and population of species. Ecosystems are communities of living and nonliving things that interact, and can be sustainable if they support diversity. Biomes are large areas with similar climate and communities of plants and animals. The main biomes include tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, and temperate forests. Ecosystems are made up of producers, consumers, and decomposers, with energy flowing between trophic levels in food chains and complex food webs.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Key concepts in ecology include biodiversity, distribution, biomass, and population of organisms. Ecosystems are communities of living and nonliving things that interact. Within ecosystems, energy flows from producers like plants through consumers to decomposers. Disruptions to ecosystems can have unintended consequences due to the interconnectedness of organisms and their environment.
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including ecosystem, habitat, biome, producers, consumers, decomposers, and food chains. It then describes different types of aquatic ecosystems like rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. Finally, it discusses various terrestrial ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra.
The document discusses ecosystems and the interconnected relationships between living and non-living elements within ecosystems. It describes the key components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers and how energy moves between these groups in a food chain. Examples are provided of different ecosystem types such as terrestrial ecosystems like forests, grasslands, and deserts, as well as aquatic ecosystems including marine and freshwater systems. Artificial ecosystems created by humans for agricultural and urban purposes are also mentioned.
The document describes several types of ecosystems including terrestrial, aquatic, and man-made ecosystems. It provides details about forest, grassland, desert, cropland, freshwater, marine, and estuarine ecosystems. Forest ecosystems depend on climate factors and have producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers. Grasslands cover 19% of earth and have producers like herbs and shrubs, and various consumer levels. Deserts constitute 17% of land and species have adaptations to reduce water loss.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology including the biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, and nutrient cycles. It defines important terminology like community, biome, abiotic and biotic components. It describes the major biomes like tundra, grasslands, forests and aquatic biomes. It explains how ecosystems are structured, including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and water cycle through the biosphere and are reused by organisms.
Grasslands are areas dominated by grasses that cover 40% of the Earth's surface. A grassland ecosystem consists of primarily grasses as well as animals and microorganisms. The two main types are tropical grasslands near the equator and temperate grasslands at higher latitudes. Tropical grasslands have taller, coarser grasses and scattered trees while temperate grasslands have shorter, softer grasses. Grasslands support a variety of plant and animal life as producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers and decomposers. Threats include conversion to agriculture, urban development, and climate change, so conservation efforts focus on education, wetland protection, crop rotation, and controlled burning.
An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. There are various types of ecosystems including terrestrial ecosystems found on land such as grassland ecosystems. Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and other non-woody plants. They are classified into tropical, temperate, and polar grasslands based on climate conditions. Grassland ecosystems contain abiotic components like soil, temperature, rainfall and biotic components including producers like grasses, consumers like herbivores and carnivores, and decomposers. Both biotic and abiotic components have adaptations that allow them to survive in grassland conditions. Food chains and webs show how energy flows between organisms. Conservation of grassland ecosystems involves practices like controlled grazing
The document defines and describes desert ecosystems. Deserts are defined as areas with very little rainfall that have dry, sandy or rocky regions with sparse vegetation and extreme temperatures. There are two main types - hot deserts that have high year-round temperatures and cold deserts that have hot summers and very cold winters. The food webs in both hot and cold deserts are simple with plants, insects, small reptiles and mammals at lower trophic levels and snakes, lizards and birds at higher levels. Plants and animals in deserts have adaptations for storing water and reducing water loss.
This document provides information about different ecosystems and biomes. It defines an ecosystem as the interactions between living and nonliving things in a place, and a biome as a large region with similar climate and organisms. It then describes several major biomes in more detail, including tundra, temperate forest, tropical rainforest, desert, savanna, grassland, and chaparral. Each biome section provides examples of characteristic plants, animals, climates, and locations.
This document provides an overview of different ecosystem types, including terrestrial ecosystems like forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains, and aquatic ecosystems like marine and freshwater. It defines ecosystem as a biological environment consisting of organisms and abiotic components that interact. It describes various forest, grassland, desert, and tundra biomes and their locations. It also outlines the economic and environmental importance of ecosystems in providing resources and regulating climate and water.
Temperate and tropical grasslands are two major types of grassland ecosystems. Temperate grasslands are characterized by grasses and fluctuating temperatures from very cold in winter to over 100 degrees Fahrenheit in summer. They have deep, nutrient-rich soils suitable for grasses. Tropical grasslands, also called savannas, feature scattered trees and shrubs with lions, zebras, and giraffes. Savannas have wet and dry seasons and cover large areas in Africa, Australia, and South America. Grasslands support a food chain of producers like grasses, primary consumers like herbivores, secondary consumers like foxes and snakes, and decomposers that recycle nutrients.
This document discusses different ecosystem types and how energy flows through them. It begins by defining ecosystems and their components like habitats and communities. It then explains how plants get energy through photosynthesis while animals get energy by consuming other organisms or their waste. The document outlines the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and how they transfer energy. It describes trophic levels and how energy is lost at each level. Different ecosystem types are then discussed like forests, grasslands, aquatic systems, and wetlands. Key aspects of each system and the flows of energy are summarized.
Want to know what an ecosystem is? Here’s your complete guide to learning all there is to know about ecosystems - its components, functions, and human impacts.
The document describes several biomes and their key characteristics, biotic factors, and abiotic factors. It provides details on tropical rainforests, tropical dry forests, tropical grasslands, deserts, temperate grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, coniferous forests, coastal temperate rainforests, and tundra. For each biome, it lists the dominant plant and animal life as well as environmental factors like climate, temperature, precipitation, and soil composition.
An ecosystem is formed by the interaction of living organisms with each other and their environment. Forest ecosystems consist of trees, plants, soil, animals, and microorganisms that interact. The main components are producers like plants that undergo photosynthesis, primary consumers like deer that eat producers, secondary consumers that eat primary consumers, and decomposers like bacteria and insects that break down dead matter. Forest ecosystems provide goods, regulate climate and rainfall, support biodiversity, and have cultural importance for tribal communities.
The document discusses different ecosystems and the flow of energy within ecosystems. It defines an ecosystem as a functional unit where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. It describes producers, consumers, and decomposers and their roles. Energy from the sun is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and passed through food chains and webs to consumers. At each transfer, most energy is lost as heat. Key ecosystems discussed include forests, deserts, mangroves, and oceans.
The document defines and describes the major biomes of the world, including aquatic, desert, forest, grassland, tundra, and rainforest biomes. It provides details on the key physical features, animals, vegetation, climate, seasons and threats for each biome. The aquatic biome is further divided into saltwater and freshwater habitats. The forest biome includes temperate forests, taiga/boreal forests, and rainforests. Grasslands contain savannas and temperate grasslands.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology including the biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, and nutrient cycles. It defines important terminology like community, biome, abiotic and biotic components. It describes the major biomes like tundra, grasslands, forests and aquatic biomes. It explains the abiotic factors that influence organisms like temperature, water, light and soil. It outlines the biotic components including producers, consumers and decomposers. It discusses energy flow through ecosystems in food chains, webs and pyramids. It also summarizes important nutrient cycles like nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and water.
This document provides information about ecosystems. It begins by defining an ecosystem as a community of living organisms interacting with their environment. It then describes the main components of ecosystems, including producers, consumers, and decomposers.
It classifies ecosystems into two main types - terrestrial and aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems discussed include forests, deserts, grasslands, and mountains. Forest ecosystems are described in more detail. Aquatic ecosystems include marine, freshwater, and wetlands.
The document also covers food chains and webs, and ecological pyramids including pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy. Finally, it introduces the topic of environmental pollution, which will be covered in more depth in the next unit.
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Key concepts in ecology include biodiversity, distribution, biomass, and population of species. Ecosystems are communities of living and nonliving things that interact, and can be sustainable if they support diversity. Biomes are large areas with similar climate and communities of plants and animals. The main biomes include tropical rainforests, grasslands, deserts, tundra, and temperate forests. Ecosystems are made up of producers, consumers, and decomposers, with energy flowing between trophic levels in food chains and complex food webs.
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Key concepts in ecology include biodiversity, distribution, biomass, and population of organisms. Ecosystems are communities of living and nonliving things that interact. Within ecosystems, energy flows from producers like plants through consumers to decomposers. Disruptions to ecosystems can have unintended consequences due to the interconnectedness of organisms and their environment.
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including ecosystem, habitat, biome, producers, consumers, decomposers, and food chains. It then describes different types of aquatic ecosystems like rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. Finally, it discusses various terrestrial ecosystems such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra.
The document discusses ecosystems and the interconnected relationships between living and non-living elements within ecosystems. It describes the key components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers and how energy moves between these groups in a food chain. Examples are provided of different ecosystem types such as terrestrial ecosystems like forests, grasslands, and deserts, as well as aquatic ecosystems including marine and freshwater systems. Artificial ecosystems created by humans for agricultural and urban purposes are also mentioned.
The document describes several types of ecosystems including terrestrial, aquatic, and man-made ecosystems. It provides details about forest, grassland, desert, cropland, freshwater, marine, and estuarine ecosystems. Forest ecosystems depend on climate factors and have producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and decomposers. Grasslands cover 19% of earth and have producers like herbs and shrubs, and various consumer levels. Deserts constitute 17% of land and species have adaptations to reduce water loss.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology including the biosphere, biomes, ecosystems, and nutrient cycles. It defines important terminology like community, biome, abiotic and biotic components. It describes the major biomes like tundra, grasslands, forests and aquatic biomes. It explains how ecosystems are structured, including producers, consumers, and decomposers. Energy flows through ecosystems in food chains and webs. Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and water cycle through the biosphere and are reused by organisms.
Grasslands are areas dominated by grasses that cover 40% of the Earth's surface. A grassland ecosystem consists of primarily grasses as well as animals and microorganisms. The two main types are tropical grasslands near the equator and temperate grasslands at higher latitudes. Tropical grasslands have taller, coarser grasses and scattered trees while temperate grasslands have shorter, softer grasses. Grasslands support a variety of plant and animal life as producers, primary consumers, and higher-level consumers and decomposers. Threats include conversion to agriculture, urban development, and climate change, so conservation efforts focus on education, wetland protection, crop rotation, and controlled burning.
An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. There are various types of ecosystems including terrestrial ecosystems found on land such as grassland ecosystems. Grassland ecosystems are dominated by grasses and other non-woody plants. They are classified into tropical, temperate, and polar grasslands based on climate conditions. Grassland ecosystems contain abiotic components like soil, temperature, rainfall and biotic components including producers like grasses, consumers like herbivores and carnivores, and decomposers. Both biotic and abiotic components have adaptations that allow them to survive in grassland conditions. Food chains and webs show how energy flows between organisms. Conservation of grassland ecosystems involves practices like controlled grazing
The document defines and describes desert ecosystems. Deserts are defined as areas with very little rainfall that have dry, sandy or rocky regions with sparse vegetation and extreme temperatures. There are two main types - hot deserts that have high year-round temperatures and cold deserts that have hot summers and very cold winters. The food webs in both hot and cold deserts are simple with plants, insects, small reptiles and mammals at lower trophic levels and snakes, lizards and birds at higher levels. Plants and animals in deserts have adaptations for storing water and reducing water loss.
This document provides information about different ecosystems and biomes. It defines an ecosystem as the interactions between living and nonliving things in a place, and a biome as a large region with similar climate and organisms. It then describes several major biomes in more detail, including tundra, temperate forest, tropical rainforest, desert, savanna, grassland, and chaparral. Each biome section provides examples of characteristic plants, animals, climates, and locations.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
2. Ecosystem
An ecosystem includes all of the living things
(plants, animals and organisms) in a given area,
interacting with each other, and also with their
non-living environments (weather, earth, sun,
soil, climate, atmosphere).
5. Forests
• Forests are formed by a community of plants
which predominantly includes trees, shrubs,
climbers and ground cover.
6. Forest ecosystem
• A forest ecosystem is the community formed by plants and
animals of that particular area that interact with the chemical
and physical features of the environment in which they live.
Example: Amazon rainforest ecosystem
• This ecosystem is home to a wide variety of plant and animal
species, which include producers, consumers, and
decomposers. These organisms are interdependent on each
other for survival.
7. The forest ecosystem has two parts:
• The non-living or abiotic aspects:
Forests on mountains and hills differ from those along river valleys.
Vegetation type depends on:
– Rainfall
– Temperature
– Latitude
– Altitude
– Soil type
• The living or the biotic aspects:
The plants and animals form communities that are specific to each forest type.
– Plants (trees, shrubs, climbers, grasses, and herbs )
– Animals including species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects and other
invertebrates.
Forest ecosystem
8. Structure of Forest Ecosystems
• Different organisms exist within the forest layers and interact with each other and their
surroundings. Each organism has a role or niche in sustaining the ecosystem.
• Some provide food for other organisms; others provide shelter or control populations through
predation.
Producers
• In a forest ecosystem, plants get their energy from
sunlight.
• They produce their own food through
• photosynthesis.
• Plants are called the primary producers since they
produce the basic foodstuffs for other organisms within
food chains and food webs.
10. Structure of Forest Ecosystems
Consumers
– Animals cannot produce their own food. All animals, including mammals, insects, birds and
others are called consumers.
– Consumers rely on plants and other animals as a food source.
– Primary consumers only eat plants and are
referred to as herbivores. (Rabbit, Deer)
– Secondary consumers are referred to as carnivores
and feed on herbivores. (Mongoose, Wild cat)
– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that feed on
other carnivores. (Tiger, Lion)
– Omnivores eat both plant and animal matter.
11. Forest Ecosystem Animals
• Tropical rain forest provides both shelter and food for huge number of animals which
include:
– birds like cuckoo bird, parrot, swallows, humming bird, eagles
– mammals like orangutans ,monkeys, gibbons, tiger, foxes, hippopotamus, jaguar
– reptiles like crocodiles, alligators, anaconda, flying gecko
• Tropical deciduous forest contains animals like:
– Mammals including deer, elephants, sambars, cheetahs, wild buffaloes, tiger, leopard
– Birds
– Reptiles
– Amphibians
• Coniferous forests consists of rich and varied animal life which includes:
– mammals like mouse deer, musk, rat, porcupine, rabbit, squirrels etc.
– insectivorous birds like grouse, jay cross bill
– reptiles like snakes and lizards
12. Decomposers
– Eventually all plants and animals die. These
materials are decomposed by microbes.
– Decomposers break down these complex
organic matters into simpler forms which
can then be used again. Decomposers are
important in that they sustain the nutrient
cycle of ecosystems.
Structure of Forest Ecosystems
13.
14.
15. Desert
• A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and
consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. About one
third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid.
• The most typical desert landscape in India is seen in the Thar Desert,
Rajasthan.
• There are cold deserts such as in Ladakh, which are located in the high
plateaus of the Himalayas.
• The Great and Little Rann of Kutch are highly specialized arid ecosystems. In
the summer they are similar to a desert landscape. However, as these are
low-lying areas near the sea, they get converted to salt marshes during the
monsoons
• A desert ecosystem is defined by interactions between organism populations,
the climate in which they live, and any other non-living influences on the
habitat.
16. Different components of a desert ecosystem
• Abiotic Component:
– The abiotic component includes the nutrients present in the soil and the aerial
environment.
– The characteristic feature of the abiotic component is lack of organic matter
in the soil and scarcity of water.
– Extreme temperatures
17. Biotic Component:
Producers
– Mainly shrubs or bushes, some grasses and rarely trees.
– Most of them are succulents which store water.
– Others have seeds that lay dormant until a rain awakens them.
– These plants are adapted to survive under extreme temperatures and
acute water scarcity (xerophytic adaptation).
– The most famous desert plant is the cactus.
– Xerophytes can hold water inside its soft tissue, has a thick, waxy layer
that minimize transpiration (water loss). Leaves are reduced to spines
and roots are highly developed to search for water. Stems contains
chlorophyll and modified to perform photosynthesis.
Different components of a desert ecosystem
18.
19. Biotic Component:
Consumers
These include animals such as insects and reptiles. Besides them, some
rodents, birds and some mammalian vertebrates are also found.
• Desert Insects and Arachnids:
– There are plenty of insects in the desert.
– One of the most common and destructive pests is the locust.
– The yucca moth is very important to the yucca plant, and
helps in pollination.
– There are also several species of ants in the desert. The
harvester ants gather seeds and store them for use during
the dry season. The honey pot ants eat large amounts of
sugar.
– There are also arachnids in the desert. Spiders are the most
notable arachnids. Some scorpions have poison in their sharp
tails. They sting their predators and their prey with the
piercing tip.
Different components of a desert ecosystem
21. Biotic Component:
Consumers
These include animals such as insects and reptiles. Besides them, some
rodents, birds and some mammalian vertebrates are also found.
• Desert Reptiles:
– Reptiles can withstand the extreme temperatures because they
can control their body temperatures very easily. The desert
reptiles belong to two categories: snakes and lizards.
– Snakes: Rattlesnakes, cobra, king snake and the hognose.
– Lizards: They are probably the most bizarre looking animals in the
desert. While some change colors and have sharp scales for
defense, others change their appearance to look threatening.
– Example: Frilled hazard, gila monster (poisonous)
Different components of a desert ecosystem
22. Different components of a desert ecosystem
Biotic Component:
Consumers
These include animals such as insects and reptiles. Besides them, some
rodents, birds and some mammalian vertebrates are also found.
• Desert Birds:
– Birds come up with interesting ways to survive in the harsh
climate.
– The sand grouse has special feathers that soak up water. It can
then carry the water to its young ones in the nest.
– Gila woodpecker depends on the giant saguaro (cactus) as its
home. The cool, damp inside is safe for the babies.
– Others include roadrunners, ostriches and galahs.
23. Different components of a desert ecosystem
Biotic Component:
Consumers
These include animals such as insects and reptiles. Besides them, some rodents,
birds and some mammalian vertebrates are also found.
• Desert Mammals:
– Mammals also have to find ways to stay cool and drink plenty of water.
– Many desert mammals are burrowers. They dig holes in the ground and
stay there during the hot days. They return to the surface at night to feed.
Hamsters, rats .
– The kangaroo and spiny anteater both are non-burrowers. Spiny
anteaters are unusual mammals because they lay eggs.
– Others include foxes, jackals.
24. Different components of a desert ecosystem
Biotic Component:
Consumers
These include animals such as insects and reptiles. Besides them, some
rodents, birds and some mammalian vertebrates are also found.
• Desert Mammals:
– Another interesting mammal found in the deserts is camel.
– There are two types of camels: Bactrian and dromedary.
– Dromedaries have one hump, and Bactrian have two.
– Camels can withstand very high temperatures without
sweating. They also store fat in their humps for food.
25. Different components of a desert ecosystem
Biotic Component:
Decomposers
• Due to poor vegetation the amount of dead organic matter is very less. As a result the
decomposers are very few.
• The common decomposers are some bacteria and fungi, most of which are thermophile.
26.
27.
28. Grassland
• Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other
herbaceous (non-woody) plants.
• Grasslands occupy about 24% of the earth’s surface.
• They occur in regions too dry for forests and too moist for deserts.
• The annual rainfall ranges between 25-75 cm, usually seasonal.
• The principal grasslands includes:
– Prairies (Canada, USA)
– Pampas (South America)
– Steppes (Europe and Asia)
– Veldts (Africa)
• The highest abundance and greatest diversity of large mammals are found in
these ecosystems.
29. Different components of grassland ecosystem
Biotic Components:
• Producer Organisms:
– In grassland, producers are mainly grasses;
though, a few herbs and shrubs also
contribute to primary production of biomass.
– Some of the most common species of
grasses are: Cynodon sp., Desmodium sp.,
Digitaria sp.
30. Different components of grassland ecosystem
Biotic Components:
• Consumers:
In grassland, consumers are of three main types:
• Primary Consumers:
– The primary consumers are herbivores feeding directly on grasses.
– These are grazing animals such as Cows, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats,
Deer, and Rabbits etc.
– Besides them, numerous species of insects, termites, etc. are also
present.
• Secondary Consumers:
– These are carnivores that feed on primary consumers
(Herbivores).
– These include Frogs, Snakes, Lizards, Birds, Foxes, Jackals etc.
• Tertiary Consumers:
– These include hawks etc. which feed on secondary consumers.
31. Different components of grassland ecosystem
Biotic Components:
• Decomposers:
– These include wide variety of saprotrophic microorganism like: Bacteria; Fungi;
Actinomycetes.
Abiotic Components:
• These include basic inorganic and organic compounds present in the soil and aerial
environment.
• The essential elements like C, H, N, O, P, S etc. are supplied by water, nitrogen,
nitrates, sulphates, phosphates present in soil and atmosphere.
• The structure of the grassland ecosystem will depend on:
– Temperature
– Rainfall
– Soil chemistry
32. Types of grasslands
Tropical Grasslands
• Tropical grasslands are warm all year round with established rainy and dry
seasons.
• During the rainy season, they receive 50-130 cm of rain.
• Most notable of the tropical grasslands is the African savanna, which is home
to elephants, giraffes, lions, and zebras.
• They make excellent grazing area.
Temperate Grasslands
• Temperate grasslands also have two seasons, growing and dormant.
• During the dormant season, no grass or crops grow because it's too cold.
• These grasslands make for excellent farming because of their deep and
nutrient-rich soils.
• Temperate grasslands receive 25-75 cm of rain a year.
• The most notable temperate grasslands are the North American prairies,
which are home to a wide variety of wildlife, including jackrabbits, foxes,
and snakes. Grass here can grow quite tall, reaching up to seven meters in
height. Trees are restricted to where there is a large concentration of water
such as a river or lake.
33. Types of grasslands
• Polar or tundra grasslands
– They occur in high to subarctic regions.
– These grasslands consist mainly of shrubs
and have a very
short growing season.
34. Types of grasslands
• Montane grasslands
–
– These are high-altitude grasslands located on high mountain
ranges and valleys.
A notable example of montane grasslands is the paramo of the
Andes.
• Xeric or desert grasslands
– These are very sparse grasslands located in and on the outskirts of
deserts.
– Grass here is highly resistant to disease and drought.
37. Aquatic ecosystem
• Communities of plants and animals living in water are known as aquatic ecosystems.
• They are divided into two main groups:
– Freshwater ecosystems: Found in water containing low concentrations of salts, from
ponds to estuaries.
– Marine ecosystems: Found in the saltwater of seas and oceans.
• The nature of an aquatic ecosystem is controlled by:
– Availability of food
– Dissolved Oxygen
– Temperature
– Salinity
– Sunlight penetration
• Aquatic ecosystems in shallow waters, where there is plenty of sunlight, generally tend to be
the most productive.
38. Lake and Pond ecosystem
• A pond ecosystem refers to fresh water ecosystem.
• Usually ponds are shallow water bodies with a depth of 12-15 feet in which the sun rays
can penetrate to the bottom permitting the growth of plants there.
Abiotic components:
– The abiotic substances of Pond ecosystem are formed as a result of the mixture of some
organic and inorganic materials.
– The basic components are
• Water
• Oxygen
• carbon dioxide
• salts of calcium and nitrogen etc.
– Only a small amount of these elements are present in soluble state in pond water, but a large
amount is held in reserve solid form in the bottom sediments as well as within the organisms.
– The rate of release of reserve nutrients ,the solar input and the cycle of temperature, day
length and other climatic conditions regulate the function of the Pond ecosystem.
39. • Lakes and ponds are also known as lentic
ecosystems and are characterized by a lack of water
movement.
• They are divided into four distinct zones:
– Littoral
– Limnetic
– Profundal
– Benthic.
• Light penetrates the uppermost of these, the
littoral, which contains floating and rooted plants.
• The other zones also each play unique roles in the
ecosystem.
Lake and Pond ecosystem
40. Lake and Pond ecosystem
Biotic components:
• Producers:
– The producers are of two types:
• Larger rooted and floating vegetation together
termed macrophytes
• Phytoplanktons which are microscopic floating algae.
– Phytoplanktons are available upto the depth of water where
light penetrates. These are filamentous alga like Oedogonium,
Spirogyraand minute floating plants
– The macrophytes include
Typha, submerged plants
plants like Pistia.
marginal emergent plants like
like Hydrilla, surface floating
41. Biotic components:
• Consumers:
– Consumers of the Pond ecosystem are heterotrophs which depend for
their nutrition on other organisms.
– Zooplankton form primary consumers including dinoflagellates,
crustaceans, chordates, and molluscs who feed on phytoplankton.
– Neritic animals like insects and fishes form secondary consumers as they
feed on zooplanktons.
– Benthic animals like snakes a n d big fishes live on neritic animals
and are termed tertiary consumers.
Lake and Pond ecosystem
42. Biotic components:
• Decomposers:
– Most of the decomposers
also found.
of Pond ecosystem are saprophytes but some parasites are
– Bacteria as well as fungi like Saprolegnia are decomposers.
– Generally the decomposers either live in the soil layer beneath water or in the mud.
– They act on dead and decayed organic matter of plants and animals and supply raw
materials to the producers.
Lake and Pond ecosystem
43. River and stream ecosystem
• River and stream ecosystems can be characterized by:
– flowing water that is mostly unidirectional
– a state of continuous physical change
– many different and changing microhabitats
– variability in the flow rates of water
– plants and animals that have adapted to live
within water flow conditions.
• Biotic components are similar to pond ecosystem.
44. River and stream ecosystem
Abiotic components:
• Water flow
– Water flow is the main factor that makes river ecology different from other water ecosystems.
– This is known as a lotic (flowing water) system.
– The strength of water flow varies from torrential rapids to slow backwaters.
– The speed of water also varies and is subject to chaotic turbulence.
– Water flow can alter the shape of riverbeds through erosion and sedimentation, creating a variety of changing
habitats.
• Substrate
– The substrate is the surface on which the river organisms live.
– It may be inorganic, consisting of geological material from the catchment area such as boulders, pebbles,
gravel, sand or silt, or it may be organic, including fine particles, decomposed leaves, wood, moss and plants.
– Substrate is generally not permanent and is subject to large changes during flooding events.
• Light
• Temperature
• Waterchemistry
45. Ocean ecosystem
• The ocean ecosystem is unique among aquatic
ecosystems because of saline water.
• While ocean ecosystems do have much in common with
other aquatic ecosystems, such as freshwater lakes, rivers
or estuaries, they are unique in many ways, especially
because of the high salt water levels.
• The plants, animals and microorganisms are specially
adapted to saline environment.