The indiscriminate use of toxic pesticides had created an environment that without this poison the
plant life is unfruitful leading to the farmer’s life miserable. For several years, this phenomenon was continuing
and the ecosystem is protecting the environment and the life of human being from high risk of toxicity. But, how
long it will continue or weather a paradigm change in the agricultural field is required? With this objective a
field study was conducted in the cardamom plantations of Idukki district in South India to estimate and predict
the persistence of pesticide residue in the soil environment. It is observed that residues of endosulfan, DDT and
organophosphorous pesticides were present in soil samples at 31.6 %, 29 % and 21 % respectively. The present
study gives a prediction of the concentration of persistent pesticide residues in the soil if the present dose and
frequency of application is continued. The study also highlighted the adsorption capacity of soil in the study
area and low water solubility of pesticides used in cardamom plantations which is referred as partition
coefficient. The soil properties such as pH, organic content and microbial concentration which determine the
fate of degradation of pesticides and formation of its metabolites are also been discussed in this context. Based
on the observations and analysis, it is concluded that the formation of degradation products and bound residues
decrease at higher concentration of pesticide applications but the concentration of persistent pesticides
increases and the biodegradation reduced in such cases due to bound residues and reduced biological activity.
The predicted values on multiple applications where the concentrations in soil may build up and reach a
plateau, are 2.559,0.2559, 1.7324 and 0.659 mgKg-1
in the case of endosulfan, DDT, organophosphorous and
total pesticides respectively.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
Influence of Organic Wastes on Ecotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Conta...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil. Three groups of soil samples (60 kg per group) were contaminated with four petroleum products (spent engine oil, petrol, diesel and kerosene), mixed together in a volumetric ratio of 1:1:1:1. The first group was contaminated with 5% weight/weight (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; the second group was contaminated with 10% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; while the third group was contaminated with 15% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products. In the bioremediation process, 3 kg of soil from each contaminated group (5%, 10% and 15% contamination) was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg rice husk, and coded CD + RH; while another 3 kg from each contaminated group was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg sawdust, and was coded CD + SD. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) and ecotoxicity of the soils samples were determined in accordance to standards procedures. The results revealed that the soil contaminated with 5% petroleum products generally had the highest biodegradation rate. In term of the ecotoxicity of the petroleum hydrocarbons, the cucumber planted in the amended soil samples had a lower radicle growth inhibition rate; when compared with the control soil samples. This study revealed that a combination of organic waste materials can be effectively utilized in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
Influence of Organic Wastes on Ecotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Conta...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil. Three groups of soil samples (60 kg per group) were contaminated with four petroleum products (spent engine oil, petrol, diesel and kerosene), mixed together in a volumetric ratio of 1:1:1:1. The first group was contaminated with 5% weight/weight (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; the second group was contaminated with 10% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; while the third group was contaminated with 15% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products. In the bioremediation process, 3 kg of soil from each contaminated group (5%, 10% and 15% contamination) was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg rice husk, and coded CD + RH; while another 3 kg from each contaminated group was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg sawdust, and was coded CD + SD. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) and ecotoxicity of the soils samples were determined in accordance to standards procedures. The results revealed that the soil contaminated with 5% petroleum products generally had the highest biodegradation rate. In term of the ecotoxicity of the petroleum hydrocarbons, the cucumber planted in the amended soil samples had a lower radicle growth inhibition rate; when compared with the control soil samples. This study revealed that a combination of organic waste materials can be effectively utilized in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellentijtsrd
Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent Gamit Shraddha | Shreya Desai | Jemisha Mistry | Swetal Patel | Rajashekhar Ingalhalli"Efficacy of Leaves of Lantana Camara as Mosquito Repellent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd16978.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/16978/efficacy-of-leaves-of-lantana-camara-as-mosquito-repellent/gamit-shraddha
Acute Toxicity of Lufenuron (Insecticide) on Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754)...IJERA Editor
In this study, lufenuron (insecticide) acute toxic effects on larvae of Oreochromis niloticus (L., 1754) used in intensively cotton and corn farming in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was investigated by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible adverse effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. The study was carried out with 25 ± 2 oC in the laboratory and the test fish which an average weight of 1.36±0.5 g and average length 5.56±0.6 cm in aquariums by two replicates according to the static bioassay method. Data were analysed by log-logistic model statistical analysis method 24-h and 48-h LC50 values were calculated fish mortality in statistical analysis considering the observed acute toxic effects of the investigation lufenuron O. niloticus larvae 24-hour LC50 1.80±0.06 mgl-1 , while the 48-hour LC 50 value is calculated as LC50 1.77±0.04 mgl-1
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
ppt of fate of pesticides in environment or environmental polution by pesticidesSundaresh Kalal
Nature is blessed with wide range of organisms where it perfectly balances the food chain and the ecosystem. Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida and some fungi antagonists are important biocontrol agents used against plant pathogenic bacteria which are known to produce special structures known as siderophores. Siderophores are defined as relatively low molecular weight, ferric ion specific chelating agents elaborated by bacteria and fungi growing under low iron stress (Neilands, 1981). The role of these compounds is to scavenge iron from the environment and to make the mineral. There are three main kinds of Siderophores known as hydroxamate, catecholate and carboxylate. Most organisms require iron as an essential element in a variety of metabolic and informational cellular pathways. In the aerobic environment iron exists mainly as Fe (III) and tends to form insoluble hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, making it largely unavailable to microorganisms. Therefore, they need mechanisms to solubilize Fe (III) to make it available for uptake; these mechanisms usually involve the production of siderophores.
Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Tangi...IJERA Editor
Leachate from municipalities’ landfills represents a potential health risk to ecosystems in generally and human populations in particularly. This study which was taken during year from 2010 to 2011was focused to study the physicochemical evaluation of the leachate from the landfill of the Tangier city (north of Morocco). The analyses of the sampled leachate revealed strong content of biodegradable organic matter (BOD =166.78 mg/l, COD=2397.25 mg/l and BOD/COD=0.069) and of SM (SM = 577.97 mg/l). Contents in nitrate (NO3=199.77 mg/l) were also revealed. The discharge of the Tangier city is characterized by an old leachate. The long-term monitoring of the evaluation of physicochemical parameters in polluted leachate, on how environmental conditions change over time, could then lead to models useful in the prediction of natural attenuation in aquifers. Therefore, an adaptable and efficient treatment process must be used to eliminate the wide range of pollutants present in leachate.
Comparison of treatment performance between constructed wetlands with differe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or
desiccant.
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
Acute Toxicity of Fluazifop-P-Butyl (Herbicide) on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820)IJERA Editor
In this research, fluazifop-p-butyl (herbicide) acute toxic effects on Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820) (Cladocera, Crustacea) widely used in agricultural areas inside of Çukurova Region was researched by bioassay method for to be informed about the possible negative effects that may be caused in the aquatic environment. In this study, methods of bioassay test which called static method has been applied. The study was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20±2 oC. The results has been estimated with the dose-response data were fitted a loglogistic model. The 24-h and 48-h acute LC50 values were calculated. According to the results, acute toxic effects researched fluazifop-p-butyl the LC50 acute toxic lethal concentration values for D. magna were calculated (95% confidence limits 7.46–9.52 mgl-1 ) 24-h LC50 8.78 mgl-1 and (95% confidence limits 4.32–4.95 mgl-1 ) 48-h LC50 4.63 mgl-1
ppt of fate of pesticides in environment or environmental polution by pesticidesSundaresh Kalal
Nature is blessed with wide range of organisms where it perfectly balances the food chain and the ecosystem. Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida and some fungi antagonists are important biocontrol agents used against plant pathogenic bacteria which are known to produce special structures known as siderophores. Siderophores are defined as relatively low molecular weight, ferric ion specific chelating agents elaborated by bacteria and fungi growing under low iron stress (Neilands, 1981). The role of these compounds is to scavenge iron from the environment and to make the mineral. There are three main kinds of Siderophores known as hydroxamate, catecholate and carboxylate. Most organisms require iron as an essential element in a variety of metabolic and informational cellular pathways. In the aerobic environment iron exists mainly as Fe (III) and tends to form insoluble hydroxides and oxyhydroxides, making it largely unavailable to microorganisms. Therefore, they need mechanisms to solubilize Fe (III) to make it available for uptake; these mechanisms usually involve the production of siderophores.
Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Tangi...IJERA Editor
Leachate from municipalities’ landfills represents a potential health risk to ecosystems in generally and human populations in particularly. This study which was taken during year from 2010 to 2011was focused to study the physicochemical evaluation of the leachate from the landfill of the Tangier city (north of Morocco). The analyses of the sampled leachate revealed strong content of biodegradable organic matter (BOD =166.78 mg/l, COD=2397.25 mg/l and BOD/COD=0.069) and of SM (SM = 577.97 mg/l). Contents in nitrate (NO3=199.77 mg/l) were also revealed. The discharge of the Tangier city is characterized by an old leachate. The long-term monitoring of the evaluation of physicochemical parameters in polluted leachate, on how environmental conditions change over time, could then lead to models useful in the prediction of natural attenuation in aquifers. Therefore, an adaptable and efficient treatment process must be used to eliminate the wide range of pollutants present in leachate.
Comparison of treatment performance between constructed wetlands with differe...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Proximate and heavy metals composition of Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) frui...IJEAB
Plantain thrives well in waste dumpsites. These wastes usually contaminate the soil with heavy metals which become absorbed by the plants. The risk of heavy metal toxicity in humans is an issue of serious concern globally. Proximate composition of plantain fruits harvested from three randomly selected waste dumpsites in Uyo metropolis, Nigeria were determined using AOAC standard analytical techniques while their heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and As) concentrations and that of their rhizosphere soil were analysed with Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Proximate analyses results revealed that carbohydrate content was higher in the fruits harvested from the control uncontaminated soil sites (91.61%) than in the fruits harvested from dumpsite soils (87.23%; 87.89%; 88.00%). Dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than the control soil. Lead (Pb) was the highest occurring heavy metal in all the dumpsite soils. Fruits harvested from the dumpsite soils had higher heavy metals concentrations than those from the control soil. Pb was the only heavy metal whose concentration in the plantain fruits was higher than the WHO/FAO permissible limit. This work has established that the selected dumpsite soils have been contaminated with heavy metals which have been absorbed by the plantain cultivated there. Cultivation and consumption of plantain from these dumpsite soils should be discouraged.
Any substance or mixture of substances, intended for preventing, destroying, or
mitigating any pest, or intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant or
desiccant.
Similar to Study and prediction of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residue in soils of cardamom plantations in Idukki district (India)
Dissertation ppt biostimulation- a potential practice for wastewater treaat...Sumer Pankaj
Phycoremediation is a green technology that supports the direct use of living green microalgae for in situ, or in place removal, degradation, of contaminants in soils, sludge, sediments, surface water and ground waters by the mechanisms of bio-transformation, bio-accumulation, bio-concentration, bio-sparging.
It can be said by the current study that microalgae has a great potential for the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters as compared to the chemical treatments available commercially. Biological systems are much more efficient in cleaning the excess nutrients from the waste water followed by generation of valuable biomass which can be applied in the food, fertilizer, energy production as use of inorganic chemicals like lime and ferrous sulphate generates huge amount of sludge in textile industries, but on the other hand static anaerobic treatment using acclimatized MLSS gives better colour reduction with zero sludge generation. Microalgal cells can be used in free form to treat waste waters containing high C.O.D., high ammonical nitrogen and high TDS. It not only provides a better reduction of chemicals from wastewaters but it also helps to reduce the operational cost of ETP. Microalgaes not only helps to remediate industrial waste waters but also to treat sweage water and to restore natural water bodies like lakes and ponds. As they are active in remediating the chemicals but also it shows an antagonistic effect against some pathogenic germs like total coliforms and fecal coliforms.
These microalgal cells can also be combined with bacterial biomass of activated sludge process to develop an Algal-Bacterial consortium (ALBA) for better enhancement in the reduction of chemicals from the wastewaters as this symbiotic relation of algae and bacteria provides high satiability of the microalgae along with MLSS and faceable in terms of price and economy for instance the bacterial biomass provides carbon dioxide to algal cells for photosynthesis and in return the bacteria acquires oxygen from algae. The harvested biomass from the ETP’s can be used as bio-fertilizers as it consists of appropriate ratio of vital macro and micro nutrients like N,P,K etc. which enhance the growth of plantlets. It can also be used as aqua feeds for shrimps, fishes and molluscs. Furthermore these microlgal cells are non-toxic in the environment as it becomes a part of food chain and do not cause eutrophication. Therefore, micro-algal based treatment is most suitable for the treating the waste waters and restoring the natural water bodies as compared to other chemical treatments.
In this slide contains introduction, Pesticide Cycle and Quantification of Organochlorine Pesticides.
Presented by: K.Sandhya Rani. ( Department of pharmaceutical analysis),
RIPER, anantapur.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Removal of fluoride from synthetic waste water by using “bio adsorbents”eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder
(SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II)
from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The
effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of
adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order
was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/
Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and
Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of
chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study
results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic
stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then
establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from
industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS AND SOIL PROPERTIES NEAR PHARMACEUTICAL CO...IAEME Publication
There has been an increase in number of pharmaceutical companies in the present
time. A large number of them are located in Himachal Pradesh. The effluents from
these industries contaminate the nearby soil and water bodies. Here we analyses the
treated waste water and soil from nearby areas for their physical, chemical and
biological parameters. The samples were analyzed using standard methods according
to WHO & APHA-AWWA-WPCF norms. The results showed a high amount of
contamination. The pHs of the water samples showed contrasting features one being
slightly alkaline while other highly acidic. The microbial activity was quiet low in the
treated waste water while optimum amounts of bacterial and fungal activity was
found in the soil samples near the industries. The presence of high amount of sodium
and salinity was also observed. This could damage the crop productivity and soil
fertility. There is an urgent need to propose strict restrictions on discharge of harmful
effluents in the environment.
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Lab #11 –
Ecotoxicology
Prelab Discussion
Today’s Lab ObjectivesTo apply your knowledge of ecosystems, population ecology, and ecotoxicology to a case study of the impact of pollution on Daphnia populations and what that might indicate for ecosystems as a whole.
To learn more about the sources and impacts of pollutants on the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, particularly the impacts of organic pollution, acid pollution, and salinity.
To learn more about the use of indicator species and to understand why Daphnia are used as such a species.
Understand what lethal dose/concentration means and how it is specific for each pollutant type.
To practice using credible sources on (at least 2 peer-reviewed) to support your arguments.
Synthesize this information into a final lab report.
In Today’s Lab
Review of Ecosystem BasicsEcosystem: All of the interacting organisms (populations) and abiotic factors that occur in a particular place at a given time
Components of an Ecosystem:
Abiotic - nonliving components e.g. Sunlight, temperature, precipitation, soil/water chemistry
Biotic - all the living things that affect an organism in its environment e.g. Organisms
Example of an Ecosystem
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Looking at the image below…
how would you define pollution?
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What is pollution?Definition – unnatural by-products of human activities accumulating in the environment at levels that are harmful to living organism.
Sources of pollution vary
Some specific types of pollution:AcidOrganic ThermalPharmaceuticalSalinity
Acid PollutionDefinition:
sulfur and nitrogen oxides react with air in the atmosphere (and potentially the terrestrially via run-off) to form sulfuric and nitric acids which will reenter the environment via rain.
Acid pollution is extremely detrimental to all organisms (auto- or heterotrophic) in the environment
Acid Rain is a prime example of Acid Pollution.Rainwater with a pH <5.6 = acidic.Side effect of air pollution from industry.
Basic Example of the
Creation of Acid Pollution
*
Organic PollutionDefinition:
compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation
Examples: Pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, sewage, farm run-off
Organic pollutants canBe persistent in the environment for a long period of timeThey accumulate in human/animal tissues and magnify in food chains.a.k.a. They have significant impacts on human health and the environment as a whole.Are capable of long-range transportCan provide large quantities of of organic compounds and limiting nutrients, which act as substrates (food) for microorganisms, are released into water sources (algal blooms)
Examples of Organic Pollution
*
EutrophicationThe process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates.
These typically promote excessive growth of algae.Algae die, decompose, increase organic material…therefore resulting in oxygen depletion.
The Process of Eutrophication
Bioaccumulati ...
CREA: The case of Italy: Monitoring of soil pollution in relation to food pro...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during Day 3 of the Global Soil Partnership Plenary Assembly – 5th Session that took place at FAO Hq in Rome, Italy, from 20 to 22 June 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Anna Benedetti
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
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Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
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Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
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Piwi-RNA
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MiRNA:
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Study and prediction of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residue in soils of cardamom plantations in Idukki district (India)
1. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan. 2015), PP 01-07
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09120107 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Study and prediction of persistent organochlorine and
organophosphorous pesticide residue in soils of cardamom
plantations in Idukki district (India)
Susan Jacob1
, Dr. Resmi G2
1
Research Scholar, Karpagam University, Coimbatore
(Professor, MBC College of Engineering & Technology, Peermade, Idukki, Kerala, India)
2
Associate Professor NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad, Kerala, India
Abstract: The indiscriminate use of toxic pesticides had created an environment that without this poison the
plant life is unfruitful leading to the farmer’s life miserable. For several years, this phenomenon was continuing
and the ecosystem is protecting the environment and the life of human being from high risk of toxicity. But, how
long it will continue or weather a paradigm change in the agricultural field is required? With this objective a
field study was conducted in the cardamom plantations of Idukki district in South India to estimate and predict
the persistence of pesticide residue in the soil environment. It is observed that residues of endosulfan, DDT and
organophosphorous pesticides were present in soil samples at 31.6 %, 29 % and 21 % respectively. The present
study gives a prediction of the concentration of persistent pesticide residues in the soil if the present dose and
frequency of application is continued. The study also highlighted the adsorption capacity of soil in the study
area and low water solubility of pesticides used in cardamom plantations which is referred as partition
coefficient. The soil properties such as pH, organic content and microbial concentration which determine the
fate of degradation of pesticides and formation of its metabolites are also been discussed in this context. Based
on the observations and analysis, it is concluded that the formation of degradation products and bound residues
decrease at higher concentration of pesticide applications but the concentration of persistent pesticides
increases and the biodegradation reduced in such cases due to bound residues and reduced biological activity.
The predicted values on multiple applications where the concentrations in soil may build up and reach a
plateau, are 2.559,0.2559, 1.7324 and 0.659 mgKg-1
in the case of endosulfan, DDT, organophosphorous and
total pesticides respectively.
Keywords: Cardamom plantations, , Organochlorine and Organophosphorous pesticide residues, Persistent
pesticide residues in elevated levels, Prediction of pesticide residue.
I. Introduction
Pesticides once applied to cropland, a number of changes will happen to the applied pesticide. It may
be taken up by plants or ingested by animals, insects, worms, or microorganisms in the soil. It may move
downward in the soil strata and either adhere to soil particles or dissolve in water. The pesticide can vaporize
and enter the atmosphere or break down through microbial and chemical pathways into other less toxic
compounds. Pesticides can also be leached out of the root zone through rain or irrigation water or wash off
through surface runoff. All these changes that may happen on a pesticide applied to soil depend largely on two
of its properties: persistence and solubility. [1]
Common pesticides used in Cardamom plantations are organophosphorous and organochlorine
compounds. Although some organophosphorous compounds are highly toxic to humans, they generally break
down rapidly and have been found rarely in the environment. Organochlorine compounds such as endosulfan
are more toxic and its half life varies from weeks to months depending upon the physical and chemical
properties of soil system such as moisture content, organic matter and clay contents.[2]
Another group of
pesticides are carbamate pesticides including aldicarb, carbofuran, and oxamyl. These compounds tend to be
soluble in water and are weakly adsorbed to soil. The complex properties and the effects of pesticides in soil
environment were discussed under the following headings viz. solubility and leaching, degradation and
transformation products, bound residue formation in soils, repeat application and aging of pesticides in order to
reach a reasonable conclusion to the problem of pesticide contamination in cardamom plantations.
II. Materials and Methods
Idukki town is located at 90
51N760
58‘N 76.970
E coordinates. The project area is Idukki district in
South India and sampling points were in Devikulam, Udumbanchola, Peermade and Thodupuzha Taluks. Soil
samples collected from 38 locations covering both large and medium plantations across the district based on a
random sampling technique and were marked with GIS coordinates for identification and modeling (Fig.1).
2. Study and prediction of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residue in ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09120107 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
Figure.1 Sampling locations
The response of the pesticides applied to the environment depends on soil structure, geochemical
parameters (mineralogical and chemical characteristics), soil-water interaction etc. [3]
The grain size distribution
of the soil samples collected from the project area were carried out as per IS: 2720 (part IV) to find out the
particles size < 75 microns (% finer). The pH of soil and water content were also measured to study the soil
parameters and to predict the fate of the pesticide residue and effectiveness in degradation. Soil samples
collected from the study area covering all the seasons and following the standard protocols [4]
were analysed
through the NABL accredited laboratory to detect the present pesticide residue levels and the results (Table 1)
are used for predicting the concentrations of persistent pesticide residues.
Table 1. Soil sample data for prediction of persistent pesticide residue analysis
Locationcode
Elevation(m)
Endosulfan-II
EndosulfanSulfate
TotalEndosulfan
P,P‘-DDE
P,P‘-DDD
TotalDDT
Chlorpyriphos
Quinalphos
Total
Organophosphorous
1010313 3890 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
2010313 3959 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
3010313 3947 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ 0.273 0.273
4010313 4003 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
5010313 3877 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
6010313 3014 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
7010313 3800 BLQ 0.09 0.09 BLQ BLQ 0.069 BLQ 0.069
8020313 3656 BLQ 0.09 0.09 0.075 0.012 0.087 BLQ BLQ
9020313 3296 BLQ 0.09 0.09 0.017 0.01 0.027 BLQ BLQ
10020313 3264 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
11020313 3315 BLQ 0.09 0.09 0.01 BLQ 0.01 0.05 BLQ 0.05
12030313 4173 BLQ 0.137 0.137 BLQ BLQ BLQ 0.05 0.05
13030313 3708 BLQ 0.026 0.026 BLQ BLQ BLQ 0.098 0.098
14030313 3718 0.024 0.09 0.114 0.03 BLQ 0.03 BLQ 0.05 0.05
15030313 2850 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
16030313 2608 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
17030513 3607 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ 0.01 BLQ 0.01
18030513 3563 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
19030513 3740 BLQ BLQ 0.024 BLQ BLQ BLQ
20030513 2390 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
21040513 3740 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
22040513 3133 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ 0.589 BLQ 0.589
23040513 2365 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
24060513 3742 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
25060513 3270 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ 0.069 BLQ 0.069
26060513 3254 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
27140114 3950 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
28140114 3805 BLQ 0.14 0.14 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
3. Study and prediction of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residue in ….
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09120107 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
29140114 3658 BLQ BLQ 0.03 BLQ 0.03 BLQ BLQ
30140114 3335 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
31140114 3280 BLQ BLQ 0.01 BLQ 0.01 BLQ BLQ
32150114 4167 BLQ 0.02 0.02 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
33150114 3720 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
34150114 3720 0.09 0.78 0.87 0.01 0.07 0.08 BLQ BLQ
35150114 3609 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
36150114 3741 BLQ BLQ 0.05 BLQ 0.05 0.05 BLQ
37150114 3134 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
38150114 3272 BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ BLQ
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pesticide residues in soil was carried out based on modified
QuEChERS method for the extraction of pesticides from agricultural, ornamental and forestal soils[5]
using
GC—ECD, GC—FPD and GC-MS technology. The results of analysis for soil samples obtained are average
water content -- 25 %, pH --6.02, and fine grained particles(<75 microns) were 40%. Endosulfan was present
in 31.6 % of soil samples in the range of 0-0.87 mgKg-1
and a mean value of 0.093 mgkg-1
. Organophosphorous
pesticides (Chlorpyriphos, Quinalphos and Ethion) were present in 21 % of the samples within a range of 0.01-
0.589 mgkg-1
and a mean value of 0.1122 mgkg-1
. DDT was present in 29 % of the soil samples in the range of
0.01 - 0.087 mgkg-1
with a mean value of 0.0193 mgkg-1
. The largest value of Technical DDT is 0.087 mgKg-1
.
It contains P, P‘- DDE 0.075 mgkg-1
P, P‘- DDD 0.012 mgKg-1
. As per the literatures if the ratio of P, P‘ –
DDT/DDT metabolite is > 0.5, it indicate a recent usage[6-7]
. In the present study P, P‘ – DDT was not detected
in any of the samples and seems to be an earlier usage before it is restricted in agricultural sector.
2.1 Prediction of persistent pesticide residues in the plough layer of soils.
The residual concentration of pesticides in soil samples are very high and if the present situation and
application strategy continued by the farmers then the environment would be at risk. In order to have a better
control and monitoring, the future concentration is predicted using mathematical model developed by FOrum
for the Co-ordination of pesticide fate models and their use(1997)[8]
under various conditions as shown below.
Case 1. Multiple applications of pesticides for n times, the concentration in soil immediately after n applications
(in mgkg-1
), spaced i days apart is given by the formula,
Initial PECS for n applications = where k is the dissipation rate
constant given by: k = and DT50 = time for disappearance of half the chemical (days).
Case II. Time-weighted average concentrations
The time-weighted average concentration over a period of t days after application is given by,
Average PECS over t days =
Case III . Long-term concentrations and build-up
If a pesticide is relatively persistent then concentrations in soil may build up and reach a plateau. Once
the plateau has been reached, concentrations fluctuate between a maximum when an application has just been
made and a minimum just before the next application has been made. Assuming first order dissipation of
residues, the time-weighted average concentration once the plateau has been reached is given by:
Plateau average PECS =
Whilst the maximum concentration during the plateau period, immediately after an application is given by:
Plateau maximum PECS =
The spread sheet model ‗TWA‘ developed by R. Grau & H. Schäfer[8]
is used to model the degradation
pattern of pesticides against time interval and DT50 for multiple applications of pesticides at different
concentrations. For single application the model form is
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= .
Where ̅C = time weighted average concentration, Co = Initial concentration, ∆t = time interval.
III. Results and Discussions
3.1 Predicted environmental concentration of pesticide residue in soils of Idukki cardamom plantations.
The predicted values of pesticides on multiple applications of the pesticides concentration was carried
out using the Mathematical equations as above and results tabulated in Table 2. The frequency of pesticide
application per year commencing from February to December is 8 at an interval of 30-40 days. The predicted
pesticide residues after 30 days of application are 0.714, 0.0711 , 0.4816 and 0.1832 mgKg-1
and the predicted
values on multiple applications where the concentrations in soil may build up and reach a plateau, are
2.559,0.2559, 1.7324 and 0.659 mgKg-1
in the case of endosulfan, DDT, organophosphorous and total pesticides
respectively. The initial degradation of pesticides is at a slow phase except in the case of repeat applications.
The repeat applications will leads to a condition of plateau at which soil may lose all its properties and hence the
presence of high concentrations of persistent residues.
Table 2. Mathematical model for maximum and mean concentrations of pesticides
Persistent pesticides
present in the soils of
Idukki District
max.
endosulfan
residue
mgKg-1
mean
endosulfan
residue
mgKg-1
max. DDT
residue
mgKg-1
mean
DDT
residue
mgKg-1
max.
organophos
phorous
residue
mgKg-1
mean
organophosphor
ous residue
mgKg-1
mean
total
pesticid
es
residue
mgKg-1
Observed values 0.87 0.0926 0.087 0.0193 0.589 0.1122 0.2241
For Multiple Applications ,
Initial PECS for n
applications = Initial PECS
for 1 application * (1 - e-nki
) / ( 1 - e-ki
)
2.4670 0.2626 0.2467 0.0547 1.6702 0.3182 0.6355
Time-weighted average
concentrations Average
PECS over t days = Initial
PECS x { 1 - e-kt
} / kt.
0.7114 0.0757 0.0711 0.0158 0.4816 0.0917 0.1832
Plateau average PECs =
Initial PECs for 1
application /ki
2.0924 0.2227 0.2092 0.0464 1.4165 0.2698 0.5390
Plateau maximum PECS =
Initial PECS for 1
application / { 1 – e-ki
}
2.5588 0.2724 0.2559 0.0568 1.7324 0.3300 0.6591
‗TWA‘ spread sheet model for endosulfan and organophosphorous are shown in Figure. 2 and Figure.3
respectively. The DDT present in the samples proved to be of earlier application and hence future concentration
not predicted.
Figure 2.TWA model for Endosulfan at maximum and mean concentrations
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Figure 3. TWA model for Organophosphorous at maximum and mean concentrations
3.2 Soil environment and pesticide degradation
Persistence defines the lasting-power of a pesticide. Most pesticides break down or degrade with time
as a result of chemical and micro-biological reactions in soils. The biological activity of these substances may
also have environmental significance. Since population of microbes decrease rapidly below the root zone,
pesticides leached beyond this depth are less likely to be degraded. However, some pesticides will continue to
degrade by chemical reactions after they have left the root zone. [1]
The single most important property
influencing a pesticide's movement through water is its solubility. [6]
One of the most useful indices for
quantifying pesticide adsorption on soils is the partition coefficient (PC) [1]
which is the ratio of pesticide
concentration in the adsorbed-state (that is bound to soil particles) and the solution-phase (that is, dissolved in
the soil-water). Persistence and movement of these pesticides and their Transformation Products (TPs) are
determined by some parameters, such as soil-sorption constant (Koc), the octanol/ water partition coefficient
(Kow), and half-life in soil (DT50). The partition coefficient is determined by a pesticide's chemical properties
such as solubility and melting point and is independent of the soil type. [9]
Similar index for sorption could be
calculated for a given pesticide on a particular soil using equation, K = (PC) (%OM) (0.0058) where % OM is
the percent of organic matter in the soil as determined by chemical analysis of the soil and PC is the partition
coefficient of the pesticide. Thus, pesticides with PC or K = 0 will leach through run off. [1]
Soil adsorption
coefficient Koc of pesticides used in cardamom plantations are shown in Table 3. The organic matter in soils of
Idukki cardamom plantations are high [10]
and more than 75 % of the samples contain an average 40% of its
particles less than 75 microns. As part of this study, 100 water samples were collected across the project area
and analysed for pesticide residues and confirm that the water sources are not contaminated with pesticide
residues or the pesticides used are of large PC values. [11]
Table3. Pesticides adsorption coefficient and TPs characteristics
Pesticide Koc(ml/gOC DT50 TPs Characteristics
DDT, 635000 3000 DDD , DDE Toxic persistent
Endosulfan 12400 50 Endosulfan sulfate Persistent
Organophosphorous
1. Malathion
1800 1 Oxidation product More toxic
2. Carbofuran 14-160 30-117 3- Hydroxycarbofuran
3-Ketocarbofuran
Hydrolysis products, toxic,
little persistent
3.3 Pesticide degradation and transformation products
Pesticides are degraded by chemical and microbiological processes. [1]
Endosulfan, a highly persistent
organochlorine pesticide degrade by microorganisms.[2]
The bioavailability and the fraction of chemical that can
be transformed by living organisms is unique for each species.[12]
The organochlorine DDT and endosulfan
pesticides present in the soil samples are hydrophobic which is more persistent and bio-accumulable. The
organophosphorous pesticides – herbicides, carbamates and fungicides are polar pesticides that move along with
runoff and leaching. [13]
The extent of degradation ranges from the formation of metabolites (TPs) to the
decomposition in inorganic products. [9]
The studies on adsorption of pesticides and biodegraded products on
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soils particularly on clay minerals less than 75 microns observed that monmorillonite clay had considerable
adsorption capacity. [14]
In this study a similar soil characteristic was observed in soils and point out high risk of contamination
of persistent pesticide residues in the project area. Most of these pesticides are now banned in agriculture but
they are still available in market with different trade names but with same chemical compositions and hence
their residues were detected in the soil samples from the project area.
3.4 Analysis of the predicted values of pesticide residues, organochlorine and organophosphorous
chemicals.
The accuracy in predicted models was evaluated based on the field data and its limitations in study.
The degradation of pesticides and its residual concentration are compared with the results of earlier studies
under similar conditions. However, there are limited studies in the literature which address the environmental
behavior of pesticides at elevated levels. [15]
The mathematical model gives realistic values of predicted
concentrations within the limits of uncertainty. The TWA model (figure 2 &3) shows the degradation pattern
and the predicted concentration at an interval of a crop period. The concentrations shows reasonably low value
than the present field level concentrations due to reasons attributable to nature and limitations in the analysis.
The actual pesticide residue in soils shows only the free residue that is extractable and it is excluding
the bound residue. [15]
In contrast with the assumption that the kinetics is of first order and in all instances the
degradation occurs in two phases. In the first phase the compound was being degraded so that its concentration
progressively declined with time. The responsible organism was present in soil and conditions were suitable for
metabolism even if the transformation was not overly rapid. In the second phase, the concentration did not fall
detectably or it declined at a very low rate. The low phase indicate that the chemicals are intrinsically slowly
transformed and hence liable to physical or chemical modifications that result in alterations in the availability to
microorganisms which is represented as aging.[16]
Ageing is thought to be the result of either a redistribution of
the chemical from weaker to stronger adsorption sites, slow chemisorptions /sequestration, or covalent bond
formation between the compounds and soil organic matter.[17]
The predicted model (Fig.2 and 3) is agreeing
with this arguments that the kinetics is not of first order but are in two phases and in the second phase the
concentration declined at a very low rate.
A variety of agricultural and environmental factors viz. concentration , repeat applications, effect of
aging of bound pesticides in soils, mode of application of pesticide in soil and effect of soil structure/texture
with organic and inorganic fertilizers influences the fate and binding of xenobiotics in soil.[15]
Persistence of
pesticides in soils has been found to increase with increasing concentration whereas mineralization, formation of
degradation products and bound residues decreases at higher concentrations. The formation of bound residues
on a percentage basis have been found to vary inversely with increased initial application rates.[18]
This
argument agrees with the model and shows that the endosulfan and organophosphorous residues degraded at
faster rate at higher initial concentrations of 0.87 mgKg-1
than at a mean concentration of 0.0926 mgKg-1
.
Similarly the Organophosphorous residue degraded at faster rate when the concentration is 0.589 mgkg-1
than at
the mean value, 0.1122 mgkg-1
. The initial hike in concentration is due to repeated applications within the half
life period. The two effects of repeated applications on the fate of pesticides in soils are accelerated dissipation
and decelerated binding, both of which are of profound significance in the context of transfer and retention
processes of soil--applied pesticides [19]
which decreases the pesticide persistence in soil and minimizes the
potential environmental hazards.
The study reveals that optimum use of pesticides, maintaining soil moisture and organic contents in
tandem with soil characteristics and microbial growth will reduce the contamination of soil and can improve
degradation of bound pesticides so as to protect the environment from the formation of toxic metabolites. The
use of banned pesticides which is available in the market should be completely seized by a random raid and
continuous monitoring by authorized officials is necessary for a complete exit of highly toxic pesticides like
endosulfan, DDT etc which is present in the soil at high concentrations. Intensive soil cultivation without
applying agro-chemicals is a suitable method for a long-lasting soil decontamination of persistent organic
chemicals like DDT. [7]
IV. Conclusions
The study conducted in Idukki district, the Indian Cardamom Hills agrees with the earlier findings that
formation of degradation products and bound residues decrease at higher concentration of pesticide
applications and it is concluded that this findings are applicable to elevated levels also.
The results of earlier studies [19-20-21]
that, the fate of degradation of pesticides and formation of its
metabolites is determined by the soil adsorption capacity and water solubility of pesticides which is
quantified as partition coefficient and the properties of soil such as pH, organic content and microbiological
concentration is in agreement with this study.
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The predicted environmental concentrations of pesticides using Time Weighted Average concentration
based on mathematical model for multiple applications, when the concentrations in soil build up and reach a
plateau, are 2.559, 0.2559, 1.7324 and 0.659 mgKg-1
in the case of endosulfan, DDT, organophosphorous
and total pesticides respectively which may be dreadful. The biodiversity in Western Ghats, the migrating
bird‘s life, soil fertility and climatic changes, the flora and fauna and large water sources will be affected if
the present scenario is continued further.[21]
The ‗TWA‘ spread sheet models show that the repeat application even at high dose increases the
degradation of pesticides and reduce the residual concentration at a faster rate.
Persistence of pesticides in soils has been found to increase with increasing concentration as found in the
mathematical model which leads to aging on bound residues. As a result the bound pesticide residues tend
to lose their biological activity and become even more resistant to degradation and extraction.
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