Stucture design -I (Introduction)
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Structural design involves studying how forces act on buildings and their components. Loads like weight are transferred through members like slabs, beams and columns down to the ground. An economical structure transfers loads through the shortest distance. Structures are designed to support various loads, both internal like self-weight and external like wind and seismic loads. Structural members must withstand these loads without significant deformation. Forces can be analyzed by their type, such as external or internal, and nature such as tensile, compressive or shear. Forces can act concurrently, parallel, or non-concurrently on structures. They are represented graphically with lines and arrows
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The document discusses concepts related to work, energy and power in physics. It defines work as the product of force and displacement. Kinetic energy is defined as the energy an object possesses due to its motion. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or changed from one form to another. Thermal energy is the energy contained within a system that is responsible for its temperature and is produced from friction. Power is defined as the rate of doing work or using energy and is measured in watts. Several examples of calculations related to work, energy and power are also presented.
Work energy-power
The document discusses different types of work including work against inertia when accelerating an object, work against gravity when lifting an object, and work against friction. It provides examples such as throwing a ball or pushing a box and explains concepts such as mechanical energy, the work-energy theorem, and conservative versus non-conservative forces. Formulas are given for work as well as the definition of joules as the SI unit of energy.
TDS Lec 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of the Theory and Design of Structures module. It outlines the lecture hours, units covered, and aim of the module. The main topics covered include statically determinate and indeterminate structures, types of loads acting on structures, stress, strain, bending stress, moment of inertia, and section modulus. The document also defines key terms related to structural analysis and design.
CLASS 8 ENERGY
This document provides information about work, energy, and their related concepts:
- It defines work as being done when a force causes an object to move, and lists the two conditions required for work - a force must act on the body, and the force must produce motion or change the body's shape or size.
- The amount of work done depends on the magnitude of the applied force and the distance moved by the body in the direction of the force.
- Potential energy is the energy an object possesses due to its position or state, like a stretched spring. Kinetic energy is the energy due to an object's motion.
- Examples are provided to illustrate potential and kinetic energy, and how potential
Engmech 02 (force)
A force is a push or pull on an object due to its interaction with another object. There are two categories of forces: contact forces like friction and tension, and non-contact forces like gravity and magnetism. A force is measured in Newtons, with one Newton being the force needed to accelerate a 1 kg mass by 1 m/s2. Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object and remains constant, while weight varies based on location and is the force of gravity on an object. Free body diagrams depict all external forces acting on an object to solve for the system's forces and reactions.
Engineering Mechanics Fundamentals
Fundamental concepts of Engineering Mechanics
Download:
http://skillcruise.com/academics/mechanical-engineering/engineering-mechanics/
Diploma i em u ii forces and its effects
Forces can be described as any influence that causes an object to change its movement, direction or shape. A force is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The fundamental types of forces are gravity, electromagnetic forces, nuclear forces, and contact forces like normal force, friction, tension etc. Forces always occur in pairs as an action-reaction pair according to Newton's third law. Equilibrium occurs when the vector sum of all forces acting on a body is zero. Forces can be resolved into orthogonal components to simplify the calculation of their resultant using trigonometric relationships.
StaficandDynamicforces.pptx
Seismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building (or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent.
As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe wind storm).
THEORY OF STRUCTURES-I [B. ARCH.]
The document discusses the basics of structural theory, including:
1. Applied mechanics deals with forces, moments, and how bodies behave under loads. Statics studies bodies at rest while dynamics studies bodies in motion.
2. Forces have magnitude, direction, point of application, and sense. Common forces include gravitational, magnetic, and frictional.
3. A structure must be able to withstand various forces like dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and seismic loads.
Dynamics
The document discusses key concepts in dynamics including different types of forces like normal force and friction. It explains Newton's laws of motion and how they can be applied to solve dynamics problems. Examples are provided on how to use the laws of motion to analyze inclined planes, lifts, tensions in connected objects, and other dynamics scenarios. Key concepts covered in 3 sentences or less include: Newton's laws of motion are introduced to explain how forces cause motion or changes in motion. Different types of forces like normal force, friction, and tension are defined. Examples are given on how to apply Newton's laws to solve dynamics problems involving inclined planes, connected objects, and lifts.
Summary rdm
The document discusses different types of structures and structural concepts. It describes compression structures like columns and arches, shear structures like reinforced concrete walls, and bending structures like beams and slabs. It also defines trusses, rigid and hinged connections, dead and live loads, impact, earthquake loading, equilibrium, internal and external forces, stability, and static determinacy.
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CONTEMPORARY PLANNINGS IN INDIA.pptx
India is a rapidly urbanizing country with more than 30% of its population living in cities. This has led to a significant increase in demand for housing, infrastructure, and services. As a result, urban planning has become a critical aspect of India's economic and social development.
Contemporary urban planning in India aims to create sustainable, inclusive, and livable cities that can accommodate the needs of all citizens. It involves the integration of various disciplines, such as architecture, engineering, economics, and social sciences, to develop comprehensive plans that address the complex challenges of urbanization.
The Smart Cities Mission is a flagship program launched by the Indian government in 2015 to promote sustainable urban development. The mission aims to develop 100 smart cities across the country by leveraging technology and innovation.
Under this mission, cities are selected through a competitive process and provided with funding to implement projects related to infrastructure, mobility, energy, and governance. The goal is to create cities that are efficient, responsive, and citizen-friendly.
Mixed-use development is a key aspect of contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of different land uses, such as residential, commercial, and recreational, within the same area. This approach promotes walkability, reduces traffic congestion, and enhances social interaction.
Mixed-use development also supports the concept of transit-oriented development, which encourages the use of public transportation and reduces reliance on private vehicles. This approach can help to reduce air pollution and improve the overall quality of life in cities.
Green urbanism is an emerging concept in contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and urban forests, within the urban fabric. This approach promotes biodiversity, improves air quality, and provides opportunities for recreation and relaxation.
Green urbanism also supports sustainable transportation modes, such as cycling and walking, and promotes the use of renewable energy sources. This approach can help to mitigate the impacts of climate change and create more resilient cities.
Green urbanism is an emerging concept in contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and urban forests, within the urban fabric. This approach promotes biodiversity, improves air quality, and provides opportunities for recreation and relaxation.
Green urbanism also supports sustainable transportation modes, such as cycling and walking, and promotes the use of renewable energy sources. This approach can help to mitigate the impacts of climate change and create more resilient cities.
Green urbanism is an emerging concept in contemporary urban planning in India. It refers to the integration of green spaces, such as parks, gardens, and urban forests, within the urban fabric.
From Single Function to Integrated: The Evolution of Computer Integrated Buil...
Intelligent design and construction refer to the process of designing and building structures using advanced technology and innovative techniques. This approach involves a combination of engineering, architecture, and technology to create buildings that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and sustainable.
The goal of intelligent design and construction is to optimize the use of resources and minimize waste. This approach involves the use of smart materials, energy-efficient systems, and innovative construction methods that reduce the carbon footprint of buildings.
As technology continues to advance, the demands placed on buildings and services are also increasing. There is a growing need for buildings to be equipped with advanced IT systems that can monitor and control various functions such as lighting, heating, ventilation, and security.
This has led to the development of intelligent building management systems that can integrate these functions into a single platform, making it easier for users to manage and control them.
User IT systems are becoming increasingly important in our daily lives, with the rise of smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices. These systems allow us to access information and services on the go, making our lives more convenient and efficient.
In the context of building and services, user IT systems can be used to control and monitor various functions such as lighting, temperature, and security. This can lead to improved energy efficiency, cost savings, and increased comfort for users.
The Art of Intelligent Design and Construction
Intelligent design and construction refer to the process of designing and building structures using advanced technology and innovative techniques. This approach involves a combination of engineering, architecture, and technology to create buildings that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also functional and sustainable.
The goal of intelligent design and construction is to optimize the use of resources and minimize waste. This approach involves the use of smart materials, energy-efficient systems, and innovative construction methods that reduce the carbon footprint of buildings.
Smart materials are an essential component of intelligent design and construction. These materials have unique properties that allow them to respond to external stimuli such as temperature, humidity, and light. They can change their shape, color, or texture in response to these stimuli, making them ideal for use in building facades, roofs, and interior walls.
Examples of smart materials used in intelligent design and construction include shape-memory alloys, self-healing concrete, and electrochromic glass. These materials offer numerous benefits, including improved energy efficiency, reduced maintenance costs, and enhanced durability.
Energy-efficient systems are another critical aspect of intelligent design and construction. These systems include HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting, and renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power. By using these systems, buildings can reduce their energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Intelligent design and construction also involve the use of smart controls and sensors that monitor energy usage and adjust systems accordingly. For example, lighting systems can be programmed to turn off when no one is in the room, and HVAC systems can adjust the temperature based on occupancy levels.
Intelligent design and construction represent the future of building design and construction. As society becomes increasingly aware of the need for sustainable and environmentally friendly buildings, this approach will become more prevalent.
Advances in technology and materials science will continue to drive innovation in intelligent design and construction, leading to even more efficient and sustainable buildings. As we move towards a greener and more sustainable future, intelligent design and construction will play a crucial role in shaping our built environment.
Building with the Earth: The Role of Technology in Vernacular Architecture
Vernacular architecture is a style of building that uses local materials and traditional construction techniques. It is an approach that has been used for centuries in various parts of the world, and it continues to be relevant today.
The use of vernacular materials and construction technology is an essential aspect of vernacular architecture. This presentation will explore the role of construction technology in vernacular architecture and highlight the importance of using local materials in building design.
Vernacular Materials
Vernacular materials are those that are locally available and commonly used in building construction. These materials include mud, stone, timber, thatch, and bamboo, among others.
The use of vernacular materials is important because they are readily available and affordable, making them accessible to local communities. Additionally, they have proven durability and can withstand harsh weather conditions, which is essential in areas prone to natural disasters.
Construction Technology
Construction technology refers to the tools, methods, and techniques used in building construction. In vernacular architecture, construction technology is often simple and relies on manual labor rather than machinery.
The use of construction technology in vernacular architecture is essential because it allows for the efficient and effective use of local materials. For example, traditional techniques such as adobe brickmaking and rammed earth construction allow for the creation of sturdy structures using only mud and other locally available materials.
Cultural Significance
Vernacular architecture is not only practical but also culturally significant. It reflects the traditions, beliefs, and values of local communities and serves as a reminder of their heritage.
By using local materials and construction technology, vernacular architecture also promotes sustainability and reduces the environmental impact of building construction. It is a way of building that is rooted in the local context and respects the natural environment.
Contemporary Applications
While vernacular architecture has deep roots in history, it is still relevant in contemporary building design. Architects and designers continue to draw inspiration from vernacular architecture and incorporate local materials and construction techniques into their projects.
In addition to promoting sustainability and cultural preservation, the use of vernacular materials and construction technology can also create unique and visually striking buildings that stand out in their surroundings.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of vernacular materials and construction technology is an essential aspect of vernacular architecture. It promotes sustainability, cultural preservation, and creates unique and visually striking buildings.
As architects and designers continue to explore new ways of incorporating local materials and construction techniques into their projects, vernacular architecture will remain a
Building Resilience: Vernacular Strategies for Disaster-resistant Structures ...
India is a country that is prone to various disasters such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, and landslides. These disasters have caused immense damage to life and property in the past.
One of the ways to mitigate the impact of these disasters is by constructing disaster-resistant structures using vernacular strategies.
Vernacular Strategies for Flood-Resistant Structures
In flood-prone areas, houses are constructed on raised platforms or stilts to prevent water from entering the house. The walls of the houses are made of materials that can withstand water damage such as bamboo, mud, and bricks.
Additionally, the roofs of the houses are sloped to allow rainwater to run off easily, and windows are placed at a higher level to prevent water from entering the house during floods.
Vernacular Strategies for Cyclone-Resistant Structures
In cyclone-prone areas, houses are constructed using materials that can withstand high winds such as bamboo, thatch, and mud. The roofs of the houses are sloped and reinforced to prevent them from being blown away.
Additionally, the windows of the houses are fitted with shutters to protect them from flying debris and the doors are made of strong materials to prevent them from being blown open.
Vernacular Strategies for Landslide-Resistant Structures
In landslide-prone areas, houses are constructed on stable ground and away from steep slopes. The houses are also designed to be lightweight and flexible to absorb the impact of landslides.
Furthermore, the houses are constructed using materials that can withstand the force of landslides such as bamboo, wood, and steel. The roofs of the houses are also sloped to allow rainwater to run off easily and prevent soil erosion.
Conclusion
Vernacular strategies for disaster-resistant structures have been developed over centuries by communities living in disaster-prone areas. These strategies not only help in mitigating the impact of disasters but also provide sustainable solutions that are cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
By incorporating these strategies into modern construction practices, we can create disaster-resistant structures that are resilient and can withstand the challenges posed by natural disasters.
Poverty and informal sectors
Poverty is scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material
possessions or money. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic
goods and services necessary for survival with dignity
According to Mobile Orshansky who developed the poverty measurements used
by the U.S. government, “Poor is to be deprived of those goods, services and
pleasures which others around us take for granted.”
According to David Kurten, Poverty also involves social disintegration and
environmental degradation which he describes as forming the threefold human
crisis in the world today
Detailed specifications
Detailed specification of an item of work specifies the quantities of materials, proportion of mortar, workmanship, method of preparation & execution and method of measurement.
Detailed specifications of different items of works are prepared separately and describe what the work should be and these shall be executed and constructed.
SPECIFICATION
The document provides specifications for first, second, and third class buildings. For first class buildings, it specifies use of high quality materials like first class bricks, cement mortar, RCC slabs for roofs, and finishes like terrazzo floors. Second class buildings allow use of mud mortar and brick-on-edge floors. Third class buildings use cheaper materials like second class bricks and mud roofs. Foundations, walls, roofs, floors, doors, windows and finishes are described at different levels of quality for the three classes.
GREEN ARCHITECTURE
Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to building that minimizes harmful effects on human health and the environment.
The "green" architect or designer attempts to safeguard air, water, and earth by choosing eco-friendly building materials and construction practices.
Forms of human settelments
A SETTLEMENT IS A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE LIVE.
A SETTLEMENT MAY BE AS SMALL AS A SINGLE HOUSE IN A REMOTE AREA OR AS LARGE AS A MEGA CITY.
A SETTLEMENT MAY ALSO BE PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY (REFUGEE CAMP). AND A TEMPORARY SETTLEMENT MAY BECOME PERMANENT OVER TIME.
Forms of human settlements, Urban and Rural forms, settelments, cities, Linear city , radial city,villages, hamlets, dwelings, ec.
Cyclone disaster in Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is prone to many disasters like cyclones, droughts, floods, and earthquakes. It has a long coastline of over 1,000 km that makes it vulnerable to cyclones. Some major cyclones that affected the state include the 1990 BOB-2 cyclone, 1999 cyclone, 2006 Ogni cyclone, 2013 Phailin cyclone, 2014 Hudhud cyclone, and 2018 Titli cyclone. These cyclones caused widespread damage across coastal districts like Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and West Godavari. In response, the Andhra Pradesh government started a cyclone hazard mitigation project with early warning systems and integrated coastal zone management programs
Udaipur dustrict disparities
Udaipur has a population of over 3 million people according to the 2011 census, ranking it 30th out of 33 districts in Rajasthan in terms of basic demographics. Nearly half the population is from Scheduled Tribes, with the southeastern blocks having the highest ST populations. While Udaipur ranks 4th in the state for agriculture and livestock and 7th for power, it has moderate overall development. Girwa block has the highest literacy rate and most development from services like banking, leading to greater employment opportunities and standards of living compared to other rural blocks with less economic growth relying on agriculture and low-skilled manufacturing. Disparities exist between urbanizing Girwa block and blocks lacking urban populations like
General theory of Bending
This document discusses the general theory of bending beams with non-rectangular cross sections. It explains that the formula M=fbd^2/6 cannot be used for non-rectangular sections, and instead develops a theory based on the neutral axis, strain, stress, and moment of inertia. It shows that the bending moment M is equal to the product of the Young's modulus E, the moment of inertia I, and the curvature 1/R. It then defines the section modulus Z as the moment of inertia divided by the distance to the extreme fiber, allowing the bending moment to be written as M=fZ.
Structure design -I (Moment of Resistance)
This document discusses moment of resistance in structural beams. It defines moment of resistance as the moment of the couple set up at a beam section by longitudinal forces caused by the beam's deflection. The document explains that at equilibrium, the moment of resistance of a beam section must equal the bending moment applied. It also describes how stress varies linearly from compression to tension across the beam's cross-section, with the neutral axis experiencing no stress. The moment of resistance of a rectangular beam section is calculated as fbd2/6, where f is the maximum stress, b is the width, and d is the depth.
PRECEPTION (ADT)
The document discusses visual perception and how it relates to architecture. It explores several theories of visual perception, including neurophysiology, Gestalt theory, constructivism, and ecological perception. The document also includes many visual examples to illustrate concepts like figure-ground discrimination, grouping, and how perception is influenced by existing knowledge and cultural norms. The overall message is that visual perception is complex and subjective, and we do not necessarily see things objectively, but rather perceive them based on our existing understanding and frame of reference.
Structure Design-I (Moment of Inertia)
This document discusses moment of inertia, which is a property of an object's shape that represents its resistance to changes in motion. It defines moment of inertia as the second moment of a force or area. The document explains how to calculate the moment of inertia of different beam sections using thin strips and the parallel axis theorem. It also discusses finding the neutral axis, which is the axis where compressive and tensile forces balance. Sample problems are provided to demonstrate calculating moment of inertia for different laminate shapes.
Structure Design -1(Lecture 9 bm and sf solved examples)
1) The document provides examples of calculating bending moment (BM) diagrams for beams with various loading conditions including point loads, uniformly distributed loads (UDL), and combined loading systems.
2) Key steps discussed include drawing shear force (SF) diagrams to determine the location of maximum BM, and calculating reactions before determining BM values.
3) For a simply supported beam, the maximum BM occurs where the SF is zero, and this point can be found by equating the total load to the left reaction.
Structure -1(Lecture 8 bm and sf part 2)
This document discusses bending moment (BM), shear force (SF), and deflection in beams under different loading conditions. It provides examples of calculating the maximum BM for simply supported and cantilever beams with uniform and point loads. For a simply supported beam with a uniform load, the maximum BM is Wl/8. The maximum BM of a cantilever beam with a uniform load is Wl/2. The document also demonstrates how to draw the BM and SF diagrams for beams with overhanging sections, uniform loads partially covering the span, and multiple point loads. Conventionally, positive BM indicates concave upward deflection and negative BM indicates convex upward deflection.
Structure Design-I (Bending moment & Shear force Part II)
This document discusses bending moment (BM), shear force (SF), and deflection in beams under different loading conditions. It provides examples of calculating the maximum BM for simply supported and cantilever beams with uniform and point loads. For a simply supported beam with a uniform load, the maximum BM occurs at the midpoint and is equal to Wl/8. The maximum BM for a cantilever beam with a uniform load is Wl/2. Examples are given of determining reactions, drawing the BM and SF diagrams, and calculating the maximum BM for beams with overhanging sections, uniform loads partially covering the span, and multiple point loads.
Plannign Theories
The document discusses several theories of urban planning and land use:
(1) Garden city theory proposes planned cities that combine urban amenities with access to nature. Ebenezer Howard's model included separate zones for residents, industry, and agriculture surrounded by a rural belt.
(2) Burgess' concentric zone theory describes a city growing outward from the CBD in concentric circles divided by socioeconomic status and land use.
(3) Hoyt's sector theory argues cities develop in sectors influenced by transportation routes rather than concentric circles.
(4) Multiple nuclei model describes urban growth spreading from several centers rather than just the CBD.
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Stucture design -I (Introduction)
- 1. STRUCTURAL DESIGN I STRUCTURAL MECHANICS LECTURE 1
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Structural mechanics, or the start of structural design, is concerned with the study of forces and how these act on a body, in our case – buildings. • Each building component has weight which is a load. This load is a downward acting force that has to be transferred through various building members to the earth. These members are slabs, beams, columns etc. • An economical structure is that in which the load transfer is through the shortest distance.
- 3. Common Characteristics Of Structures • Structures are designed to support various kinds of loads. These are self weight of members, live loads on these, snow loads, water/ earth loads, wind loads, seismic loads, thermal loads, shrinkage loads and sometimes construction loads etc. • All the structural loads are transferred to the ground. • At the support points structural members generate reaction forces to resist the various loads. • External loads and the reactions that resist these loads produce different kinds of stresses in the structural member. • The structural members have to be strong enough to resist all these external stresses. • Structural members should not substantively deform under their own or external applied loads.
- 4. Types of structures. Schematic representation
- 9. • As the structural load is basically a force that has to be resisted, structural design becomes a study of forces that act on a structure, the stresses such forces generate and the selection and design of materials and forms that can resist these forces. • Hence, it becomes important to know the contemporary use of force units.
- 10. UNITS OF FORCE • The Newton is the unit of force derived in the SI system. • it is equal to the amount of net force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second. • In dimensional analysis, F=ma, multiplying m (kg) by a (m/s2). • The dimension for 1 Newton unit is therefore
- 11. • The dimension for 1 Newton unit can be seen as: – 1 N is the force of Earth’s gravity on an object with a mass of about 102 g (1⁄9.81 kg) (such as a small apple). – On Earth's surface, a mass of 1 kg exerts a force of approximately 9.8 N [down] (or 1.0 kilogram-force; 1 kgf=9.80665 N by definition). The approximation of 1 kg corresponding to 10 N is sometimes used as a rule of thumb in everyday life and in engineering. – The force of Earth's gravity on a human being with a mass of 70 kg is approximately 686 N. – It is common to see forces expressed in kilo-newtons or kN, where 1 kN = 1,000 N.
- 12. Classification of forces 1. According to the effect produced by the force- a) External force (Push or Pull) b) Internal force (Resistance) c) Active force (Cause a body to move or change its shape) d) Passive force (prevents the motion or deformation of a body)
- 13. Contd. 2. According to the nature of force a) Action and Reaction b) Attraction and Repulsion c) Pull and Push 3. According to the nature of stress produced in the body- a) Tensile force b) Compressive force c) Shear force
- 14. COMPOSITION OF FORCES • Forces can be acting on a number of planes in different situations but here the study will be limited to ‘co-planer’ system of forces i.e. forces that are acting on only one plane as that is what is normally required in calculations required for structures of common buildings. • Forces can be represented graphically. Force has a value and a direction so, a line on a scale with an arrow can represent a force. • Forces can be: – Parallel forces – Concurrent forces – Non concurrent forces
- 15. Parallel Forces Resultant Concurrent Forces Resultant Non-concurrent Forces Equilibrant
- 16. • Write a paper on “Structures in Architecture”.