Biological psychology: Stress, examines stress as a bodily response and stress in everyday life such as life changes and daily hassles. Based on the Third Edition for Psychology AS 'The Complete Companion Student Book' by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan for AQA 'A'
The document discusses the body's response to acute and chronic stressors. Acute stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system through the sympathomedullary pathway in the short term. Chronic stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the long term through the release of corticosteroids. The document also examines how stress can impact the immune system, cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders, as well as everyday stressors like life changes, daily hassles and uplifts. Personality factors like Type A and hardy personalities are also discussed in relation to stress. Finally, the document outlines biological and psychological methods of managing stress through problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.
Chronic stress can damage health, mood, productivity and relationships by overactivating the nervous system and stress response. The stress response involves the nervous, endocrine and immune systems working together to increase heart rate, blood pressure and glucose levels in order to cope with threats. While acute stress can be helpful, chronic stress takes a long term toll on the body's systems and increases risks of cardiovascular disease, digestive issues, reproductive problems and mental health conditions. Managing stress through exercise, sleep, relaxation techniques and social support can help mitigate these damaging effects on health and quality of life.
The document discusses stress, its causes and effects on physical and mental health. It notes that stress levels remain high for Americans and are associated with issues like family, economy, health, work and money. Chronic stress can negatively impact the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, heart, and brain. Specifically, long-term stress can damage the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, increasing risks of anxiety, depression and cognitive issues. The document recommends cognitive behavioral therapies and relaxation techniques to manage stress, including relaxation response, mindfulness, meditation and correcting cognitive distortions.
lecture 27 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Seyle
This document discusses stress, its causes and management. It defines stress as the body's response to mental, emotional or physical demands and pressures. Stress can be acute, episodic or chronic depending on its duration. Common causes of stress include work, family, health and financial issues. The document outlines Hans Selye's model of the body's alarm, resistance and exhaustion phases in response to stress. It also discusses burnout and lists individual and organizational strategies for managing stress, such as biofeedback, time management, meditation and relaxation techniques. Effective stress management involves identifying stressors and selecting appropriate strategies like these.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Stress is a common problem that affects mental and physical well-being. It arises from demands exceeding one's ability to cope. Stress was first studied scientifically by Hans Selye in the 1930s. It has physiological and cognitive components. Physiologically, stress activates the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. Cognitively, one's appraisal of a situation as threatening leads to stress. Chronic stress weakens the immune system and increases inflammation, risking disease. Managing stress requires identifying stressors and employing problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies.
Stress is a real or interpreted threat to the physiological or psycho social and/or behavioral response due to various factor that have to managed so that it may not lead into fatal psychiatric conditions
The document discusses the body's response to acute and chronic stressors. Acute stressors activate the sympathetic nervous system through the sympathomedullary pathway in the short term. Chronic stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the long term through the release of corticosteroids. The document also examines how stress can impact the immune system, cardiovascular and psychiatric disorders, as well as everyday stressors like life changes, daily hassles and uplifts. Personality factors like Type A and hardy personalities are also discussed in relation to stress. Finally, the document outlines biological and psychological methods of managing stress through problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies.
Chronic stress can damage health, mood, productivity and relationships by overactivating the nervous system and stress response. The stress response involves the nervous, endocrine and immune systems working together to increase heart rate, blood pressure and glucose levels in order to cope with threats. While acute stress can be helpful, chronic stress takes a long term toll on the body's systems and increases risks of cardiovascular disease, digestive issues, reproductive problems and mental health conditions. Managing stress through exercise, sleep, relaxation techniques and social support can help mitigate these damaging effects on health and quality of life.
The document discusses stress, its causes and effects on physical and mental health. It notes that stress levels remain high for Americans and are associated with issues like family, economy, health, work and money. Chronic stress can negatively impact the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, heart, and brain. Specifically, long-term stress can damage the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, increasing risks of anxiety, depression and cognitive issues. The document recommends cognitive behavioral therapies and relaxation techniques to manage stress, including relaxation response, mindfulness, meditation and correcting cognitive distortions.
lecture 27 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, Seyle
This document discusses stress, its causes and management. It defines stress as the body's response to mental, emotional or physical demands and pressures. Stress can be acute, episodic or chronic depending on its duration. Common causes of stress include work, family, health and financial issues. The document outlines Hans Selye's model of the body's alarm, resistance and exhaustion phases in response to stress. It also discusses burnout and lists individual and organizational strategies for managing stress, such as biofeedback, time management, meditation and relaxation techniques. Effective stress management involves identifying stressors and selecting appropriate strategies like these.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Stress is a common problem that affects mental and physical well-being. It arises from demands exceeding one's ability to cope. Stress was first studied scientifically by Hans Selye in the 1930s. It has physiological and cognitive components. Physiologically, stress activates the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. Cognitively, one's appraisal of a situation as threatening leads to stress. Chronic stress weakens the immune system and increases inflammation, risking disease. Managing stress requires identifying stressors and employing problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies.
Stress is a real or interpreted threat to the physiological or psycho social and/or behavioral response due to various factor that have to managed so that it may not lead into fatal psychiatric conditions
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on stress, health, and coping. It discusses Richard Lazarus' cognitive appraisal model of stress, sources of stress like daily hassles, life events, trauma, and social/cultural factors. It also covers physiological effects of stress like the fight-or-flight response and telomere shortening. Individual differences in coping styles, explanatory styles, and social support are reviewed, as well as gender differences in stress responses.
This document discusses stress and physical activity. It notes that while scientific research is important, practitioners must bridge gaps in knowledge. Exercise has been shown to positively impact responses to psychosocial stress. The neuroendocrinology of stress and exercise is complex, involving many systems. A balanced approach that combines established frameworks with tailored experiences for individuals is recommended.
The document discusses different models of stress. It describes the stimulus-based model which views stress as external stimuli or life events that tax a person's coping abilities. It also covers the response-based model proposed by Hans Selye which sees stress as the non-specific physiological response to demands placed on the body. Finally, it outlines the transactional model proposed by Lazarus which views stress as resulting from the interaction between personal and environmental factors, and emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisal in determining whether an event is perceived as stressful.
The document discusses emotions from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions, describes their components including subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressions. It explains major theories of emotions and how they relate to emotional adjustment and health. The objectives are to help students and professionals better understand emotions, their nature, dynamics and control to help improve emotional well-being.
This document discusses stress, its causes, and effects. It defines stress as the body's reaction to challenging events or emotions that require coping skills. Stress can be positive (eustress) or negative (distress) and acute or chronic. Common stressors include major life changes, relationships, work, and finances. Stress affects the body through increased heart rate, blood pressure, and the release of cortisol. Prolonged stress can weaken the immune system and damage brain cells. Effective coping strategies include problem-focused approaches like solving issues or gathering information, as well as emotion-focused methods like humor, social support, and relaxation. Maintaining a positive outlook through goal revision, appreciating moments of joy, and
The document discusses stress, defining it as a condition where a person responds to changes that exceed their adaptive abilities. Stress can be caused by internal or external stressors. Hans Selye proposed two models of stress adaptation: the general adaptation syndrome and local adaptation syndrome. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's overall response to stress in three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The local adaptation syndrome describes localized responses like wound healing. Stress can produce physiological, psychological, cognitive, and verbal-motor manifestations in the body.
The document defines stress and discusses its physiological and cognitive aspects. It describes stress as a transaction between a person and their environment that is perceived as threatening or exceeding their ability to cope. This leads to physiological arousal through the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's short and long-term response to stress. Coping involves cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage demands through problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies. Having a sense of control over stressors can reduce their physiological impact.
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
The document outlines the ground rules for a presentation on stress and its effects. It provides objectives for the presentation, which are to define stress, describe the stress response pathway and types of stress, differentiate between positive and negative stress, describe the signs and symptoms of stress and causes of stress, discuss factors influencing stress tolerance, and describe stress management techniques, coping strategies, and the benefits of stress management.
Stress is the body's response to any demand placed on it. It can be caused by both good and bad experiences. Stress responses are meant to provide energy to deal with threats, but prolonged stress takes a physical and emotional toll. There are many sources of stress, including survival threats, internal worries, environmental pressures, and overwork. Prolonged stress during pregnancy can negatively impact the fetus's development and the child's behavior and health. Managing stress requires recognizing triggers, using relaxation techniques, maintaining perspective, and engaging in self-care. Preventing distress involves addressing stress at personal, professional, and social levels through healthy lifestyle habits, support systems, and effective coping strategies.
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
Stress refers to an organism's failure to respond appropriately to threats, whether real or imagined. Common external stressors include work, life events, relationships, finances, and family. Internal stressors include inability to cope with change, unrealistic goals, and low self-confidence. Major life events like death, illness, marriage and job changes are among the top ten commonly accepted stressors. Physical symptoms of stress include illness, headaches, and effects on the brain and immune system. Hans Selye discovered the biological stress response and stress syndrome through his research. Stress can be neutral, negative, or positive, and everyone experiences it at some point.
The document discusses stress, its causes, effects on health, and management. It defines stress and outlines the body's response mechanisms. It describes acute and chronic stress and their health impacts like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, headaches and asthma. Occupational stress and post-traumatic stress disorder are also examined. Scales for measuring stress levels and life events are provided. The summary emphasizes managing stress at the individual, family, and community levels through various coping techniques.
The document discusses health psychology and the biopsychosocial model of health and illness. It explains that stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by physiological and psychological changes. Stressors are what cause stress. Chronic stressors that persist over long periods of time can damage the body by preventing it from returning to homeostasis. The document also discusses the physiological "fight or flight" stress response, as well as Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome model of the stages of stress. Finally, it covers cognitive appraisals of stressors and how social factors like poverty can impact stress levels and health.
Understand stress on time and save yourself---its your life and its in your own hands--make and keep it healthy & happy forever! Save this presentation for yourself and study & practice it when you are stressed! All the best!
This document summarizes a seminar on stress and its management. It defines stress, discusses the body's stress response and stages of adaptation, and models of stress including as a biological response, environmental event, and transaction between person and environment. Causes of stress like catastrophes, major life changes, and daily hassles are explained. Symptoms, effects on health, and the nursing process for managing stress are outlined. A variety of stress management techniques are proposed, including relaxation, exercise, social support, and maintaining a positive outlook. The presentation emphasizes the importance of balancing stress levels for optimal performance and health.
Notes on one of the IB HL Psychology options: Health. All about stress: its biological, cognitive, and social factors. Good advice too for those of us stressed out by IB testing!
The document discusses stress, its causes and types. It describes stress as the body's response to demands placed on it both physically and mentally. There are external stressors like work, relationships, and life events as well as internal stressors like negative thinking and personality traits. Both acute short term stress and chronic long term stress are addressed. Physical, mental, behavioral, and emotional symptoms of stress are outlined. Effective stress management involves recognizing stressors, maintaining balance between positive and negative stress, and using techniques like relaxation, time management, lifestyle changes, and alternative therapies to control stress levels.
Holmes and Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure the impact of life events on stress levels. They had participants rate 43 life events based on the psychological adjustment required. Events were then assigned values, with a higher score indicating more adjustment was needed. They found that a score over 150% increased the risk of stress-related illness by 30%, and a score over 300% increased the risk of stress-related breakdown by 50%. The SRRS was one of the first attempts to quantify life stressors and link them to health outcomes.
The document discusses psychological adaptation to stress. It covers:
1. The physiological stress response involves reactions in various body systems like increased heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Chronic stress can increase risk of health issues and cause psychological impacts like anxiety. Adaptive coping strategies help manage stress levels.
3. Stress adaptation models include stimulus-based, response-based, and transaction-based approaches. The response-based model describes the general adaptation syndrome of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages in prolonged stress exposure.
The document discusses a study on work stress management at Zuari Cement Industry in Kadapa, India. It finds that 37.5% of employees report undergoing stress. The major cause of stress reported is interpersonal relationships (68.75%). The most common problem faced due to stress is health issues, reported by 50% of employees. A majority of employees agree that physical environment, lack of communication, and stress from both work and home all contribute to work stress. Over half of employees strongly agree that work stress management techniques would improve employee confidence.
This video is a talk by Mr. Nilesh Mandlecha on 1 Mar 2016. Topic "How To Deal With Work Place Stress". This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds largest free patient education library www.healthlibrary.com
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on stress, health, and coping. It discusses Richard Lazarus' cognitive appraisal model of stress, sources of stress like daily hassles, life events, trauma, and social/cultural factors. It also covers physiological effects of stress like the fight-or-flight response and telomere shortening. Individual differences in coping styles, explanatory styles, and social support are reviewed, as well as gender differences in stress responses.
This document discusses stress and physical activity. It notes that while scientific research is important, practitioners must bridge gaps in knowledge. Exercise has been shown to positively impact responses to psychosocial stress. The neuroendocrinology of stress and exercise is complex, involving many systems. A balanced approach that combines established frameworks with tailored experiences for individuals is recommended.
The document discusses different models of stress. It describes the stimulus-based model which views stress as external stimuli or life events that tax a person's coping abilities. It also covers the response-based model proposed by Hans Selye which sees stress as the non-specific physiological response to demands placed on the body. Finally, it outlines the transactional model proposed by Lazarus which views stress as resulting from the interaction between personal and environmental factors, and emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisal in determining whether an event is perceived as stressful.
The document discusses emotions from a psychological perspective. It defines emotions, describes their components including subjective feelings, physiological changes, and expressions. It explains major theories of emotions and how they relate to emotional adjustment and health. The objectives are to help students and professionals better understand emotions, their nature, dynamics and control to help improve emotional well-being.
This document discusses stress, its causes, and effects. It defines stress as the body's reaction to challenging events or emotions that require coping skills. Stress can be positive (eustress) or negative (distress) and acute or chronic. Common stressors include major life changes, relationships, work, and finances. Stress affects the body through increased heart rate, blood pressure, and the release of cortisol. Prolonged stress can weaken the immune system and damage brain cells. Effective coping strategies include problem-focused approaches like solving issues or gathering information, as well as emotion-focused methods like humor, social support, and relaxation. Maintaining a positive outlook through goal revision, appreciating moments of joy, and
The document discusses stress, defining it as a condition where a person responds to changes that exceed their adaptive abilities. Stress can be caused by internal or external stressors. Hans Selye proposed two models of stress adaptation: the general adaptation syndrome and local adaptation syndrome. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's overall response to stress in three stages - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The local adaptation syndrome describes localized responses like wound healing. Stress can produce physiological, psychological, cognitive, and verbal-motor manifestations in the body.
The document defines stress and discusses its physiological and cognitive aspects. It describes stress as a transaction between a person and their environment that is perceived as threatening or exceeding their ability to cope. This leads to physiological arousal through the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis. The general adaptation syndrome describes the body's short and long-term response to stress. Coping involves cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage demands through problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies. Having a sense of control over stressors can reduce their physiological impact.
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
The document outlines the ground rules for a presentation on stress and its effects. It provides objectives for the presentation, which are to define stress, describe the stress response pathway and types of stress, differentiate between positive and negative stress, describe the signs and symptoms of stress and causes of stress, discuss factors influencing stress tolerance, and describe stress management techniques, coping strategies, and the benefits of stress management.
Stress is the body's response to any demand placed on it. It can be caused by both good and bad experiences. Stress responses are meant to provide energy to deal with threats, but prolonged stress takes a physical and emotional toll. There are many sources of stress, including survival threats, internal worries, environmental pressures, and overwork. Prolonged stress during pregnancy can negatively impact the fetus's development and the child's behavior and health. Managing stress requires recognizing triggers, using relaxation techniques, maintaining perspective, and engaging in self-care. Preventing distress involves addressing stress at personal, professional, and social levels through healthy lifestyle habits, support systems, and effective coping strategies.
This presentation consists of stress, types of stress, types of stressors, sources of stress, models of stress, stress management, coping strategies, coping methods
Stress refers to an organism's failure to respond appropriately to threats, whether real or imagined. Common external stressors include work, life events, relationships, finances, and family. Internal stressors include inability to cope with change, unrealistic goals, and low self-confidence. Major life events like death, illness, marriage and job changes are among the top ten commonly accepted stressors. Physical symptoms of stress include illness, headaches, and effects on the brain and immune system. Hans Selye discovered the biological stress response and stress syndrome through his research. Stress can be neutral, negative, or positive, and everyone experiences it at some point.
The document discusses stress, its causes, effects on health, and management. It defines stress and outlines the body's response mechanisms. It describes acute and chronic stress and their health impacts like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, headaches and asthma. Occupational stress and post-traumatic stress disorder are also examined. Scales for measuring stress levels and life events are provided. The summary emphasizes managing stress at the individual, family, and community levels through various coping techniques.
The document discusses health psychology and the biopsychosocial model of health and illness. It explains that stress is a negative emotional experience accompanied by physiological and psychological changes. Stressors are what cause stress. Chronic stressors that persist over long periods of time can damage the body by preventing it from returning to homeostasis. The document also discusses the physiological "fight or flight" stress response, as well as Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome model of the stages of stress. Finally, it covers cognitive appraisals of stressors and how social factors like poverty can impact stress levels and health.
Understand stress on time and save yourself---its your life and its in your own hands--make and keep it healthy & happy forever! Save this presentation for yourself and study & practice it when you are stressed! All the best!
This document summarizes a seminar on stress and its management. It defines stress, discusses the body's stress response and stages of adaptation, and models of stress including as a biological response, environmental event, and transaction between person and environment. Causes of stress like catastrophes, major life changes, and daily hassles are explained. Symptoms, effects on health, and the nursing process for managing stress are outlined. A variety of stress management techniques are proposed, including relaxation, exercise, social support, and maintaining a positive outlook. The presentation emphasizes the importance of balancing stress levels for optimal performance and health.
Notes on one of the IB HL Psychology options: Health. All about stress: its biological, cognitive, and social factors. Good advice too for those of us stressed out by IB testing!
The document discusses stress, its causes and types. It describes stress as the body's response to demands placed on it both physically and mentally. There are external stressors like work, relationships, and life events as well as internal stressors like negative thinking and personality traits. Both acute short term stress and chronic long term stress are addressed. Physical, mental, behavioral, and emotional symptoms of stress are outlined. Effective stress management involves recognizing stressors, maintaining balance between positive and negative stress, and using techniques like relaxation, time management, lifestyle changes, and alternative therapies to control stress levels.
Holmes and Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure the impact of life events on stress levels. They had participants rate 43 life events based on the psychological adjustment required. Events were then assigned values, with a higher score indicating more adjustment was needed. They found that a score over 150% increased the risk of stress-related illness by 30%, and a score over 300% increased the risk of stress-related breakdown by 50%. The SRRS was one of the first attempts to quantify life stressors and link them to health outcomes.
The document discusses psychological adaptation to stress. It covers:
1. The physiological stress response involves reactions in various body systems like increased heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Chronic stress can increase risk of health issues and cause psychological impacts like anxiety. Adaptive coping strategies help manage stress levels.
3. Stress adaptation models include stimulus-based, response-based, and transaction-based approaches. The response-based model describes the general adaptation syndrome of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages in prolonged stress exposure.
The document discusses a study on work stress management at Zuari Cement Industry in Kadapa, India. It finds that 37.5% of employees report undergoing stress. The major cause of stress reported is interpersonal relationships (68.75%). The most common problem faced due to stress is health issues, reported by 50% of employees. A majority of employees agree that physical environment, lack of communication, and stress from both work and home all contribute to work stress. Over half of employees strongly agree that work stress management techniques would improve employee confidence.
This video is a talk by Mr. Nilesh Mandlecha on 1 Mar 2016. Topic "How To Deal With Work Place Stress". This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds largest free patient education library www.healthlibrary.com
Group work is required to form teams of 6 students each to develop a teaching plan on stress management for nurses using a 10 step process. The plan will be presented at Victoria Hospital and include definitions of stress, factors influencing workplace stress, and strategies to manage stress such as relaxation and seeking help. Visual aids, comparisons, and simple terms will be used to engage learners, who will be evaluated through discussion and a post-assessment.
The document discusses stress management for humanitarian aid workers. It notes that humanitarian aid work is inherently stressful due to factors like separation from family, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to trauma. If left unmanaged, stress can negatively impact workers' health and well-being as well as organizational effectiveness. The document provides information on recognizing signs of stress and offers strategies for addressing stress at the individual level through stress management plans, and at the organizational level through debriefing sessions and prioritizing stress reduction.
Stress and Stress Management-Especially in work placeAlan Shany
This document discusses stress, stress management, and the physical and mental signs of short-term and long-term stress. It provides information on how stress affects the body and mind, as well as tips on managing stress through exercise, sleep, diet, relaxation techniques, avoiding negative thinking, and being organized. The document also discusses rules for playing darts and some of the health benefits of darts, such as relieving stress, improving hand-eye coordination, and building confidence.
Stress management at work and in disastersMay Martinez
The document discusses stress, its causes and effects. It defines stress as the body's response to pressure or demands placed on it. Stress can be positive (eutress) or negative (distress) depending on whether it provides fulfillment or causes suffering. Chronic stress can negatively impact physical and mental health. Work is a common stressor and job stress results from the interaction between individual characteristics and working conditions like workload, environment, relationships and lack of support. Symptoms of work-related stress are physical, psychological and behavioral like fatigue, headaches, anxiety and decreased performance.
Workplace Stress: Impact and Outcomes - An India Study 2016 Sabita Rebecca
Chronic life-style related health issues are growing rapidly among the 'Young Indian Workforce'. It is predicted that by 2025, India will have more than 57% of its population suffering from diabetes. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity and tobacco consumption are seen as high-risk elements in employee health and wellness that impact the workforce.
Corporates across India have become sensitive to the prevalent health issues and the impact of stress at the workplace on performance and productivity. Leadership firms are working at building health and wellness programs that make their workforce a lot more resilient to the external challenges.
CGP India, along with SHRM India have collaborated to understand the landscape in a more scientific approach than ever done before. The aim was not just to understand the areas of concern but also to measure the impact of stress on the organizations’ top line. The online survey was participated by a total of 2157 respondents and included senior management interviews from 12 organizations spanning across 3 sectors - IT, Banking and Travel & Hospitality.
Job stress arises when the demands of work exceed a person's abilities. This mismatch can cause stressors like conflicts, unwanted job changes, lack of resources, and poor communication. Stressed employees are shown to be less healthy, motivated, productive and safe. Their organizations also perform worse in competitive markets. The document recommends managing stress through finding support, maintaining a positive attitude, getting organized, prioritizing self-care activities, and relaxing. Practicing stress management can lead to physical, emotional and cognitive benefits like increased energy, stabilized mood, and improved focus.
Stress is defined as the body's response to external demands or pressures that results in physical, psychological, or behavioral symptoms and can be caused by numerous environmental and organizational factors. While some stress is inevitable and can be beneficial in moderation, too much stress that is not properly managed can become distress and negatively impact health, relationships, and job performance if not addressed through effective stress management techniques. The document discusses various causes and types of stress as well as strategies for minimizing or coping with stress through time management, relaxation, exercise, conflict resolution skills, and making adjustments to work demands and responsibilities.
The document provides information on the Harvard referencing system, including what a reference is, what the Harvard system is, why one should reference their work, when to reference, and how to reference both within the text and at the end of the document. It describes referencing various sources such as books, journal articles, web pages, images, and personal communications. It also discusses plagiarism and how to avoid it by properly citing sources.
Stress management involves reducing or managing stress through various techniques. There are two main types of stress: acute stress which occurs over a short period from events like deadlines, and chronic stress which occurs over longer periods from issues like family problems. Stress in the workplace can be caused by factors like workload, relationships, and job insecurity. While stress can be motivating in moderation, high and prolonged stress can negatively impact physical health, mental health, job performance, and business costs due to absenteeism and reduced productivity. Stress management techniques provide benefits both for individuals and businesses.
Stress is a person's response to threatening or challenging events called stressors. Stress can be categorized as either eustress, which are good stressors like accomplishments, or distress, which are bad stressors like injuries or illnesses. Hans Selye developed the general adaptation syndrome to describe the body's three stage response to stressors - alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Managing stress involves identifying if you are stressed, the stressor causing it, the reason for the stressor, selecting a coping strategy, and then evaluating the effectiveness of the strategy.
This document discusses stress management in organizations. It presents a model of stress that includes environmental, organizational, and individual factors. It identifies four key variables that influence an individual's ability to handle stress: perception, job experience, social support, and locus of control. The document then discusses the physiological, psychological, and behavioral effects of stress. It concludes by outlining individual approaches like time management and relaxation training, as well as organizational approaches such as selection and placement, job redesign, and wellness programs that can help manage stress.
Stress Management PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: understanding the dynamics of stress, quickly and effectively managing stress, symptoms of stress, identifying sources of stress, negative and positive effects of stress, the five step system to tackle stress, 6 strategies to minimize burn-out, from distress to eustress, specific problems and associated treatments, 15 ways to make work less stressful, how to's and much more.
AQA ALevel Psychology A Unit 2 Stress revision guideShannon Begley
Stress is both a psychological and physiological response to demanding situations. When the body detects a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. This increases heart rate and inhibits non-essential functions to mobilize the body for action. Prolonged stress can negatively impact the immune system and increase risks for diseases over time through direct biological effects, maladaptive coping behaviors, and emotionally-mediated impacts on health habits.
This document discusses strategies for managing stress and promoting wellness and mindfulness. It begins by addressing some common myths about stress management. It then discusses the relationship between stress and performance, introducing concepts like the stress-performance curve. Several mindfulness strategies are presented, including formal meditation practices and incorporating mindfulness into daily activities. The document also covers research on the physiological effects of stress and relaxation responses in the body, as well as research linking stress to immune function, aging, and medical errors. Overall, it promotes adopting a mindfulness practice to help manage stress and maintain well-being.
The document discusses stress, adaptation, and stress management. It defines stress as a condition that results from a change in the environment perceived as threatening. Adaptation is the body's response to stressors and involves physiological and psychological processes. Stress management techniques aim to reduce stress frequency and intensity, and improve emotional and behavioral responses to stress through methods like biofeedback, meditation, relaxation, and exercise.
This document discusses stress management for post-graduate medical students. It recognizes that medical training can be highly stressful and discusses common stressors students may face, including academic demands, clinical responsibilities, and expectations to excel. It describes the stages of burnout from stress arousal to exhaustion and identifies risk factors like perfectionism. The document provides tips for stress management, including maintaining balance, controlling stressors, exercising, eating well, and utilizing mental techniques such as meditation. It emphasizes preventing burnout by taking care of oneself, utilizing support systems, and seeking help if needed.
The document discusses stress, its biological and physiological effects, and its impact on health. It defines stress and explains the body's stress response through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which results in increased cortisol release and the fight-or-flight response. Prolonged or frequent stress activation can lead to allostatic load and increased risk of health issues like cardiovascular disease through sustained changes in immune, cardiovascular and stress response systems. Stress is also linked to depression, memory deficits, and reduced hippocampal volume, with implications for learning. Racial discrimination is positively associated with stress levels and negatively with mental health and wellbeing.
Stress is the body's non-specific response to any demand placed upon it. There are several models that describe stress, including stimulus-based models that view stress as arising from life events or stressors, response-based models like the general adaptation syndrome that describe the body's physiological response to stress over time, and transactional models that emphasize cognitive appraisal of stressors and individual differences in coping. Nurses can help patients manage stress through assessment, teaching stress management techniques like relaxation, and supporting healthy coping behaviors.
STRESS IN THE FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS , CATEGORY, CONSEQUENCE AND NEED FOR STR...hemurathore1
A little stress every now and then is not something to be concerned about. Ongoing, chronic stress, however, can cause or exacerbate many serious health problems, including.
Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders
Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, and stroke
Obesity and other eating disorders
Menstrual problems
Ongoing chronic stress, however can cause or exacerbate many serious health problems, including: Mental health problems such as anxiety, depression and personality disorders.
Cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, and stroke.
This document discusses a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to treating sleep disorders. It argues that insomnia and sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) like sleep apnea often co-occur and should be treated concurrently. Treating both disorders can improve outcomes more than treating either one alone. The document provides an overview of insomnia and SRBD, including definitions, epidemiology, consequences, evaluation methods, and treatment options like cognitive behavioral therapy and positive airway pressure. It emphasizes that multi-system sleep problems require evaluating and addressing all relevant factors through a multi-pronged treatment approach.
FATIGUE ASSESMENT & MANGEMENT BY- DR. ANJALI RAIGoogle
Fatigue is a complex state characterized by a reduced mental and physical performance and lack of alertness, Lack of energy, difficulty in concentration . Which directly affects on performance of an individual - this document discuss about the fatigue its Definition, Introduction, Types, Causes, Assessment, Different scales to measure, and its Management and physiotherapy management and its prevention.
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Practical Guide to Stresss Management in LifeSushil Kansal
This document outlines a presentation on stress management. It covers three parts: general awareness of stress, stress at work, and self-help techniques. Part 1 defines stress, discusses stressors and symptoms. It also covers the body's stress response and costs of stress. Part 2 examines factors that can cause work stress like overwork, change, and relationships. Part 3 recommends strategies for coping with stress, such as changing negative thinking, improving time management, exercising, and relaxation.
Stressors and reaction related to disease processShivangi sharma
The document discusses various stressors and their effects on physical and mental health, defining stress and outlining models of the stress response. It also examines the nurse's role in assessing a patient's stressors, coping mechanisms, and diagnosing conditions related to maladaptive stress responses such as anxiety or impaired adjustment. Crisis intervention is also addressed, with summaries of several common models for responding to crises.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
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Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
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Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
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Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. Sympathomedullary pathway: HANSAM
SNS
•Arouses flight or flight, neurones from SNS travel to every organ and gland.
Prepares the body for rapid action (increasing heart rate, blood pressure,
pupil size, mobilisation of fat + glycogen in the blood stream.)
•Noradrenaline is released by the SNS to activate the organs.
SAM
SYSTEM
•At the same time as the SNS the SAM system alerts the animal through the
use of adrenaline. Which is transported in the blood stream for rapid flight
or fight.
•SAM system regulates the SNS and the Adrenal Medulla.
ADRENAL
MEDULLA
•The Adrenal Medulla has 2 distinct zones – Medulla (middle) and Cortex
(the outside ring.)
•Neurones from the SNS travel to the Adrenal Medulla which when
activated releases adrenaline having widespread effects on the body.
•It boosts O2 and Glucose supply to the brain and muscles and also
supresses non-emergency bodily processes such as digestion.
“REST AND
DIGEST
SYSTEM”
• Relaxes the
body. Once the
stressor has
passed the
para-
sympathetic
branch slows
heartbeat,
reduces blood
pressure and
digestion begins
again.
3. Pituitary-adrenal system: HPACP
HYPOTHALAMUS
•Perception of the stressor by higher brain centres.
•The hypothalamus is the control system for most of the body’s hormonal processes.
•Activation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) leads to production of cortico-releasing factor (CRF) which is released into the blood stream.
PITUITARY
GLAND
•When the CRF reaches the pituitary gland it causes the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH).
•ACTH is transported in the blood stream to target the adrenal glands which are located on top of the kidneys.
ADRENAL
CORTEX
•ACTH triggers the release of cortisol by the cortex which is responsible for many stress effects:
GOOD – lower sensitivity to pain, quick bursts of energy
BAD – lowered immune response, impaired cognitive performance, higher blood pressure
•(Prolonged release of ACTH causes the Adrenal Cortex to grow in size in order to cope with the increased cortisol production.
•ACTH deficiency causes it to shrink.)
↓FEEDBACK↓
It takes 20 minutes for the process to be complete – cortisol level rise sharply after 20 minutes.
The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland have special receptors which monitor cortisol levels,
if they rise above normal they initiate the reduction of CRF and subsequently ACTH.
4. Stress-related illness: The Immune System
• Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1984) – short term stressors – exam stress
→ Natural experiment investigating whether short term exam stress affects the
immune system functioning in medical students
→ Blood samples taken one month before and during the exam period. Immune
system assessed by NK cell activity in the blood samples. PPs also completed a
questionnaire to measure other life stressors.
→ NK cell activity was significantly reduced in the second blood sample. This shows
that short term stressors reduce immune system functioning, increasing
susceptibility to illness
→ Also found that those student who also reported high levels of loneliness had the
lowest NK cell activity.
• Marucha et al. (1998) – wound healing
→ Inflicted a ‘punch biopsy’ in the mouth of students either during the summer
holidays or three days before an exam
→ The wounds given before the exam took 40% longer to heal than the wounds
during the holidays.
5. cont.
• On-going stressors: Relationship stress
• Kiecolt-Glaser (2005)
→ Tested impact of interpersonal conflict on wound healing.
→ Found that blister wounds on the arms of married couples healed
more slowly after they had discussions which were conflicting
rather than supportive
• Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (1987)
→ Compared women separated from their partners with matched
married controls.
→ Found poorer immune system functioning in women who
separated during the last year.
• Malarkey et al. (1994)
→ Studied 90 newly-wed couples over a 24-hour period in a
laboratory.
→ They were asked to discuss and resolve marital issues likely to
produce conflict (e.g. finances).
→ Marital conflict produced significant changes in adrenaline and
noradrenaline, which could lead to poorer immune functioning.
→ The researchers believe that mental conflict would be more
negative and last longer at home, therefore these adverse effects
would be even greater.
RESEARCH SUPPORT
• Segerstrom and Miller 2004
• Meta-analysis of 239 studies
• Past 30 years
• Short term, acute stressors
boost immune system,
prompting it to ready itself for
infections
• Long-term, chronic stressors
lead to immunosuppression
• The longer the stress the more
the immune system shifted
from potentially adaptive
changes to potentially
detrimental changes
6. Cardiovascular Psychiatric
Chronic stress may cause
• Hypertension
• CHD
• Stroke
Williams et al – acute stress
• Looked at anger + heart disease
• 13,000 completed question based anger scale
• No pps suffered from CHD at start – 6 years later
256 had experienced heart attacks
• Higher on scale 2.5x likely to have a heart attack
Russek 1962 – work stress – chronic
• Heart disease in medical professionals
• High stress (GPs) = 11.9% heart disease
• Low stress (Dermatologists) = 3.2% heart disease
Stress and depression
Brown + Harris
• Women w/ chronic stress conditions (such as 3 or
more children under 14)
• More likely to experience depression
Melchoir et al
• 1 year survey in New Zealand with 1000 people
• 15% in high stress jobs suffered from first clinical
depression episode the same year
Stress and other disorders
Rohlf + Bennet
• 1/10 (10%) of workers who euthanized animals
had PTSD symptoms
Cardiovascular Psychiatric
Sheps at al
Effects on existing conditions
• Volunteers with reduced blood flow to heart
• 173 men + women
• Psych tests such and public speaking
• 50% had erratic palpitations in left ventricle
• 44% died within 3 or 4 years
Stress doesn’t cause symptoms but worsens or triggers
them – Brown + Harris
• Not just stress but also absence of close confiding
relationship
• Makes them more vulnerable to stressors which can
subsequently result in depression
7. Life changes (LCU)
• Holmes and Rahe – SRRS
• SRRS contained 43 life events
• 2,500-2,700 navy sailors
• Questionnaire before duty based
on the last 6 months
• Positive correlation of + 0.118
between LCU score and illness
score
• Low LCU scores – low illness
• Michael and Ben-Zur 2007
• 130 men and women
• Half-divorced
• Half-widowed
• Level of life satisfaction
• WIDOWED – high before, low after
• DIVORCED – low before, high after
Life changes and daily hassles:
Lazarus 1990: Major life events relatively rare, minor daily
stressors contribute more to stress
DeLongis et al:
• 75 married couples
• Life events questionnaire (q) , daily hassles q and
uplifts scale
• No relationship between life events and illness
• Significant positive correlation of +0.59 between
hassles and next day health problems
Individual differences:
Life events will have different effects on different people
8. Research on Daily Hassles
• Bouteyre et al. (daily hassles)
• Relationship between daily hassles and
mental health of students at initial transition
from school to uni
• First year psychology students, French uni
• Completed hassles part of ‘Hassles and
Uplifts Scale’ (HSUP) and Beck Depression
Industry
• 41% suffered from depressive symptoms,
positive correlation between scores on
hassle scale and incidence of depressive
symptoms
• Gervais (daily uplifts)
• Asked nurses to keep diaries for a month
recording all hassles and uplifts at work.
• Also asked to rate their performance over
the same period.
• At the end of the month daily hassles found
to increase job strain, decrease job
performance
• Daily uplifts improved performance on job
as well as counter-acting negative effects
and overcoming stress associated with daily
hassles.
DAILY HASSLES VS LIFE CHANGES
• Daily hassles same as/more significant than life changes.
• Ruffin – Australian study – daily hassles linked to greater
psychological and physical dysfunction than major negative
life events.
• Flett – 320 students, 50/50 men/women – had to read a
scenario describing an individual who had experienced
either a major life event or daily hassle. They then rated the
amount of support that that person would receive or seek
from others. Findings – greater negative influence of daily
hassles is down to reduced social and emotional support
from others.
• The accumulation effect – Minor daily stressors add up, and
create persistent irritation, frustrations and overloads which
then result in more serious stress reaction such as anxiety
and depression .
• The amplification effect – A person already in distress,
maybe due to major life event, the presence of minor
stressors may amplify the experience of stress.
• Retrospective recall – pps are usually asked to rate hassles
experienced over the last month, some researchers over
come this with the diary method.
9. Workplace stress
Workload and control:
• Marmot et al.
• Investigated job strain model, proposes that workplace creates stress and illness in two ways
1. High work load (creating greater job demands)
2. Low job control (e.g. over deadlines, procedures etc.)
• Total of 7372 civil servants, London, agreed to answer a questionnaire on workload, job
control and amount of social support, checked for signs of cardiovascular disease
• 5 years later – participants reassessed
• Found no link between high workload and stress-related illness
• 5 years later – men and women who had initially reported low levels of job control were
more likely to develop heart disease
• Johansson et al.
• Effects of performing repetitive jobs that require continuous attention
• The sawyers in a Swedish sawmill have a stressful job (repetitive, unrelenting pace, sense of
responsibility for whole company)
• Low risk group (maintenance workers who have less monotonous jobs and more flexibility)
• High risk group were found to have higher illness rates and also higher levels of adrenaline in
their urine than a low risk group, high risk group also had higher levels of stress hormones on
work days than on rest days.
Cont.
10. Evaluation
• Kivimäki et al.
• Meta-analysis 14 studies
• Looking at relative risk of CHD in association with work stress
• 83,000 employees across Europe, USA and Japan
• Found that employees with high level job strain 50% more likely to have CHD.
• Shultz et al. (work underload)
• 16,000 adult employees across 15 European countries
• Employees with work overload had highest levels of stress related illness but
also those who reported work underload also recorded low job satisfaction
and significant levels of absence due to stress related illness.
• PROBLEMS WITH THE STUDY OF WORKPLACE STRESS
• Lazarus suggests that high job demands and role ambiguity may be perceived
as stressful to one person but not so much to another particularly those with
high hardiness.
Cont.
11. Personality factors and stress Type A:
• Competitiveness and achievement
striving
• Impatience and time urgency
• Hostility and aggressiveness
Type B:
• Being patient
• Relaxed and easy going
Research on type A behaviour:
• Friedman and Rosenman – 3,000 men aged 39-59, California
• Examined for signs of CHD
• Personalities assessed by interview
• Provocative manner to try and elicit Type A behaviour
• Findings:
• After 8 ½ years twice as many Type A pps had had died of cardiovascular disease
• Heart attack: 12.8% (type a) and 6% (type b)
Evaluation:
• Ragland and Brand – follow up study of F + R – 22 years after the study
• 214 men had died of CHD – little evidence of relationship between Type A behaviours
and mortality.
• Myrtek – meta-analysis, 35 studies
• Found association between CHD and an aspect of Type A personality – hostility.
12. The Hardy Personality
Research on hardy personality:
• Kobasa 1979 – 800 US business executives, assessing stress
using SRRS, 150/800 regarded as high stress.
• Some of these 150- some had low illness records, some had high
record, something else must’ve been modifying the effects of
stress.
• Kobasa suggested having the hardy personality encourages
resilience.
• Maddi et al 1987.
• Studied employees of US company who were dramatically
reducing work force size over the period of a year
• 2/3 suffered stress related health problems over this period but
the remaining 1/3 thrived – this thriving group showed more
evidence of hardiness attributes.
• Lifton et al 2006.
• Students at 5 universities (USA)
• Those who had more hardiness were more likely to complete
degree with the low hardiness being represented mainly among
drop-outs
The hardy personality:
Type A resistant to heart disease –
some individuals more ‘hardy’
than others – prevents negative
effects of stress
Control – hardy people see
themselves as being in control
of their lives
Commitment – hardy people are
involved with the world around
them, strong sense of purpose
Challenge – see life changes as
problems to overcome rather
than as stressors, enjoy
opportunity for development
Most data for health problems
has come through self-report
questionnaires (LIMITATION)
13. Psychological methods of stress management
• How can you teach hardiness?
• Maddi worked with Kobasa and founded the Hardiness Institute of California; the aim of
hardiness training is to increase self-confidence and sense of control so that individuals can
more successfully navigate change.
• Focusing – client is taught how to recognise the biological signs of stress, such as muscle tension, increased
heart rate and also to identify the sources of stress.
• Relieving stress encounters – relives stress encounters and is helped to analyse the situations and their
response to them. This gives them an insight into current coping strategies and how they can be more effective
tan they thought.
• Self-improvement – Insights found can now be used to move forward and learn new techniques of dealing with
stress. In particular the client is taught to focus on seeing stressors as challenges that they can take control of
rather than problems they must give in to.
Hardiness training
EVALUATION:
• It works: Student Support Services provided hardiness training to their at risk students in Utah Valley State
College. Hardiness training helps them to stay in and graduate from school, by mastering stressors they come
across whilst they work to develop themselves.
• Problems with Hardiness Training: Must first address basic aspects of personality and learned habits can be very
difficult to modify, therefore it is not a rapid solution for stress management.
14. Psychological methods of stress management
Stress Inoculation Therapy
• Meichenbaum 1958 believed that although we can’t
change sources of stress we can change the way we
think about the stressors
• Type of Cognitive behavioural therapy developed
specifically to deal with stress, the individual should
develop a coping strategy if the problem arises
1. Conceptualisation phase:
• Therapist and client establish relationship, the client is educated
to the nature and impact of stress
• Client is taught to view perceived threats as problems to be
solved, enables the client to think differently about the problem
2. Skills acquisition phase (and rehearsal)
• Taught and practice of coping skills primarily in clinic with
gradual rehearsal in real life
• Positive thinking, relaxation, social skills, methods of attention
diversion, time management.
• Self-coping statements ‘relax you’re in control’
3. Application therapy (and follow-through)
• Opportunities for newly learned strategies in different situations
which become increasingly stressful
• Various techniques include that of imagery (imagining how to do
deal with stressful situations, modelling (watching someone else
demonstrate) and role playing (acting out scenes involving
stressors).
Strengths Limitations
• Sheehy and Horan
examined the effects if
SIT on first year law
students…
• Participants received 4
weekly SIT sessions, each
lasting 90 minutes
• Results showed all who
received SIT showed greater
reduction of anxiety over
time + those expected to
finish in bottom 20% of
class also reflected
significant improvements,
more than half improved
class rank.
• Future stressors
Time-consuming + high
motivation:
• SIT requires a lot of time,
effort, money and
motivation. However
Meichenbaum also
demonstrated that
results even with brief
amounts of therapy.
Unnecessarily complex:
• Effectiveness of SIT due
to certain elements of
the training rather than
all of it. This means that
a range of activities and
time could be reduced
without losing much of
the effectiveness.
15. Biological methods of stress management:
• Benzodiazepines (BZs)
• GABA is a neurotransmitter that is the body’s
natural form of anxiety relief. About 40% of the
neurons in the brain respond to GABA which,
when released, have a quietening effect of many
neurons in the brain. When GABA locks into
receptors it opens a channel which increases the
flow of chloride ions into the neuron. Chloride
ions make it harder for the neuron to be
stimulated so slows it down.
• BZs enhance the action of GABA by binding to
special sites on the GABA receptor and boosting
the actions of GABA.
• BZs and serotonin – serotonin is a
neurotransmitter that has an arousing effect in
the brain. BZs reduce any increased serotonin
activity, which reduces anxiety
• Beta-blockers (BBs)
• Sympathetic arousal – arousal in the sympathetic
nervous system and creates raised blood
pressure, increased heart rate, elevated levels of
cortisol and so on.
• How do they work? Reduce the activity of
adrenaline and noradrenaline which are part of
the sympathomedullary response to stress. Beta-
blockers bind to beta-receptors on the cells of the
heart and other body parts.
• What do they achieve? By blocking these
receptors, beta-blockers cause the reverse-effect
of stress hormones, causing the heart to beat
more slowly and with less force.
Strengths Limitations
Effectiveness
• Two groups can be given a drug
and a placebo to identify how
well the drug works
• Kahn et al. (1986) – followed
nearly 250 patients over
eight weeks and found that
BZs were significantly
superior to the placebo
• Hildalgo et al. (2001) –
meta-analysis on treatment
of social anxiety, found that
BZs were more effective at
reducing anxiety than any
other drugs.
• Beta-blockers are effective
in reducing anxiety in a
variety of stressful situations
Addiction
Side Effects:
BZs – episodic memory problems,
drowsiness, dependence,
withdrawal symptoms
Treating symptoms rather than
problem:
As soon as they stop taking the
drugs the effectiveness ceases,
acting only as a temporary bandage
on the problem