Sterilization

1. STERILIZATIO
N.
(TERMINAL METHODS)
PRESENTED BY.
HARISHANANDA KP

2. WHAT IT MEAN . . . ?
 STERILIZATION.
Sterilization is an medical technique, that intentionally procedure where a
person is unable to reproduce.
 It is a method of birth control.
 Sterilization methods include both surgical and non-surgical, and exist for both
males and females.
 Sterilization procedures are intended to be permanent; reversal is generally
difficult or impossible.
 Sterilization offers many advantages over other contraceptive methods.
 It is one time method.

3. TYPES OF STERILIZATION
MALE STERILIZATION - VASECTOMY
FEMALE STERLIZATION –
TUBECTOMY

4. MALE STERILIZATION-
VASECTOMY Simple operation can be performed even
in primary health centre by trained doctors
under local anaesthesia.
 When carried out under strict aseptic
technique, it reduces risk of mortality.
 In vasectomy it is a removal a piece of
VAS at least one centimetre after
clamping. The ends are ligated and then
folded back on themselves and sutured
into position so that the cut ends face
away from each other.
 Vasectomy is all most 100% effective.

5. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES.
 Vasectomy is a simpler, faster and less expensive operation than tubectomy in terms of
instruments hospitalization and doctors training.
DISADVANTAGES.
pain.
scrotal haematoma.
local infection.
regional swelling.
psychological complication i.e., impotence, headache, fatigue, sexual vigour.

6. FEMALE STERILIZATION-
TUBECTOMY Tubal ligation or tubectomy (also known as having one's "tubes tied“.
 It is a surgical procedure for sterilization in which a woman's fallopian tubes are clamped and
blocked, or severed and sealed, either method of which prevents eggs from reaching the uterus
for implantation.
 Tubal ligation is considered major surgery, patient undergo spinal anaesthesia.
 Surgeon will make a small incision at each side of, but just below the navel in order to gain
access to each of the two fallopian tubes. With traditional tubal ligation, the surgeon severs the
tubes, and then ties them off thereby preventing the travel of eggs to the uterus. Other methods
include using clips or rings to clamp them shut, or severing and cauterizing them.

7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES.
 Tubal ligation is considered a permanent method of sterilization and birth control.
 Reduces the risks of pregnancy
 Reduces the Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
 Protection against ovarian cancer.
DISADVANTAGES.
 Infection or abscess of wound
 Death, due to the procedure or anaesthesia, is extremely rare.

8. GUIDELINES FOR STERILIZATION
 Sterilization services are provided free of charge in government institutions.
 Guidelines have been issued from time to time by the government covering various
aspects of sterilization.
 The age of husband should not ordinarily be less than 25 years nor should it be over 50
years.
 The age of the wife should not be less than 20 years or more than 45 years.
 The motivated couple must have 2 living children at the time of operation.
 If the couple has 3 or more living children the lower limit of age of the husband or wife
may be relaxed at the discretion of the operating surgeon.
 Before sterilization consent should be taken for legal purpose.

9. WHY INDIA CONTINUES TO STERILIZE ITS
WOMEN
 Sterilization is the most-popular means of birth control in the country of 1.2 billion people, and,
according to data from the United Nations, is more widely used than any other family-planning
method.
 Mass sterilization programs were introduced to limit India’s population growth in 1976, when
Indira Gandhi was prime minister and the country was under emergency rule. The move
sparked widespread public fear and anger.
 Just over 37% of females aged between 15 and 49 years who are married or in a sexual
relationship say sterilization is their method of contraception. That compares to 3.1% who use
the pill and 5.2% who said they use a male condom to keep from getting pregnant.
 In terms of absolute numbers, India has more women who rely on sterilization to prevent
pregnancy than any other country.

10. CONTINUEED….
 “India’s family planning program focuses predominantly on women, with little interaction and
engagement with men,” the report said. “At the same time, it is men who often decide when
to have sex and how many children to produce.”
 Because male sterilization is not socially well-accepted, this almost always means female
sterilization.
 Female sterilization persists in India as a method practiced with or without the consent of the
woman.
 These procedures are often conducted in unhygienic conditions using corroded operating
equipment which stipulates surgical techniques, post-operative care and what to do in case
of complications.
 Government-run Nemi Chand hospital in the Pendari area of Bilaspur, 69 miles (110km) from
state capital Raipur. The death number rose from eight to 11, with officials saying blood
poisoning or haemorrhagic shock might have been the cause.

11. SAVING A MOTHER IS
EQUAL TO
SAVING A GENERATION. . . !