Hybrids have the potential of yielding 15-20% more than the best pureline variety grown under similar conditions in Rice by exploiting the phenomenon of hybrid vigour or heterosis In view of rapidly increasing population and declining natural resources, Hybrid rice is one of the most important and practically feasible technologies for increasing food-grain production, ensuring food security and boosting farmers income. To further reduce the cost of hybrid rice seeds, Improvement in hybrid rice seed production technology is needed Hybrid rice seed production technology is labour and knowledge intensive There is a need for developing Hybrids suited to rainfed lowland as well as of longer duration to replace longer duration mega inbred varieties

1. Presented by
17412GPB017
Advisor – Prof. S. K. Singh
16 March 19
12:00 PM

2. Key Points Discussed
• Hybrid rice & its needs
• Development of Hybrid rice in China
• Brief History
• Advantages of Hybrid Rice
• Hybrid rice in India
• How hybrids are developed: Male Sterlity System
• Three-line & two-line system of Rice hybridization
• Global status of Hybrid Rice
• Major challenges
• Future prospects
• Conclusion

3. WHAT ARE HYBRIDS
Hybrid rice is the commercial rice crop
grown from F1 seeds of cross between
two genetically dissimilar parents.
To exploit the benefits of hybrid rice,
farmers have to buy fresh seeds every
cropping season.

4.  Yuan longping started the research of indica
hybrid in 1964
 China became the first country to produce
hybrid rice.
"FATHER OF HYBRID RICE"
• YUAN LONGPING, IS THE FIRST SCIENTIST
WHO SUCCESSFULLY ALTERED THE SELF-
POLLINATING CHARACTERISTIC OF RICE
AND REALIZED LARGE-SCALE FARMING OF
HYBRID RICE.

5. HYBRID RICE
• Hybrids have the potential of yielding 15-20% more than the best pureline variety
grown under similar conditions in Rice by exploiting the phenomenon of hybrid
vigour or heterosis.
• Hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is the increase in yield, uniformity, or vigor of cultivated
plants that results from genetic contributions derived from the crossing of distinct
parental lines
• Yield gains conferred by heterosis decline dramatically after the first generation of
seed (F1), thus compelling farmers to purchase new F1 seed each season

6. WHY HYBRID RICE?
• Rapidly increasing population, Declining resources (Land, water) and Unavailability
of Labour
• Plateauing yield trend of Semi-dwarf HYV’s of Green Revolution era.
• Targeted rice production of the world, for the year 2030 is envisaged as 771.02 million
tonnes (510.6mt at present;2018) (Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012)
• Since the cultivable land, water and other natural resources are either stagnant or
declining, increasing rice productivity is the only option left, (Yashitola et al., 2002).
• India will need 122.1 m.t. rice by 2022 to feed its population (111.0 mt at present; 2018)

7. Lagging productivity in India
Increasing global demand of Rice
FAOSTAT, 2017

8. Development of hybrid rice in China
1975 - Japonica three lines hybrid
developed
1976 - First commercial three-line rice
hybrid released in china.
1980 - BoroType (BT) japonica hybrid
rice developed
1981 - Two-lines hybrid breeding
program
1994 - First commercial two-line rice
hybrid released in china
1996 - National program on Super rice
breeding was established in China
1964 - Yuan long ping initiated heterosis study
in indica rice
1965 - Heterosis study in japonica rice
1970 - Pollen abortive wild rice plant (wild
abortive; WA) was discovered at Nanhong
farm of Hainan island of China
1973 - Nanyou 2, indica three-line hybrid
developed
1973 - PTGMS in rice was discovered in China

9. Brief history of hybrid rice
◦ 1926 : Heterosis in rice reported by Jones
◦ 1964 : China started hybrid rice research
◦ 1970 : China discovered a commercially usable genetic tool for hybrid rice
(male sterility in a wild rice = Wide Abortive )
◦ 1973 : PTGMS rice was found in China
◦ 1974 : First commercial three-line rice hybrid released in China
◦ 1976 : Large scale hybrid rice commercialization began in China
◦ 1979 : IRRI revived research on hybrid rice

10. Brief history of hybrid rice
◦ 1989 : Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched a mission
mode project on hybrid rice
◦ 1991-1996 - IRRI,UNDP and FAO collaborated with the project
◦ 1991 : More than 50% of China’s rice land planted to hybrids
◦ 1994 : First commercial two-line rice hybrid released in China
◦ 1994 - 1998 : Commercial rice hybrids released in India, Philippines Vietnam
◦ 1994 : First time hybrid rice (APHR1, APHR2, MGR1 and KRH1) were released
in India.

11.  Higher yield potential due to heterosis: higher returns
 Potential of yielding 14-28% more than the best
inbred or pureline variety grown under similar
environmental conditions (Siddiq, 1993)
 Hybrids have better tolerance to abiotic stresses
specially to drought at early vegetative stage and
perform better under adverse conditions of drought
and salinity
 Hybrid seed production is profitable (Rs.70,000-85,000
net return/ha; Profit : Rs. 35,000-50,000/ha)
 Job opportunities for rural poor : (100-105 persons/ha)
Advantages
of Rice
Hybrids

12. HYBRID RICE RESEARCH IN INDIA
• A systematic goal oriented network mode project on
hybrid rice development was initiated by ICAR in
December, 1989
• This programme had financial support from ICAR, FAO,
UNDP, Barwale Foundation and technical
backstopping from IRRI, Philippines
• Private sector has also been playing key role in hybrid
rice research and development

13. MAJOR ACTIVITIES UNDER HYBRID RICE NETWORK
• Development and evaluation of hybrids: maximizing genetic gain in hybrids
• Development and Improvement of parental lines (biotic/abiotic stress, quality
parameters, heterosis)
• Optimizing packages for hybrid rice cultivation and seed production:
maximizing seed producibility and lowering seed cost
• Technology dissemination: for better adoption of this technology
• Public-Private partnerships: commercial exploitation
• Coordinating the research activities: hybrid development and release

14. HYBRID RICE GROWTH - INDIA
• 6.8% of total rice cultivated
area in India
• 3.0 mha Area (2016)
• 1.0 mha in U. P.
• Currently, 80 % of the total
hybrid rice area in India is
cultivated in Jharkhand,
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and
Chhattisgarh
ICAR-IIRR, Progress Report (2017)

15. Hybrids released in India (1994-2018)
■ No. of released Hybrids: 101
■ Public Sector hybrids : 33
■ Private Sector hybrids : 58
■ Duration : 110-150days
■ Hybrids suitable for irrigated and shallow lowlands:
– Ajay (CRHR 7) – Submergence tolerance
– Rajalaxmi (CRHR 5) – Cold and multiple stress tolerant
– CR Dhan-701 (CRHR-32)- Long duration
– PNPH 924, Sahyadri 5, Arize dhani-Long duration
Aromatic Hybrid :
Pusa RH10
Short duration hybrids :
PSD-1, DRRH-2, KJTRH-2 , JRH-4, JRH-5,JRH-8, Hybrid 6129, CORH-1
IIRR, PROGRESS REPORT-2018
Popular hybrids in UP
Pant Shankar Dhan-1,
Narendra Shankar Dhan-2,(130days)
Arize 6444,
Pusa RH 10,
PHB-71,
Arize-201,
Ganga,
Sahayadri -4,
KRH-2 and
DRR-3

16. HYBRIDS RELEASED FOR STATES
State Identified hybrids
U.P. NDR-2 NDRH-3, KRH-2, PRH-10, PSD3, PSD 1, PHB 71, PA 6444, PRH-122 , NUSD-3 , Sahyadri-4 ,
ARIZE PRIMA, PAC 835, PACH 837, US 312, 27P61, RH 1531 & 27P63
Bihar KRH-2, PRH-10, JRH-5,, CRHR-32, US-314, VNR 2375 PLUS, HRI 169, JKRH 3333, PNPH-24, US-312,
PAC 835, PACH 837, JKRH-401
Jharkhand KRH-2, PRH-10, JRH-5,, CRHR-32, US-314, VNR 2375 PLUS, HRI 169, JKRH 3333, PNPH-24, US-312,
PAC 835, PACH 837, JKRH-401, BS 6444G
Chattishgarh Indira Sona. KRH-2, JRH-4 JRH-5 and JRH-8, PRH-10, PAC 807 , ANKUR 7434, KPH-371, KPH-199,
27P63
Punjab KRH-2, PRH-10,
Gujrat KRH-2, PRH-10, CRHR-32
Odisha KRH-2, Ajay, Rajalaxmi, CR Dhan 701, Sahyadri-1, Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3,PAC835, JKRH-
2000,PA6444.
M.P. JRH-4. JRH-5,JRH-8, Indira Sona.PRH-10, KRH-2
Mahashtra Sahyadri-1,Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3, KRH-2, PRH-10, DRRH-2
AP DRRH 1,2,KRH 2, Sahyadri 1, CNRH 3, US 305 , RH 1531, 27P61
Assam KRH 2, Ajay, Rajalaxmi,PA6444
Kerala TNRH 1, KRH 2
Karnataka KRH 2, Sahyadri 1, 2, 3
TN TNRH 1, KRH 2
WB KRH-2, Ajay, Rajalaxmi, Sahyadri-1, Sahyadri-2, Sahyadri-3,
IIRR report-2018

17. HYBRIDS SUITABLE FOR SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
Aerobic condition PSD 3, PSD 1, Rajalaxmi, Ajay, ADTRH 1, PRH 122, DRRH 44, HRI 126, JKRH
KRH 2,
Early duration
Short slender
CRHR 105, CRHR 106, 25P25, 27P31 (heat tolerant), US 382, Indam 200-17, US 312`,
DRRH3, JKRH 401high N use efficient; PNPH 24 & RH 1531, Arize Tej-mid early-
drought tolerant; DRRH2, KJTRH-4 (upland)
AZ 6633 fine grain (Bayer,2018)
Long duration CRHR 32, CRHR 34, CRHR 100, Sahyadri 5, A
SRI TNRH CO-4, KRH 4
Idly making VNR 2355+
MS grains CRHR 32, DRRH 3, 27P63, 25P25, Suruchi
Aromatic PRH 122 (slight aroma), PRH 10
IIRR report-2018

18. HYBRID RICE SEED
PRODUCTION (2016-
17): STATUS
3.20%
96.8
0%
Public Sector
Private Sector
• Private sector plays a Major role
in Rice Hybrid Seed production
• The Hybrid seed market has touched a
45000 +T Volume sale, as per an
estimate.(2015)
AP(Karimnagar
and Warangal)
(80)
Karnataka (8)Maharashtra (8)
Others (4)

19. HYBRID SEED MARKET SHARE: INDIA
35%
11%
9%
8%
1%
3%
2%
5%
3%
4%
19%
Market Share(%)
Bayer
Pioneer
JK
Dhaanya
Mahyco
Syngenta
Nath
Rasi-
Advanta
VNR
Others
Source: IIRR, Hyderabad, 2016 and Industry estmate-2018.

20. How is hybrid
rice
developed?
 Rice flowers are not amenable for hand emasculation
and pollination to produce hybrid seed on commercial
scale
 Must involve use of an effective male sterility system to
develop and produce hybrids on commercial scale
 Male sterility by genetic or non-genetic mechanism
makes the pollen unviable
 Such rice spikelets are incapable of setting seeds
through selfing.
 Thus, a male sterile line can be used as female parent
of a hybrid.

21. Male Sterility Systems in Rice
Basic Features of Male Sterility
◦ Prevents self pollination, permits cross pollination.
◦ Leads to heterozygosity
◦ Female gametes function normally
◦ Assayed through staining techniques (KI)
◦ In nature, occur due to spontaneous mutations
◦ Can be induced artificially

22. Male Sterility Systems in Rice
◦ Types of Male Sterility in rice
o Cytoplasmic-Genetic Male Sterility (CMS) (3 Line)
o Environment-Sensitive Genic Male Sterility (2 Line)
o Chemically Induced Male Sterility

23. COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS FOR HYBRID RICE
PRODUCTION

24. THREE LINE SYSTEM - USING CGMS
• The cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system involves:
• A CMS (A) line
• A maintainer (B) line
• A restorer (R) line
• The cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility system is the
result of interaction between specific sterility inducing
cytoplasm and the nuclear genes.
• To get male sterility expression both sterile cytoplasm
and recessive nuclear genes are required
‘A’ line (CMS line)
‘R’ line (Restorer line)
‘B’ line (Maintainer line)

25. • Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait in which plants fail to
produce normal fertile pollen
• The role of cytoplasm in causing male sterility in rice was first reported by Sampath and
Mohanty (1954)
• CMS-WA was discovered in the 1970s and this cytoplasm was backcrossed into indica
rice (Oryza sativa spp. indica) to produce CMS-WA lines
• Presently, about 90% of commercially cultivated rice hybrids have been derived through
a three-line breeding strategy which involves the use of WA-CMS lines.
• CMS is encoded by the mitochondrial genome and probably some defect in mitochondrial
function arrests normal pollen development observed in male sterile genotypes
• Regions whose expression is associated with CMS contain unusual open reading frames
(ORFs) that are often chimeric in structure

26. Source: Rice Knowledge Management Portal, IIRR,

27. HYBRID BREEDING USING CYTOPLASMIC GENETIC
MALE STERILITY SYSTEM (THREE-LINE SYSTEM)

28. Maintenance of ‘A’
line
Hybrid seed production
by utilizing R and A lines

29. Fertility restoration
■ Restorers of fertility, are found in the nucleus
■ Ability to restore pollen production in plants carrying the deleterious mitochondrial CMS-
associated genes
■ Fertility restorer genes regulate the expression of genes encoded by organellar genome
■ For example, pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins involved in processing organellar RNAs
■ PPR proteins thought to be RNA binding proteins involved in post-transcriptional processes
(RNA processing and translation) in mitochondria and chloroplasts
S. No. Rf genes Fertility restoration of CMS system Ref.
1 Rf1a, Rf1b CMS-BT Wang et al. 2006
2 Rf2 CMS-L (Lead Rice-type ) Itabashi et al . 2011
3 Rf3 CMS-WA Zhang et al. 1997
4 Rf4 CMS-WA Zhang et al. 1997
5 Rf5(t) CMS-HL Huang et al. 2000
6 Rf6 CMS-HL Huang et al. 2000

30. Strength and
Limitations of
3-line system
Strength
Stable male sterility
Limitations
Limits germplasm source (CMS,
Restorer)
Predominant use of a single CMS system
(WA)
Time consuming CMS breeding

31. TWO LINE BREEDING OF HYBRID RICE
• Genetic method Using of EGMS (environment-sensitive genic male
sterility)
• PGMS (Photoperiod- sensitive Genic Male Sterility)
(Becomes sterile - beyond 13.5 hrs. day length)
• TGMS (Thermo-sensitive Genic Male Sterility)
(Becomes sterile >30◦ C)
• PTGMS (Photo-Thermo Sensitive Genic Male Sterility)
(Becomes sterile <13 h within temperature range of 23-28°C)

32. TGMS Line (5460S)
(Fertile)
(Selfing)
Pollen Parent
(Fertile)
TGMS Line
(Male Fertile)
(Environment-A)
<28 degree C
(Environment- B)
>30 degree C
TGMS Line (5460S)
(Male Sterile)
F1 Hybrid Seed
(Fertile)
Hybrid seed production using TGMS (Rice TGMS Line 5460S)
MAINTENANCE HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION

33. • Non-genetic method Using Gametocides: Spraying the
chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs)
1. Ethrel, ethyl 4′ fluoro oxanilate, or
2. Sodium methyl arsenate
• Selectively sterilize the male reproductive organs of any one parent and
planting the other line (not sprayed) close to the pollinator rows.
• China is the only country that used CHAs
such as sodium methyl arsenate and zinc
methyl arsenate on a commercial scale.
• Hybrids based on CHAs – Quig-Hua-Fu-
Gwi, Gang-Hua-Quig-Lan, You-Za 1

34. • 5 to 10% higher heterosis in two line hybrids
because of no cytoplasmic penalty (Singh S. K.,
2015)
• Critical thermo sensitive stage for fertility
alteration in TGMS line varied from 15-25
days before heading and 5-15 days after
panicle initiation
• Specific environment for multiplication of
EGMS lines and separate environment for
production of hybrid seed where EGMS
gene(s) are able to express.
Environment Sensitive
Genic Male Sterility (EGMS) lines
Source: Rice Knowledge Management Portal,
IIRR, Hyderabad, India
EGMS Features

35. Advantages &
Disadvantages of
2-line hybrid rice
system
 Advantages
 Simplified procedure: no need for a maintainer line
 Any fertile line can be used as a pollen parent (PP);
therefore, the frequency of heterotic hybrids is higher
 Negative effects of sterility-inducing cytoplasm are not
encountered
 EGMS trait is governed by major genes, easy transfer to any
genetic background and thus increasing diversity among the
female (EGMS) parents
 Disadvantages
 Environmental effect on sterility: any sudden change in
temperature, thunderstorm, typhoon, etc., will influence the
sterility of EGMS lines
 Multiplication of EGMS lines and hybrid seed production are
restricted by space and season

36. GLOBAL STATUS OF HYBRID RICE

37. Hybrid Rice Area in Major Rice Countries (‘000 ha)
Country Total Rice
Area
Hybrid Rice
Area
%
Potential area (‘000 ha)
that can be covered under
hybrid rice
Bangladesh 12000 700 5.83 3000
India 44100 3000 (2017) 6.8 15000
Indonesia 13201 650 4.92 3000
Philippines 4537 177 3.90 2000
Myanmar 8038 78 0.97 2000
Pakistan 2500 250 10.00 1000
Vietnam 7652 595 7.78 3000
USA 1204 439 36.46 400
L. America 5047 70 1.39 2000
Others 100 2000
Subtotal 3428 32400
China 30311 15600 51.47
Total 19028 (IRRI 2016)

38. Recent progress in the development of hybrid
rice in China
• Average Rice yield is 6.3 t/ha
• Yield of pureline varieties is 5.4 t/ha
• Average Hybrid rice yield is 6.9 t/ha
• 103.5 million tonnes (Mt) (17% of world paddy production)
• i.e. 22.5 Mt of extra paddy every year
• i.e. about 6 Mha of Riceland is saved in the world
• Significant progress has been made in the breeding of Super hybrid rice
• Has produced 13.9 tons per hectare above the Chinese national average of 6.3
tons per hectare
(Duvick, 1999).

39. HYBRID RICE IN VIETNAM
• Vietnam is considered the next “success story” in hybrid rice adoption after china
• 600,000 tons of additional paddy output
• 2.1% of total paddy output of the country
• 1.55% of Rice export earnings (14.5 million US$)
• Have created many new pest resistant strains of very high quality like Nhi uu 838,
Bac uu 63, TH3-3, PAC 807, HR 641, and BTE 1
FAO 2002

40. • Average hybrid yield of 6.3 – 6.8
tones per ha
• 1.5 tones higher yield in
comparison with conventional rice
cultivated
• 800,000 – 900,000 tones increase
in paddy rice production of
annually
• Seed production covers an area of
1,500 – 1,700 ha with an average
yield of 2 tones/ha

41. SOURCE

42. SOURCE
thewestsidestory.net

43. Major Challenges of Hybrid Rice
1. Low yield advantage (<1 t/ha), low heterosis (< 15%) & inconsistency in
performance
◦ Site / season specific hybrids - GxE interaction, rice ecosystems
◦ Inappropriate field management
2. Low yield of seed production (1 - 2 t/ha) & high seed cost
◦ Low outcrossing females & poor seed production technology
◦ High cost of seed production (25,000-30,000/ha)
◦ Weather & Market fluctuation
3. Inconsistency of government policy (subsidy, seed production & extension)
4. Poor education to hybrid rice farmers

44. Future Prospects of Hybrid Rice Technology
• Enhancing the hybrid rice seed productivity to reduce the seed
cost
• Enhancing row ratio in three line system
• Seed production has been improved in China by increasing the ratio up
to 2:16 (Singh S.K. et al., 2015)
• In India, a ratio of 2: 8 or 2: 10 (R: A) is followed
• Adoption of two line system
• Magnitude of heterosis in two line hybrid is also 5-10% higher than in
three line hybrids as it does not have cytoplasmic penalty
• Enhancing heterosis to make it more economical and income
generating

45. Future Prospects of Hybrid Rice Technology
• Breeding for Parental Diversification (A and R lines)
• In Maize, Texas cytoplasm (CMS-T) became susceptible to Southern leaf
blight epidemic caused by Drechslera maydis during 1970 in USA then other
sources CMS-C and CMS-S began to be used for hybrid seed production
• Some new sources have been developed but none of them have been found
stable and effective as ‘WA’ cytoplasm
• Breeding Super Hybrid Rice
• Present combinations used in china have low seed setting rate, poor yield
stability and weak adaptability
• Incorporation of the characteristics of high photosynthetic rate from other
species into rice plants is of importance for future super hybrid rice breeding
(Singh S.K. et al., 2015)

46. • Breeding for Transfer of Resistance for Biotic Stress in A and R Lines
through Marker Assisted Selection
• Breeding for Different Agro-climatic Zones and Agro- ecosystem
• There is need to develop hybrids suited to rainfed lowlands as well for other
situations also (Singh S.K. et al., 2015)
• Hybrid for Quality Traits
• Most of the early hybrids are showing stickiness
• Farmers get higher price of long slender aromatic varieties
• India has become the first country in releasing Basmati type of hybrid
(PRH-10) in 2001
Future Prospects of Hybrid Rice Technology

47. CONCLUSIONS
In view of rapidly increasing population and declining natural resources, Hybrid
rice is one of the most important and practically feasible technologies for
increasing food-grain production, ensuring food security and boosting farmers
income.
To further reduce the cost of hybrid rice seeds, Improvement in hybrid rice seed
production technology is needed
Hybrid rice seed production technology is labour and knowledge intensive
There is a need for developing Hybrids suited to rainfed lowland as well as of
longer duration to replace longer duration mega inbred varieties

48. REFERENCES
Singh, S.K., Bhati P.K., Sharma A. and Sahu V., 2015. Super Hybrid Rice
in China and India: Current Status and Future Prospects, International
journal of agriculture & biology,; II(2),1560–8530
Singh Sanjeev. Singh P., Singh D. K., Singh A. K.,2013. Hybrid rice
development: Two-line and three-line system. BIOLOGIX; II (1), Pp: 178-
195.
Hazra, Chitta R.,2002. Status of hybrid rice development in India.
Adoption of Hybrid Rice in Asia - Policy Support, FAO