The document provides an overview of the space science endeavors between India and Russia, detailing the history and achievements in space exploration since the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957. It highlights notable treaties, ongoing projects, and comparisons of space programs and launch vehicles from both nations. Key future missions and technical advancements are also discussed, marking the significance of international cooperation in space science.

1. A PROJECT
ON
THE SPACE SCIENCE FOR MANKIND
IN INDIA & RUSSIA

2. Source:- Wikipedia ,ISRO.org & Roscomos.ru

3. Prepared by
VISHAL PANDEY & ALOK SINGH
CLASS - XII ‘B’
KENDRIYAVIDYALAYA
B.H.U.
VARANASI

4. TheBeginning OF SPACE AGE
The space age started with the launch of first Russian satellite
Sputnik 1 on 4 October 1957.Ever since,the rocket powered launch
vehicles carried state of the art scientific equipment to explore
moon , the sun , solar system and the cosmos. This resulted in
designing and fabricating the instruments having more than
6000000 components with reliability greater than 99.9999%. In
1960s man landed on moon and in 1970s the planetary exploration
continued the space march. The comet Halley, which orbits the sun
in about 76 years was photographed from a distance of about 500
kms in the year 1986. The success of launch and recovery of Space
Shuttle made the space just another location in 1980s. This opened
a variety of new vistas of science and technology.

5. SPACE SCIENCE BENEFITSMANKIND
In any case, we have come a long way in this endeavor. Space
became an enterprising commodity from both commercial and
military point of view. Today some people have started selling the
lunar land like real estate! It was expected. Consequently, in 1958,
shortly after launching of the first artificial satellite the General
assembly of the United Nations established an ad hoc committee of
peaceful uses of outer space in order to deal with both international
cooperation and deal with legal problems. The committee currently
comprises of 61 member states, whose present chairman is
Professor U. R. Rao. Incidentally, Professor Rao is the chairman of
the governing council of Physical research Laboratory, to which
Udaipur Solar Observatory belongs.

6. This United Nation body created an outer space treaty in
1966. The treaty has 17 articles, signed in January 27,
1967 and entered into force on 1st October 1967.
Hence we celebrate this week as International Space
Week. Let us discuss some of its important articles. The
Article I of the treaty declares that space shall be free for
exploration and use by all states. Article II states that
outer space, the moon and the other celestial bodies are
not subject to national appropriation by claim of
sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any
other means. Article III provides that a nation’s activity in
exploration and use of outer space shall be in
accordance with the international law, in the interest of
maintaining international peace and security.

7. Space Science In India & Russia

9. India Russia
Starting with ground based and
balloon borne experiments in the
1940s, the Indian space science
research activities were actually
initiated with the launching of sounding
rockets from the Thumba Equatorial
Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in
1963 to measure the equatorial
electrojet parameters. Since then large
number of rocket and balloon borne
experiments have provided new data
on upper atmospheric phenomena,
cosmic rays and energetic x-ray and
gamma rays. With the advent of
satellite era, scientific experimental
payloads have been launched starting
from the first Indian satellite
Aryabhata.
The Federal Space Agency operates
as a state customer with respect to
coordination and control regarding
implementation of the Federal Space
Program.
FSP is developed to respect the
defined objectives, goals and
principles of the space activities and
the interests of the subjects of the
Russian Federation; economical
situation in the country, status of the
space science and industry, the
necessity to perform integrated
enhancement of the space and ground
segments in the space infrastructure,
interests of the end users and space
equipment and technology
manufacturers, status and tendencies
regarding evolution of the space
exploration; status of the world space
market, as well as the international
commitments undertaken by the
Russian Federation and the objectives
regarding to enlargement of the
international cooperation.

10. Current And FutureSpaceScienceProgrammes
India
 Chandrayaan-2 will be launched
on India’s Geosynchronous
Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-
MkII) around 2012-13 timeframe.
 ISRO plans to carry out an
unmanned mission to Mars in this
decade .
 ISRO plans to carry out an
unmanned mission to Sun by the
year 2014. The probe is named as
Aditya-1 and will weigh about
700 kg.
Russia
 Replacement of the Soyuz
spacecraft: Prospective Piloted
Transport System
 New rocket for manned
flights: Rus-M. The program was
halted in October 2011.
 Return to Moon: Luna
Glob (launch of the first probe
planned for 2014)
 Return to Mars: Fobos- Grunt
(launched 8 November 2011,
failed, ExoMars (2018, joint)

11. India Russia
 PSLV-C18 successfully launches
Megha-Tropiques, Jugnu, SRMSat
and VesselSat-1 from Sriharikota
(October 12, 2011).
 PSLV-C17 successfully launches
GSAT-12 from Sriharikota (July
15, 2011).
 Successful launch of GSAT-8 by
Ariane-5 VA-202 from Kourou
French Guiana, (May 21, 2011).
 GSLV-F06 launched from
Shriharikota (Dec 25, 2010).
GSAT-5P could not be placed into
orbit as the GSLV-F06 mission
was not successful.
 Return to Venus: Venera
D (launch expected in 2016)
 Mars 500 simulation (completed in
2011)
 Introduction of the Angara
launcher (first launch expected in
2012)
 Completion of the Russian
segment of the International
Space Station
 Completion of the GLONASS
group to 21 operational satellites
by early 2011.
 New Earth resources programs
using the Resurs
DK platform: Resurs P (2009)
and Smotr (2007) and a small
platform Arkon (2007)

12. India Russia
 PSLV-C15 successfully launches
Five Satellites - CARTOSAT-2B,
ALSAT-2A, two nanosatellites-
NLS-6.1 & 6.2 and a pico-satellite-
STUDSAT from Sriharikota (July
12, 2010).
 GSLV-D3 launched from
Sriharikota (Apr 15, 2010). GSAT-
4 satellite could not be placed in
orbit as flight testing of the
Indigenous Cryogenic Stage in
GSLV-D3 Mission was not
successful
 Completion of the Russian
segment of the International
Space Station
 Completion of the GLONASS
group to 21 operational satellites
by early 2011.
 New Earth resources programs
using the Resurs
DK platform: Resurs P (2009)
and Smotr (2007) and a small
platform Arkon (2007)
 Earthquake monitoring satellite
Vulkan (2007)

13. India Russia
 PSLV-C14 successfully launches
Seven Satellites - OCEANSAT-2,
Four CUBESAT Satellites and
Two RUBIN-9 from Sriharikota
(Sept. 23, 2009).
 PSLV-C12 successfully launches
RISAT-2 and ANUSAT from
Sriharikota (April 20, 2009).
 PSLV-C11 successfully launches
CHANDRAYAAN-1 from
Sriharikota (October 22, 2008).
 New science missions: Koronas
Foton (launched in January
2009), Spektr R (RadioAstron,
launched in July 2011), Spektr
RG (Roentgen Gamma, 2013)
and Spektr UV (Ultra Violet,
2015), Intergelizond (2011),Vener
a D (2016), Celsta (2018)
and Terion (2018)
 Resumption of Bion missions
with Bion M (2010)
 New weather satellites Elektro
L (launched in January, 2011)
and Elektro

14. Launch Vehicles of India
Comparison of Indian carrier rockets. Left to
right: SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, GSLV III.

15. A model of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle III.

16. A model of the
RLV-TD

17. Launch Vehiclesof Russia
Soyuz Launch
vehicle

18. Proton 8K82K

19. India Russia
SLV
The Satellite Launch Vehicle,
usually known by its abbreviation
SLV or SLV-3 was a 4-stage solid-
fuel light launcher. It was intended
to reach a height of 500 km and
carry a payload of 40 kg.
Its first launch took place in 1979
with 2 more in each subsequent
year, and the final launch in 1983.
Only two of its four test flights
were successful.
Proton
Proton initially started life as a
"super ICBM." It was designed to
launch a 100-megaton (or
larger) nuclear warhead over a
distance of 13,000 km. It was
hugely oversized for an ICBM, and
was never deployed in such a
capacity. It was eventually utilized
as a space launch vehicle. It was
the brainchild of Vladimir
Chelomei's design bureau as a foil
to Sergei Korolev's N1 booster
with the specific intent of sending
a two-man Zond craft around the
Moon. With the termination of
the Saturn V program.

20. India Russia
PSLV
The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle,
usually known by its abbreviation
PSLV, is an expendable launch
system developed to allow India to
launch its Indian Remote Sensing
(IRS) satellites into sun synchronous
orbits, a service that was, until the
advent of the PSLV, commercially
viable only from Russia. PSLV can
also launch small satellites into
geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The
reliability and versatility of the PSLV is
proven by the fact that it has launched
30 spacecraft (14 Indian and 16 from
other countries) into a variety of orbits
so far. In April 2008, it successfully
launched 10 satellites at once,
breaking a world record held by
Russia.
Soyuz
Soyuz is a family of expendable
launch systems developed by OKB-1,
and manufactured by TsSKB-Progress
in Samara, Russia. The Soyuz
vehicles are used as the launcher for
the manned Soyuz spacecraft as part
of the Soyuz program, as well as to
launch unmanned Progress supply
spacecraft to the International Space
Station and for commercial launches
marketed and operated
by Starsem and Arianespace. All
Soyuz rockets use RP-1 and liquid
oxygen (LOX) propellant, with the
exception of the Soyuz-U2, which
used Syntin, a variant of RP-1, with
LOX. In the United States, it has
the Library of Congress designation A-
2. The Soyuz family is a subset of
the R-7 family.

21. Soyuz spacecraft
Orbital module (A)
1 docking mechanism,
2 Kurs antenna,
4 Kurs antenna,
3 television transmission antenna,
5 camera,
6 hatch
Descent module (B)
7 parachute compartment,
8 periscope,
9 porthole,
11 heat shield
Service module (C)
10 and 18 attitude control engines,
21 oxygen tank,
12 Earth sensors,
13 Sun sensor,
14 solar panel attachment point,
16 Kurs antenna,
15 thermal sensor,
17 main propulsion,
20 fuel tanks,
19 communication antenna

22. Launch Stations in India
Facility Location Description
ISRO Satellite Centre Bangalore
The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects is also one of the main
satellite technology bases of ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for
implementing indigenous spacecraft in India. The
satellites Ayrabhata, Bhaskara, APPLE, and IRS-1A were constructed at
this site, and the IRS and INSAT satellite series are presently under
development here.
Laboratory for
Electro-Optics
Systms-LEOS
Bangalore
The Unit of ISRO responsible for the development of attitude sensors for
all satellites. The high precision optics for all cameras and payloads in all
ISRO satellites including Chandrayaan-1 are developed at this laboratory.
Located at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bangalore.
Satish Dhawan Space
Centre
Sriharikota
With multiple sub-sites the Sriharikota island facility acts as a launching
site for India's satellites. The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch
base for India's sounding rockets. The centre is also home to India's
largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the
Static Test and Evaluation Complex (STEX).
Vikram Sarabhai
Space Centre
Thiruvananthapuram
The largest ISRO base is also the main technical centre and the venue of
development of the SLV-3, ASLV, and PSLV series. The base supports
India's Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station and the Rohini
Sounding Rocket program. This facility is also developing
the GSLV series.

23. Launch Stations In Russia
Facility Description
Baikonur
Baikonur, (aka Tyuratam, or NIIP-5 test range) opened Space Age in 1957,
when a converted ballistic missile hauled the world's first satellite into orbit
from then super-secret site on Syr Darya River in Kazakhstan
Dombarovsky An operational ICBM base which hosted orbital launches
Kapustin Yar
Kapustin Yar became the cradle of the Soviet rocketry in 1947, when Soviet
engineers and their German colleagues launched the A-4 ballistic missiles
from this dusty site on the banks of Volga River
Kourou
Kourou, the European spaceport in French Guiana, also became the first site
to accomodate Russian rockets outside of the former Soviet Union
Nenoksa
Nenoksa, a navy test range for submarine-launched ballistic missiles could be
used for space launches

24. Picture Gallery

26. Soyuz, NASA Space Shuttle, and Buran

27. Soyuz Mission Sequence

28. Buran

30. Astronauts
Mercury Astronauts

31. Neil Armstrong Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin

32. Bill McArthurRich Clifford

33. International SpaceStation

34. The End