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Hybrid rice: Development, achievement, challenges and prospects in India
1. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya
Doctoral seminar
on
Hybrid rice: Development, achievements,
challenges and prospects in India
Presented by:
HAUSILA PRASAD SINGH
Department of Crop Improvement
(2017-2018) 1
2. Introduction
• Rice is an important staple food of almost half
of the world population
• Rice (Oryza sativa L.) belongs to family
Poaceae having chromosome number 2n = 24
• It originated in south east Asia and having 24
species out of which 22 are wild species and 2
are cultivated
2
3. Statistical Data
World India H.P.
Area (mha) 163.24 44.14 76.34 (thousand ha)
Production (mt) 740.95 106.65 128.49 (thousand t)
Productivity(t/ha) 4.54 2.42 1.68
FAOStat 2016, Agricoop statistics 2015, Govt. of H.P. Economic Survey 2015-16
Rice is cultivated in ten of the twelve districts of the
State except Kinnaur and Lahaul & Spiti with Kangra
and Mandi districts alone accounting for 71.2% of area
and 69.7% of production
3
4. Contd… .
• Rice involve effective male sterility system to
produce hybrids on commercial scale
• Hybrid rice was released for commercial
production in1976
• Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility and
environment sensitive genetic male sterility
system have been used extensively to develop
commercial rice hybrids
4
5. Ideotype of hybrid rice
• Moderate tillering capacity
• Heavy and drooping panicles at maturity
• Plant height of at least 100 cm and long panicle
height at maturity
• Flag-leaf length of 50 and 55 cm
• All leaves should remain erect until maturity
• Narrow and V-shape leaves
• Harvest index of about 0.55
(Yuan Long Ping 1998)
5
6. Ideotype of super rice
• High yield potential of 13,000 – 15,000 kg/ha
• 3 to 4 tillers per plant
• 200 to 250 grains per panicle
• Plant height of 90 to 100 cm
• Thick and sturdy stems, dark green, thick and
erect leaves, vigorous root system
• 100 to 130 days growth duration, and high
harvest index
6
7. Heterosis
• Indica × Japonica crosses show maximum
heterosis but frequency of fertility restoral is
low
• Crosses showing heterosis in descending order
are indica × japonica > indica × javanica >
japonica × javanica > indica × indica >
japonica × japonica > javanica × javanica.
7
8. Male sterility used in hybrid rice
Cytoplasmic
genetic male
sterility
Environment
sensitive
genetic male
sterility
Chemically
induced
male
sterility
Transgenic
male
sterility
8
9. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility
• Male sterility is controlled by the interaction of
mitochondrial and nuclear gene
• A line is male sterile when the male sterility-
controlling factor S in the cytoplasm and
recessive alleles present in the nucleusc
• B line is isogenic to the A, but it differs in
cytoplasm which makes it self-fertile
9
10. Contd…. .
• The restorer gene in the form of dominant
homozygous or heterozygous restore the
fertility in the F1 hybrid
Hybrid seed production involves two steps:
• Multiplication of A, B and R lines
• Production of hybrid seeds.
10
11. Multiplication of the A, B and R line
• For successful production of the A line, it is
grown in six or eight rows interspersed by two
rows of a maintainer line in an alternating
manner
• B and R lines are maintained by selfing
11
12. Contd… .
• There is a small difference between the growth
duration of A and B lines, their sowing dates
are adjusted for synchronization of their
flowering
• Techniques such as flag-leaf clipping, GA3
application, and supplementary pollination by
rope pulling or the bamboo pole method are
used to improve the out crossing rate and seed
yield of the A line
12
13. Production of hybrid seeds
• This involves the use of A line with R line by
growing them in a specific female : male ratio
in the field under isolation by space or time
• The A line is usually grown in eight or ten
rows interspersed with two rows of restorer
lines in an alternating manner (8-10:2)
• The sowing dates of A and R lines are
staggered to achieve synchronization of their
flowering
13
14. Environment sensitive genetic male sterility
• This male sterility system is controlled by
nuclear gene expression, which is influenced
by environmental factors
• First observed in pepper by Martin and
Crawford in 1951
14
15. Advantages of the EGMS system
• There is no need for a maintainer line for seed
multiplication, thus making seed production
simpler and more cost-effective
• Any fertile line can be used as a pollen parent
therefore, the frequency of heterotic hybrids is
higher among two-line hybrids than among
three line hybrids
• Negative effects of sterility inducing
cytoplasm are not encountered
15
16. Contd… .
• The EGMS trait is governed by major genes,
thus enabling their easy transfer to any genetic
background, help to increase diversity among the
female parents, which helps in reducing potential
genetic vulnerability among the hybrids.
• Since there is no need for restorer genes in the
male parents of two-line hybrids, this system is
ideal for developing indica / japonica hybrids
because most japonica lines do not possess
restorer genes
16
17. Disadvantages of the EGMS system
• Environmental factors influence the sterility of
EGMS lines
• The multiplication of EGMS lines and hybrid
seed production are restricted by space and
season
• This means that an EGMS line is used in a
given region and season
17
18. Characteristic features of ideal EGMS lines
• The proportion of male sterilty during the
critical sterility period should be 100%.
• EGMS lines should have clearly defined
sterility- fertility alteration regimes.
• Seed setting during the fertile phase should be
more than 30%
18
19. Classification of the EGMS system
TGMS lines
• Most TGMS lines remain male sterile at high
temperature (day temperature >30 ºC/night >24
ºC) and they revert back to partial fertility at a
lower temperature (day <24 ºC/<16 ºC night), for
example, 5460S, IR68945, H89-1, and SA2
Reverse TGMS
• It is reverse of the TGMS system, for example, JP
38, Dianxin 1A, and IVA.
19
20. PGMS lines
• PGMS lines remain male sterile under long-
day (>13.75 h) conditions and revert back to
fertility under short-day (<13 h) conditions
example, N9044S and N5088S
• Male sterility expression in EGMS lines is
governed by a single nuclear recessive gene
or pair of nuclear recessive genes that are
sensitive to environmental conditions
20
21. Chemically Induced Male Sterility
• In India, this system is not being used at
commercial scale due to environmental
concerns
• This involves the use of chemicals called
CHAs or Gametocides, makes plant male
sterile
• Chemicals which have been evaluated in rice
are arsenics, GA3, Ethrel, FW450, MH etc.
21
22. • Only zinc methyl arsenate and sodium methyl
arsenate have been reported to be effective for
producing commercial hybrids in China (Zhao
et al.1988)
• Hybrids produced by chemically induced male
sterility are also called two-line hybrids in rice
• Chemically induced male sterility is used
sporadically because the effective and safe
chemicals for inducing male sterility are not
available 22
23. Transgenic male sterility I
• Nuclear gene named Oryza sativa No Pollen
1 (OsNP1), responcible for tapetum
degeneration and pollen exine formation
• Expressed in the tapetum and miscrospores
• Gene OsNP1 with another α-amylase gene to
devitalize transgenic pollen
• Red colour protein (DsRed) gene to mark
transgenic seed
23
24. • Self-pollination of the transgenic plant
carrying a single hemizygous transgene
produced non transgenic male sterile and
transgenic fertile seeds in 1:1 ratio
• Seeds can be sorted out based on the red
colour. Cross-pollination of the fertile
transgenic plants to the non transgenic male
sterile plants provide male sterile seeds of high
purity (Chang et al. 2016)
24
25. Transgenic male sterility II
• Unique male sterility and fertility restoration
system developed in rice by combining
Brassica napus cysteine-protease gene
(BnCysP1)
• With P12 promoter of rice for facilitating
production of hybrid varieties
• Transgenic rice plants obtained with P12-
BnCysP1 failed to produce functional pollen
grains
25
26. • For male fertility restoration, transgenic rice
plants carrying BnCysP1Si silencing system
were developed
• Pollination of BnCysP1 male sterile x female
fertile plants with BnCysP1Si pollen resulted
in normal grain filling (Rao et al. 1017)
26
28. Roguing
• Roguing at maximum tillering
• Roguing at flowering
• Roguing just before harvest
28
29. Promotion of exertion of panicle
GA3 has following favorable effects:
i. A dose of 45-60 g/ha of GA3 is optimum
ii. Increases stigma exertion and receptivity
iii.Promotes plant height
iv.Influences flowering and hence flowering in
parental lines can be adjusted
v. Widens the flag leaf angle
vi. Promotes exertion and growth rate of secondary
and tertiary tillers.
29
30. Flag leaf clipping
• The clipping of flag leaf helps in free movement
and wide dispersal of pollen grains to give higher
seed production
• However, flag leaf cutting is not advisable in the
plots infested with diseases as this operation may
spread the disease further
30
31. Supplementary pollination
• Supplementary pollination can be done either
by rope pulling or by shaking the pollen parent
with the help of two bamboo sticks
• This process is repeated 3 – 4 times during the
day at an interval of 30 minutes.
• Supplementary pollination has to be done for
7-10 days during the flowering period
31
32. • Harvesting: Harvest all R lines rows first.
Remove the R line harvest and keep it in a safe
place separately. Carefully remove the left over R
line panicles in the field.
• Threshing: During threshing, the `A’ line parent
and `R’ line parent harvests must be kept separate
from each other. The A and R lines should be
threshed separately. Before starting threshing, all
the threshing equipment, threshing floor and
tarpaulin to be thoroughly cleaned.
32
33. Seed drying
• Seeds can be safely stored when they have
been dried to a moisture content of less than 13
%
• Seed Processing: Seed Processing has to be
done to remove impurities, cleaning, grading
• Gunny bags for storing the seeds
33
34. Future prospects
1.High price of rice.
2.Expansion of boro rice area due to shallow
tubewell development
3.Continued technological progress
4.Expanded possibilities for public-private
partnerships
5.Rising demand for rice from other countries
34
35. 35
• Eui gene for panicle exsertion
• Biotic stress resistance BLB, Blast, BPH etc.
• Stigma exsertion
• Exploit gene for wide compatibility and TGMS
traits
36. • Introgress yields QTL’s for high yeilds
• Exploit yield QTL’s – from wild species,
O.rufipogon, yld 1 & 2 , single QTL’s has
increased yield by 18%
• Introgress trait with high grain number per
panicle. (270)
36
37. Hybrid Rice Seed Production
Issues & Strategies
• Higher hybrid seed cost - Lower hybrid seed
yield
• Synchronization problem
• Ideal location / season not identified
• Higher production input cost
• Parental line susceptibility to biotic stress
37
38. • Genetic Purity of Hybrid seed
• Hybrids by State/Central Government
departments
• Inadequate training and technology transfer
Problem of non-availability of N/s and B/s of
parental lines on sustainable basis
• Purity of foundation seed stock of parental
lines
38
39. • Poor integration of research, seed production
and technology transfer- poor technical
dissemination
• Inadequate sensitization of administrators /
policy makers
39
40. 40
Hybrid Developed by MOU with no.
of companies
DRRH-2 DRR, Hyderabad 04
Pusa RH-10 IARI, New Delhi 10
Pant Shanker Dhan-1 & 3 GBPUAT, Pantnagar 01
CORH-3 TNAU, Coimbatore 01
Ajay & Rajalakshmi CRRI, Cuttack 03
KRH-2 UAS, Mandya 01
Sahyadri-1 BSKKV, Karjat 01
JRH-4, JRH-5 JNKV, Jabalpur 01
Exploit Public-Private Partnership
MOUs with Private Seed Companies
42. 42
SN Centre TGMS Line Special Features
1. Coimbatore CBTS-0248
CBTS-0252
Mid-Early duration
Good stigma exsertion
Medium, good stigma exsertion
2 Hydrabad DRR-SS
DRR-135
Medium duration, Mid-Early duration, good
quality
Medium duration, Good grain quality, good
stigma exsertion
3. Maruteru MTUS-22
MTUS-27
Long duration, good quality
Medium duration, good stigma exsertion
4. Pantnagar UPRI-97-58 Early duration, good stigma exsertion
TGMS lines developed in India
43. Progress in development of Two-line hybrids
China
• 1991 - 20,000 ha
• 2002 - 2.6 m ha
• 5-10% higher yield advantage (Yuan, 2004)
India
• In AICRIP trials, hybrid UPRTGH 332 yielded 14.6%
higher over best three line hybrid, Pant Sankar Dhan 1
• 18.8% higher than best inbred check
43
44. 44
Out of 44 M.ha. area of Rice in India, 9 states occupy 83.2%
of total acreage (37.44 M.ha.) and remaining states do not
have sizeable acreage
State Area in M.ha.
West Bengal 6.15
Utter Pradesh 5.93
Madhya Pradesh / Chhattisgarh 5.35
Bihar / Jharkhand 5.30
Andhra Pradesh 4.13
Punjab / Haryana 2.60
Tamil Nadu 2.16
Karnataka 1.44
TOTAL 37.66 M.ha.
45. 45
Potential of North Indian states
• Yield level of local varieties 2.5 tons/ha.
• Hybrid average yields 6.25 – 7.5 tons/ha
• West Bengal adjoining to Bangladesh. It has an
area of 6.15 M.ha.
• Target Southern states of India (viz Orissa, A.P.,
Karnataka & Tamil Nadu) : Area of 12.33 M. ha.
46. • Most seed growers demand from Rs. 25,000
to Rs. 50,000 per hectare
• There is urgent need to minimize time for
processing, packing, testing and its dispatches
across the country
• Dormancy
• High cost of GA-3 (Rs. 13250 per Kg)
• Government should come to the rescue of
seed industry by making it available at
cheaper price
46
47. Work done in university
• Crosses of improved rice varieties with V20A
• Effective maintainer- Kaladhan, Ram Jawain
100, HPU 2202 and HPU1501
• Effective restorer- HPU 2216
• Hybrid with V20A gave 62.8% heterosis over
better parent and 38% over standard check for
yield
47
48. Seed production
• No seed production in H.P. and by the University
• low land holding capacity and sunshine
• Seed are provided by Private seed companies to
University for testing-Bayaer, Monsanto,
Syngenta and Mahico
• Testing fee 60,000 Rupees/year for two year
• Coding
• Identify for cultivation
48
49. Constrains
• PDS -10 Rupees/kg
• Low land holding capacity
• Cost of seed
• Labor and cost Intensive
• Consumer preference (sticky, taste)
• Low in quality (nutritional)
49
