1. Kinetic molecular theory explains the states of matter based on the motion and interactions of particles. It assumes particles are in constant random motion and that temperature depends on the average kinetic energy of the particles. 2. Phase changes between solid, liquid, and gas are explained by KMT. As temperature increases, particles gain kinetic energy and overcome attractive forces, causing melting or boiling phase transitions. 3. Heating and cooling curves graphically represent phase changes over time as temperature changes. They show characteristic melting, boiling, freezing, and condensation points.

1. J na i Go le
a d nza z-Lord

2. Q: What is matter?
Ma r isa
tte nythingthat
o c ie s a ea ha
c up s p c nd s
ms
as

3. what is meant by a
state?
"s te m a "p ic l
ta " e ns hys a
s te - s m thingtha
ta ” o e t
yo c n s ea /o fe l
u a e nd r e
m in s te o m tte o
a ta s f a r r
p s - s lid liq a
ha e o , uid nd
gs
a
s s nc o c ng sits
ub ta e nly ha e
p s , no itss ture
ha e t truc

4. Properties of states or phases of
matter

5. Or
W t ism tte m d upo
ha a r ae f?

6. Huh?
Brownian motion Wha s
this
t’
?
Ab ut 2 0ye rsa o aBritis
o 0 a g, h
b ta t b thena eo Ro e
o nis y m f b rt
Bro n, w slo kinga s m
w a o t o e
p lle g insthro h his
o n ra ug
m ro c p a re lis d tha the
ic s o e nd a e t y
w rem vinga o Furthe
e o b ut. r
inve tig tio s w d tha isw s
s a n ho e t a
thew te m le ule tha w re
a r o c s t e
b tingthep lle g insa o
uffe o n ra b ut!
Thisra o m tio o p rtic s
nd m o n f a le
w nt o to b kno n a Brownian
e n e w s
motion.

7. Importance of Brownian motion
Ma r ism d
tte ae
up o p rtic s
f a le
in c ns nt,
o ta
ra o m tio
nd m o n

8. Further investigation led to
Kinetic
Mo c r
le ula
The ry
o

9. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
 Kine Ene y = m vinge rg
tic rg o ne y
 All m tte m d o p rtic s(m le ule , io o a m )
a r a e f a le o c s ns r to s
 P rtic sin c ns nt m tio tova
a le o ta o n ryingd g e
e re s
 All p rtic sha kine e rg to va
a le ve tic ne y ryingd g e
e re s
 Thed g eo m tio isd p nd nt o thee rg o the
e re f o n e e e n ne y f
p rtic s
a le
 Thee rg o thep rtic sd te ine thes teo m tte
ne y f a le e rm s ta f a r

10. Key Assumptions of KMT
 Thevo eo c ie b the
lum c up d y
Thefirs 2p intsa n’
t o re t m le ule isd tothes a ein
o c s ue pc
s tly true–s
tric hhh!
b tw e them le ule a no the
e en o c s nd t
m le ule the s lve .
o c s me s
 Noe rg islo t w n them le ule
ne y s he o c s
c llid w e c o r o thew lls
o e ith a h the r a
o the c nta r.
f ir o ine
 Sta o m tte isd p nd nt o b th
te f a r ee e n o
thekine e rg o them le ule
tic ne y f o c s
a w ll a thea c
s e s ttra tivefo e
rc s
b tw e m le ule .
e en o c s

11. Ho d e KMT e la s lid , liq s
w os xp in o s uid
a gss
nd a e ?

13. Ho d e KMT e la w w g t fro
w os xp in ho e e m
s lid to liq to g s
o uid a?

17. Phase changes
n
aio
t
Me
im
Fre
t n
aio
ltin
ul
sb
ei
zn
lim
g
De
g
Sub
Boiling
C nd ns tio
o e a n

19. What are heating/cooling curves?
Heating Curve Cooling Curve
 Gra hic l re re e tio o
p a p s nta n f  Gra hic l re re e tio o
p a p s nta n f
w t ha p nsw n as s nc
ha p e he ub ta e w t ha p nsw n as s nc
ha p e he ub ta e
ishe te upo r tim
a d ve e isc o do r tim
o le ve e
 Y-a –Te p ra
xis m e ture  Y-a –Te p ra
xis m e ture
 X-a –Tim
xis e  X-a –Tim
xis e
 Sho sm ltinga b iling
w e nd o  Sho sc nd ns tio a
w o e a n nd
p ints
o fre zingp ints
e o
 Sho s3p s s
w ha e  Sho s3p s s
w ha e

20. Heating curves
s
Ga
Ab ve m ltingp int,
o e o
Liq to g s
uid a g s isfo e
a rm d
Bo iling
p int
o
m e ture
Be e n m ltinga b ilingp ints
tw e e nd o o ,
uid
Te p ra
Liq
s s nc re a liq
ub ta e m ins uid
So toliq
lid uid
Me lting
p int
o Be wm ltingp int, s lid isfo e
lo e o o rm d
lid
So
Time

21. Heating curve for water
am
Ste
Ab ve 10 °C g s
o 0 , a
At 10 °C w te turnsto
0 , a r w te tos a
a r te m
10 ° C
0 (s a ) isfo e
te m rm d
s a
te m
Be e n 0 C a 10 °C w te re a
tw e ° nd 0 , a r m ins
tr
ae
At 0 C s lidturning
° , o
liq uid
W
c m le ly toliq
o p te uid
p s
ha e
Ic tow te
e a r
0 C
°
Be w0 C s lid (ic ) isfo e
lo ° , o e rm d Time
I ce

22. Cooling curves
Ab vec nd ns tio
o o e a n
Ga
s p int, g se ts
o a xis .
C nd ns tio
o e a n
Ga toliq
s uid p int
o
Li
qu
Be e n c nd ns tio
tw e o e a n id
m e ture
a fre zingp ints
nd e o ,
s s nc re a liq
ub ta e m ins uid
Te p ra
Fre zing
e Liq to s lid
uid o
So
p int
o lid
Be wfre zingp int,
lo e o
s lid isfo e
o rm d
Time

23. Cooling curve for water
St
e Ab vec nd ns tio
o o e a n
am
p int, g se ts
o a xis .
C nd ns tio
o e a n
Ste mto w te
a a r p int
o
10 ° C
0
W
at
Be e n c nd ns tio
tw e o e a n er
a fre zingp ints
nd e o ,
w te e ts
a r xis
W te toic
a r e
0 C
° Ice
Fre zing
e
Be wfre zingp int,
lo e o
p int
o
ic isfo e
e rm d