The document discusses methods for stain removal, including identifying the stain, classifying it, and selecting the appropriate removal procedure and reagents. It provides examples of removing common stains like blood, ink, chewing gum, tea/coffee, curry, and others. Dry cleaning is described as using solvents instead of water for removal of oils and delicate fabrics. The process of dry cleaning involves steps like marking, sorting, pre-treating, cleaning, extracting, drying and finishing the garments.

1. STAIN REMOVAL METHODS
• A stain is a spot or
localized discoloration
left on the fabric by the
foreign substance
1) Composition and color of
the fabric
2) Nature and age of stain
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2. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR STAIN
REMOVAL
1) Identify the stain
2) Classify the stain
3) Select the reagent to be
used
4) Select the procedure to
be used
5) Step by step procedure
to remove stain
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3. IDENTIFICATION OF STAINS
 Color
Eg: black- ink, red- blood
Yellow- turmeric
 Odor/Smell
Eg:- medicine , food, perfume
 Texture
Eg: egg , paint, glue/gum
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4. Types of stains
 Absorbed stain:
 Built-up stains:- paints, lipstick
,chewing gum etc.
 Compound stains : combination
of Absorbed stains and Built-up
stains blood
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5. Classification of stains
1) Animal stains :- blood,
egg, milk, wine and meat.
2) Vegetable stains :- tea,
coffee, tomato, gravy etc.
3) Grease stains:-butter,
ghee, curry ,oil etc.
4) Mineral stains:- ink , rust,
medicine etc.
5) Acidic stains:-
6) Miscellaneous stains :-
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6. Classification of stain removal
solvents : hydrocarbons, petroleum based alcohol
,chlorinated hydrocarbons– benzene, ,kerosene,
acetone ,glycerin, ethyl alcohol, turpentine, carbon
tetra chloride.
Bleaches :- oxidizing bleach, reducing agents.—
Hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, potassium
permanganate, sodium bisulphate.
Fats/oils:- fatty acids– coconut oil, oleic acid.
Emulsifiers:- an ionic and non-ionic –soaps, fatty acid
alcohol, sulphatesnates, fatty amine oxides.
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7. Classification of stain
removal
Acids :- organic , in-organic ---1% oxalic acid,
30% formic acid, white vinegar, curd, sour
milk, diluted hydrochloric acid..
Alkalis :- ammonium hydroxide , sodium
bicarbonate.
Enzymes :- enzymes soaps.
Absorbents :- talc, cornstarch, French chalk.
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8. Equipments used for stain
removal
 Spotting table
 Brushes
 Steam gum
 Chamois
 Absorbent pads
 Magnifying glasses
 Drying cabin
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9. Blood stain
• Soak in cold water for an hour.
• Then transfer to lukewarm water
containing an enzymes
detergents. Soak for 30 minutes
and Launder
(OR)
• Soak the stain in acetic acid for
about 2 hours.
• Rub gently
• Neutralized with ammonia and
launder.
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10. Ball point ink stain
• Rub lightly with cotton
swab soak in methylated
sprit .
• If the stain is old soak in
glycerin to soften.
• Wash with the soap and
launder.
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11. Ink stain
• Hold under the cold running
water to remove as much as
ink possible.
• Apply lime juice and salt and
leave for 30 minutes and
launder.
• Steep in diluted oxalic acid
for 10 minutes and rinse
thoroughly with dilute borax
solution.
• Launder.
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12. Chewing gum stain
• Remove surface gum
with a blunt knife.
• Apply ice to the stain.
• Allow to soak in ice-
cold water for few
minutes.
• Launder.
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13. Tea/coffee stain
• Pour the boiling water
over the stain
• Apply borax solution and
allow to dry.
• Pour the boiling water
over it and launder.
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14. Curry stain
• Wash with soap and
water.
• Put in the sun to bleach.
• Apply borax.
• Soak in potassium
permanganate
• Bleach in water.
• Launder.
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15. Fruit juice stain
 Apply starch paste on
the stain and leave for
one hour.
Rub off the paste.
Pour the boiling water
over it.
Rub borax and salt over
the stain.
Pour the boiling water
over it.
Launder. www.indianchefrecipe.com

16. Ghee/oil
 Rub French chalk on the
stain and brush off.
 Repeat if required.
Wash with soap and
warm water .
If stain still remains ,
wash with a solvent.
Launder.
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17. Lipstick stain
 soften the stain by
working glycerin into it.
 Apply methylated sprit .
Launder.
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18. Medicine stain
 Steep in warm water.
 Wash with soap and
water.
 steep in oxalic acid.
 wash with borax
solution.
 steep in methyl sprit.
 Bleach.
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19. Nail polish stain
 place the stain against a
clean absorbent towel
with a cotton swab
soaked in acetone or
commercial nail polish
remover.
 Repeat till the stain
disappears.
 launder.
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20. Paint/varnish stain
 place the stain against a
clean absorbent towel
with a cotton swab soaked
in turpentine or kerosene.
Repeat till the stain
disappears.
 launder.
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21. Perfume stain
 Do not let the stain age.
 Wash immediately,
preferably in hot water.
 a weak solution of
acetic acid or ethyl
alcohol helps.
 Bleach if required.
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22. Iron Rust Paint
 A patented rust remover
may be used or the stain
may be soaked in cold 1%
oxalic acid for about 15
minutes .
Rinse in dilute borax
solution and then launder.
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23. Shoe polish
Sponge with liquid
detergent.
Steep the stain in carbon
tetra chloride or
turpentine .
If the stain is old , soften
with glycerin first.
 Bleach if required.
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24. Starching agents
 It is added at the end of
washing process.
 it helps to reduce the
absorption of stains and
grease.
 common starches are
rice, sago, root potato
etc.
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25. Bleaching agents
 These are chemicals
capable of whiting
fabrics and removing
stains by destroying
pigmented matter.
 It is used for cotton
fabrics.
 good bleaching powder
contain 38 % chlorine
available.
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26. Dry Cleaning
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27. Why “Dry-Cleaning ” not laundering
The solvents used
contain little to no
water.
Water is only used at the
end of the cleaning
process is normal stains
are in the clothing.
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28. Dry Cleaning
 Dry cleaning removes
oils as well as many
water –soluble and
insoluble materials with
the half of detergents
and other agents.
 It is safe method of
removing delicate
fabrics.
It was earlier called as
French cleaning or
chemical cleaning.
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29. Removing stains
Oil stains do not come out
in regular cleaning but
with dry cleaning they do.
 The oil does not dissolve
into water for regular
cleaning.
 With dry cleaning the oil
dissolves into the perc and
the stain can be removed.
 Dry cleaning does not get
out normal stains, such as
soup stains, and those are
left for the end of the
process. www.indianchefrecipe.com

30. Advantages of dry-cleaning
 Dry-cleaning cleans
cloths for which is
laundering not possible.
 It causes no shrinkage.
 Dry cleaning does not
flatten the pile fabrics.
 Colors do not bleed on
dry-cleaning.
 Stains are more readily
removed by dry-
cleaning. www.indianchefrecipe.com

31. Dis- Advantages of dry-cleaning
 Dry- cleaning is
expensive compared to
laundering.
 Many Dry- cleaning
solvents are harmful.
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32. Process of Dry-cleaning
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33. Process of Dry-cleaning
 Marking
 Sorting
Application of absorbents
Pre-spotting
Cleaning
Extraction
Drying
Filtering and distillation
of solvents.
Inspection
Finishing
Packing
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34. Dry-cleaning materials
 Dry-cleaning detergents
 absorbents
Solvents
Petroleum solvents/
Stoddard solvent
 halogenated
hydrocarbons.
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