IRMS and AMS are specialized mass spectrometry techniques. [IRMS] determines the relative abundances of isotopes in a sample to provide information about its geographic, chemical, and biological origins. [AMS] accelerates ions to extremely high energies before mass analysis, allowing it to separate rare isotopes from abundant ones. Both techniques involve ionizing the sample, separating the ions by mass/charge ratio using magnetic and electric fields, and detecting the relative abundances of isotopes.
In mineral science, there are several analytical instruments used for various purpose, viz…
Scanning electron microscopy
X-ray diffraction
Transmission electron microscopy
X-ray fluorescence
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
Electron microprobe analysis
Secondary ion mass spectrometry
Atomic force microscopy
Its a theoretical content for Pharmacy graduates, post graduates in pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy And also M Sc Instrumentation, UG and PG of Ayurveda medical students, MS etc.
In mineral science, there are several analytical instruments used for various purpose, viz…
Scanning electron microscopy
X-ray diffraction
Transmission electron microscopy
X-ray fluorescence
Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
Electron microprobe analysis
Secondary ion mass spectrometry
Atomic force microscopy
Its a theoretical content for Pharmacy graduates, post graduates in pharmacy and Doctor of Pharmacy And also M Sc Instrumentation, UG and PG of Ayurveda medical students, MS etc.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
X-Ray Crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
X-Ray Crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
Mass spectrometry is an extremely valuable
analytical technique in which the molecules
in a test sample are converted into gaseous
ions that are subsequently separated in a mass
spectrometer according to their mass-to-charge
ratio (m/z) and detected .
The Basics of Mass Spectrometry/Spectroscopy.pptxBhanu Yadav
This Project Aims to Describe the basics of Mass Spectrometry with a general overview on how to read a mass spectrum and a case study which used UHPLC-MS in Forensic Toxicology
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
2. • Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is a
specialization of mass spectrometry, in which mass
spectrometric methods are used to measure the relative
abundance of isotopes in a given sample
• Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) is a
specialized technique used to provide information about
the geographic, chemical, and biological origins of
substances.
• The ability to determine the source of an organic
substance stems from the relative isotopic abundances
of the elements which comprise the material.
3. • Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique
used to quantify known materials, to identify unknown
compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the
structure and chemical properties of different
molecules.
• The complete process involves the conversion of the
sample into gaseous ions, with or without
fragmentation, which are then characterized by their
mass to charge ratios (m/z) and relative abundances.
4. • Mass spectrometry is an instrumental technique in
which sample is converted to rapidly moving positive
ions by electron bombardment and charged particles are
separated according to their masses.
5. Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
Sample
introduction
Ionization
Minimize collisions, interferences
Separate
masses
Count ions
Collect results
6. • To measure relative molecular mass
• To know the fragmentation of the molecules
• Comparison of mass spectra with known compounds.
7. • Organic molecule are bombarded with electron
• Converted into highly energetic positively charged ions
(molecular ions or parent ions)
• Further break up into smaller ions (fragment ions or
daughter ions)
• The formed ions are separated by deflection in
magnetic field according to their mass and charge
• MASS SPECTRUM
8. • A static gas mass spectrometer is one in which a
gaseous sample for analysis is fed into the source of the
instrument and then left in the source without further
supply or pumping throughout the analysis.
• This method can be used for 'stable isotope' analysis of
light gases , but it is particularly used in the isotopic
analysis of noble gases (rare or inert gases)
for radiometric dating or isotope geochemistry.
• Important examples are argon–argon dating and helium
isotope analysis.
10. A mass spectrometer generates multiple ions
then separates them according to their specific mass-to-
charge ratio (m/z)
then records the relative abundance of each ion type
Ions provide information concerning the nature and the
structure of their precursor(a chemical rxn that
produces another compound) molecule
In the spectrum of a pure compound, the molecular ion,
if present, appears at the highest value of m/z and
gives the molecular mass of the compound
11. • The first step in the mass spectrometric analysis of compounds
is the production of gas phase ions of the compound, basically
by electron ionization. This molecular ion undergoes
fragmentation. Each primary product ion derived from the
molecular ion, in turn, undergoes fragmentation, and so on.
The ions are separated in the mass spectrometer according to
their mass-to-charge ratio, and are detected in proportion to
their abundance. A mass spectrum of the molecule is thus
produced. It displays the result in the form of a plot of ion
abundance versus mass-to-charge ratio. Ions provide
information concerning the nature and the structure of their
precursor molecule. In the spectrum of a pure compound, the
molecular ion, if present, appears at the highest value of m/z
(followed by ions containing heavier isotopes) and gives the
molecular mass of the compound
12. • The gas source mass spectrometer includes three fundamental parts,
• (1) a "source" of positively charged ions or molecular ions,
• (2) a magnetic analyzer, and
• (3) ion collectors.
• The source is a low-pressure chamber (~10-5 torr) into which sample or
standard gas is ionized, either by an electron beam produced by a hot
filament, or by a strong electrostatic field.
• Once formed, the ions are accelerated and focused by charged plates into a
beam that enters a flight tube.
• The flight tube has a bend that coincides with an electromagnet that alters
the path of the ions according to their mass/charge ratio, thus several beams
leave the magnetic sector.
• Multiple ion detectors are arranged to collect the ion beams of interest.
These collectors measure each beam as a current that can be amplified and
determined with high precision.
13.
14. • Moving wire IRMS is useful for analyzing Carbon-
13 ratios of compounds in a solution, such as after
purification by liquid chromatography. The solution (or
outflow from the chromatography) is dried onto a nickel
or stainless steel wire. After the residue is deposited on
the wire, it enters a furnace where the sample is converted
to CO2 and water by combustion. The gas stream finally
enters a capillary, is dried, ionized, and analyzed. This
process allows a mixture of compounds to be purified and
analyzed continuously, which can decrease the analysis
time by a factor of four. Moving wire IRMS is quite
sensitive, and samples containing as little as 1 nano-
mole of Carbon can yield precise (within 1‰) results.
15. • Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a form of mass
spectrometry that accelerates ions to extraordinarily
high kinetic energies before mass analysis.
• AMS is performed by converting the atoms in the sample into a
beam of fast moving ions (charged atoms). The mass of these
ions is then measured by the application of magnetic and
electric fields.
• The special strength of AMS among the mass spectrometric
methods is its power to separate a rare isotope from an
abundant neighboring mass ("abundance sensitivity", e.g. 14C
from 12C).
• The method suppresses molecular isobars completely and in
many cases can separate atomic isobars (e.g. 14N from 14C)
also.
19. a) ION SOURCE
generates negative
carbon ions
by Cs sputtering
b) INJECTOR MAGNET
separates ions by mass,
masses 12, 13, and 14 injected
c) ACCELERATOR
generates 2.5 million volts,
accelerates C- ions
d) TERMINAL
C- ions interact with
‘stripper’ gas Ar,
become C+ ions,
molecular species CH
destroyed
e) ELECTROSTATIC DEFLECTOR
specific charge of ions selected (3+)
f) MAGNETIC SEPARATION
13C steered into cup, 14C
passes through to solid detector
g) Si BARRIER DETECTOR
pulse produced is proportional to the energy of ion,
can differentiate b/t 14C and other ions count rate
for modern sample = 100cps
20. A) The ion source produces a beam of ions (atoms that carry
an electrical charge) from a few milligrams of solid
material. The element is first chemically extracted from the
sample (for example, a rock, rain water, a meteorite) then it
is loaded into a copper holder and inserted into the ion
source through a vacuum lock.
• Atoms are sputtered from the sample by cesium ions which
are produced on a hot spherical ionizer and focused to a
small spot on the sample. Negative ions produced on the
surface of the sample are extracted from the ion source and
sent down the evacuated beam line towards the first magnet.
At this point the beam is about 10 microamps which
corresponds to 1013 ions per second (mostly the stable
isotopes).
21. B) The injector magnet bends the negative ion beam by
90° to select the mass of interest, a radioisotope of the
element inserted in the sample holder, and reject the
much-more-intense neighboring stable isotopes.
• Several vacuum pumps remove all the air from the
beam line so the beam particles have a free path.
• There are still lots of molecules and isobars (isotopes
of neighboring elements having the same mass) that
must be removed by more magnets after the accelerator.
22. C) The tandem accelerator consists of two accelerating gaps with a
large positive voltage in the middle.
• Think of it as a bridge that spans the inside of a large pressure vessel
containing CO2 and N2 insulating gas at a pressure of over 10
atmospheres.
• The bridge holds two long vacuum tubes with many glass
(electrically insulating) sections.
• The center of the accelerator, called the terminal, is charged to a
voltage of up to 10 million volts by two rotating chains.
• The negative ions traveling down the beam tube are attracted
(accelerated) towards the positive terminal.
• At the terminal they pass through an electron stripper, either a gas
or a very thin carbon foil, and emerge as positive ions. These are
repelled from the positive terminal, accelerating again to ground
potential at the far end.
• The name tandem accelerator comes from this dual acceleration
concept. The final velocity is a few percent of the speed of light or
about 50 million miles per hour.
23.
24.
25. D) The analyzing and switching magnets select the
mass of the radionuclide of interest, further reducing
the intensity of neighboring stable isotopes.
• In addition, they eliminate molecules completely by
selecting only the highly charged ions that are
produced in the terminal stripper.
• Isotope ratios are measured by alternately selecting
the stable and radioisotopes with the injector and
analyzing magnets.
26. E) The electrostatic analyzer is a pair of metal plates
at high voltage that deflects the beam to the left by
20 degrees. This selects particles based on their
energy and thus removes the ions that happen to
receive the wrong energy from the accelerator.
F) The gas ionization detector counts ions one at a
time as they come down the beam line. The ions are
slowed down and come to rest in propane gas. As
they stop, electrons are knocked off the gas atoms.
These electrons are collected on metal plates,
amplified, and read into the computer.
• For each atom, the computer determines the rate of
energy loss and from that deduces the nuclear charge
(element atomic number) to distinguish interfering
isobars.
27. • The ion extraction from the sample
• The rejection of the primary isotopes
• The beam acceleration
• The rejection of the isobaric ions
• The rare isotope counting
•negative 14N ions not stable
• stripping destroys molecules
28. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
• Some applications :
• Archeology
• Geology
• Medicine
• Food chemistry
• Radiation protection
• Ecology
• Radioecology
• Aerosol science
• Microdosing
29. • carbon isotopic ratio of soil(EA-IRMS)
• two samples had identical physical or chemical
properties
• to determine whether or not a product’s actual
contents
• Isotope ratio analysis can be used to establish
whether or not the product contains natural
sweeteners (from the original food source), or
artificial sweeteners