Separating and throttling calorimeter for steamSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment conducted to determine the quality (dryness fraction) of steam passing through a steam main using a separating and throttling calorimeter setup. The calorimeter was developed on a diesel-fired boiler in a thermal power laboratory. The experiment measured parameters like steam temperature, pressure, and flow rates. Steam was sampled from the main and passed through a separator to remove water, then throttled to a lower pressure and superheated region where its dryness fraction could be calculated using energy equations and steam tables. Factors affecting the accuracy of the experiment like measurement errors and device leaks were also discussed.
Bending test | MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Laboratory | U.O.B |Saif al-din ali
The document describes a bending test experiment conducted on a steel beam specimen. The objectives were to determine deflections and bending stresses under different loading conditions. The experiment involved applying concentrated loads at the center of beams with simply supported, cantilever, and fixed end conditions. Deflections and stresses were calculated theoretically and measured experimentally for each loading case. Results were compared to evaluate accuracy. The goal was to analyze beam behavior under bending forces.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Buckling test
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
A fundamental condition in all problems is the equilibrium of
internal and external forces. If the system of forces is
disturbed owing to a small displacement of a body, two
principal situations are possible: either the body will return
to its original configuration owing to restoring forces during
displacement, or the body will accelerate farther away from
its original state owing to displacing forces. The latter
situation is termed instable equilibrium.
The instability of structural members subjected to
compressive loading (see Fig. 1(b)) may be regarded as a
mode of failure, even though stress may remain elastic, owing to excessive
deformation and distortion of the structure. This mode of failure is termed
buckling and is prevalent in members for which the transverse dimension is
small compared with the overall length
This document summarizes an experiment comparing different flow meter types. The experiment used a rota meter, venturi meter, and orifice plate to measure the flow rate of water. Calculations were shown for three trials measuring the actual and theoretical flow rates to determine the discharge coefficient for each meter. Graphs showed the relationship between discharge coefficient and actual flow rate for the venturi meter and orifice plate. The coefficient was generally higher for the venturi meter compared to the orifice plate.
Pipe insulation efficiency study unit |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
The document describes an experiment to study the efficiency of pipe insulation. Steam is passed through four vertical pipes - three covered with different insulating materials and one uncovered. The amount of condensate collected from each pipe is measured to calculate the heat lost and determine the thermal conductivity of the insulating materials. Calculations are shown for the three insulated pipes using parameters like steam temperature and pressure, insulation thickness, and condensate mass. The thermal conductivity is found to vary with temperature for each material.
This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of various liquids using a hydrometer. The introduction provides background on hydrometers and how they are used to determine density and specific gravity. The experimental procedures involve filling a cylinder with the test liquid, inserting the hydrometer, and recording the point where the liquid meets the stem. The student then answers discussion questions about density and specific gravity measurements in oil industry, how hydrometers work, differences between density and relative/specific gravity, API gravity, and sources of error in their results.
Separating and throttling calorimeter for steamSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment conducted to determine the quality (dryness fraction) of steam passing through a steam main using a separating and throttling calorimeter setup. The calorimeter was developed on a diesel-fired boiler in a thermal power laboratory. The experiment measured parameters like steam temperature, pressure, and flow rates. Steam was sampled from the main and passed through a separator to remove water, then throttled to a lower pressure and superheated region where its dryness fraction could be calculated using energy equations and steam tables. Factors affecting the accuracy of the experiment like measurement errors and device leaks were also discussed.
Bending test | MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Laboratory | U.O.B |Saif al-din ali
The document describes a bending test experiment conducted on a steel beam specimen. The objectives were to determine deflections and bending stresses under different loading conditions. The experiment involved applying concentrated loads at the center of beams with simply supported, cantilever, and fixed end conditions. Deflections and stresses were calculated theoretically and measured experimentally for each loading case. Results were compared to evaluate accuracy. The goal was to analyze beam behavior under bending forces.
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Buckling test
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
A fundamental condition in all problems is the equilibrium of
internal and external forces. If the system of forces is
disturbed owing to a small displacement of a body, two
principal situations are possible: either the body will return
to its original configuration owing to restoring forces during
displacement, or the body will accelerate farther away from
its original state owing to displacing forces. The latter
situation is termed instable equilibrium.
The instability of structural members subjected to
compressive loading (see Fig. 1(b)) may be regarded as a
mode of failure, even though stress may remain elastic, owing to excessive
deformation and distortion of the structure. This mode of failure is termed
buckling and is prevalent in members for which the transverse dimension is
small compared with the overall length
This document summarizes an experiment comparing different flow meter types. The experiment used a rota meter, venturi meter, and orifice plate to measure the flow rate of water. Calculations were shown for three trials measuring the actual and theoretical flow rates to determine the discharge coefficient for each meter. Graphs showed the relationship between discharge coefficient and actual flow rate for the venturi meter and orifice plate. The coefficient was generally higher for the venturi meter compared to the orifice plate.
Pipe insulation efficiency study unit |HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
The document describes an experiment to study the efficiency of pipe insulation. Steam is passed through four vertical pipes - three covered with different insulating materials and one uncovered. The amount of condensate collected from each pipe is measured to calculate the heat lost and determine the thermal conductivity of the insulating materials. Calculations are shown for the three insulated pipes using parameters like steam temperature and pressure, insulation thickness, and condensate mass. The thermal conductivity is found to vary with temperature for each material.
This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of various liquids using a hydrometer. The introduction provides background on hydrometers and how they are used to determine density and specific gravity. The experimental procedures involve filling a cylinder with the test liquid, inserting the hydrometer, and recording the point where the liquid meets the stem. The student then answers discussion questions about density and specific gravity measurements in oil industry, how hydrometers work, differences between density and relative/specific gravity, API gravity, and sources of error in their results.
forced heat convection | HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Forced Heat Convection
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the forced heat convection coefficient (ℎ퐹퐶) for a heated cylinder
2. Find the relations between Re N, and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder
3. Introduction:
Convection; is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion, convection is divided
into two types:
Pressure distribution along convergent- divergent NozzleSaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
This aim of this practical was to investigate compressible flow in a
convergent-divergent nozzle. Different flow patterns that influence
the results of the investigation are also explored. The different
pressure distributions that occur at varying lengths in the nozzle
were also recorded and analyzed
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
The document discusses setting up pumps in series and parallel configurations and measuring their performance. It includes:
- Instructions on connecting a single pump, or two identical pumps in series or parallel, to a water circulation system and software.
- Procedures to operate each configuration at varying flow rates, recording total head and flow from sensors to obtain pump curve data.
- Objectives to analyze and compare the performance of a single pump versus pumps in series/parallel, and suggest appropriate configurations based on given flow and head requirements.
- Background theory that pumps in series double the achievable head rise while maintaining the same flow, and pumps in parallel double the flow while maintaining the same head rise.
This document describes an experiment to determine the stiffness of an open and closed coil spring and the modulus of rigidity of the spring material. A spring testing machine is used to apply loads to the springs and measure the deflection. The stiffness and modulus of rigidity are calculated based on equations that relate the applied load, spring geometry, and measured deflection. Test procedures are outlined for performing compression and tension tests on open and closed coil springs. Measurements of spring dimensions, number of coils, and load-deflection data are collected and used to calculate values for stiffness, shear stress, strain energy, and modulus of rigidity.
Conduction heat transfer | heat transfer | heat | U.O.BSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment conducted to measure the thermal conductivity (K) of a cylindrical iron specimen. The specimen was heated using an electrical heater while thermocouples measured the temperature at three points. Heat transferred from the specimen to surrounding water until steady-state. Calculations were done to determine K values at each point, which were then averaged. The measured K of 7.878 W/m-C was compared to the theoretical value for iron of 80.2 W/m-C, with a high error rate of 91.77% observed. Applications of this experiment include heating processes and heat transfer analysis.
Compressible flows in fluid mechanics in chemical engineeringUsman Shah
This slide will explain you the chemical engineering terms .Al about the basics of this slide are explain in it. The basics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, chemical engineering thermodynamics, fluid motions, newtonian fluids, are explain in this process.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Density determination of liquids by using hydro...Zanyar qaradaxe
This experiment measured the density and specific gravity of naphtha using a hydrometer. The hydrometer reading for naphtha was 0.695 at an actual temperature of 21°C. The specific gravity was then corrected to the standard temperature of 15.6°C, yielding a value of 0.697592. Calculations were shown to determine the density of naphtha at 15.6°C as 0.697 g/cm3. The hydrometer method was discussed as the simplest way to determine liquid density and specific gravity based on Archimedes' principle.
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil at attack angles of 2 and 14 degrees. Meshes with 15,000 and 40,000 elements were tested, with lift and drag coefficients increasing with higher mesh resolution and attack angle. Pressure contours, velocity vectors, and other flow visualizations were obtained from the CFD simulations in ANSYS. While mesh independence was achieved at 2 degrees, it was not at 14 degrees, which is above the airfoil's stall angle.
1) The document describes an experiment measuring the impact force of a water jet on flat and hemispherical surfaces.
2) The experiment calculates the theoretical and actual jet forces using formulas involving discharge rate, velocity, and surface area.
3) The results show that the force on a hemispherical surface is larger than a flat surface for the same amount of water, and that actual and theoretical forces are linearly related.
Strength of Materials, Lecture - 1.
Introduction + Recommended Books
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
This document discusses the validity of the no-slip boundary condition at fluid-solid interfaces. It begins with an introduction of the no-slip condition and notes that while successful in macroscopic flows, it is an assumption that cannot be derived from first principles. The document then covers Navier's boundary condition, the traditional no-slip condition, situations where slip may occur like gas flows, non-Newtonian fluids and contact line motion. It concludes that while no-slip is valid for macroscale flows, slip can occur at the micro/nano scale or in special situations like moving contact lines which can lead to singularities.
Heat and Mass Transfer: Free Convection : Formulas and solved examples... Use of Heat and Mass transfer data book is necessary in order to obtain certain values.
This document outlines the procedures and results from an experiment on gas absorption using an absorption column. The experiment examined the air pressure drop across the column as air flow rate was increased for different fixed water flow rates. Pressure drop was recorded and plotted against air flow rate. The experimental flooding points where compared to theoretical calculations, with errors ranging from 11.1% to 20%. The results showed that pressure drop increased with air flow rate as expected, identifying the flooding points where liquid could no longer flow down the column.
1. The document discusses a Marcet boiler experiment conducted by a student to study the relationship between steam pressure and temperature.
2. The Marcet boiler heats water to generate saturated steam and measures the temperature and pressure at different points to plot the saturation pressure curve.
3. The methods section explains that the experiment uses the Marcet boiler to measure the slope of the graph of temperature versus pressure and compare it to theoretical values from steam tables to understand the relationship between steam pressure and temperature at different levels.
This document discusses an experiment on agitation and determining the relationship between speed of rotation, impeller diameter, and power requirement for baffled tanks. It also examines the relationship between power number and Reynold's number. The experiment used a baffled tank and found that power requirement increased with speed. While it could not directly compare baffled and unbaffled tanks, literature shows power numbers are higher for baffled tanks as Reynold's number increases. Greater impeller diameters also require more power.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by a group of students at Koya University to measure the density and specific gravity of different liquids using two methods: by weight and by hydrometer. The experiment aims to provide information about light and heavy crude oils. It outlines the theory, tools used, procedures for each method, sample calculations, and discussions from various group members. The document contains the typical sections of an experiment report including an introduction, methodology, results, and conclusions.
The document describes an experiment to determine the volumetric efficiency of an air compressor at different speeds and pressures. It provides background on compressors and defines volumetric efficiency. The procedures, calculations, results and analysis are presented. Key findings include that volumetric efficiency varies with load and speed, is reduced from theoretical by clearance volume, and is affected by factors like induction/exhaust friction. Suggestions to minimize errors in the experiment are also provided.
Nonlinear integral control for dc motor speed control with unknown and variab...Saif al-din ali
This document discusses nonlinear integral control for DC motor speed control with unknown and variable external torque. It begins with an introduction to DC motors and common speed control techniques. It then provides the basic model of a DC motor and derives the transfer function. It discusses nonlinear control systems and elements like saturation, deadband, and friction. It describes methods for solving nonlinear transient responses, nonlinear system stability, and provides a Simulink model example comparing PI and P controller performance for speed and error. References for DC motor speed control and optimization of PI controllers are also provided.
The document provides design specifications for a mechanical system that uses pulleys, gears, a shaft, and bearings. It includes details on the power input and output requirements for different components, material properties, and design considerations. The author is tasked with designing: 1) Pulleys B and K with a belt to transmit power from pulley K to B; 2) Spur gears C and G to transmit 65% of power; 3) Helical gears E and H to transmit the remaining power; 4) The shaft connecting the components; 5) Bearings A and D to support the shaft. Calculations and checks are required to validate the design meets stress, wear, and reliability requirements.
forced heat convection | HEAT TRANSFER LaboratorySaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
Experiment Name: Forced Heat Convection
2. Experiment Aim:
1. Calculating the forced heat convection coefficient (ℎ퐹퐶) for a heated cylinder
2. Find the relations between Re N, and NuNo. for fluid flow around a cylinder
3. Introduction:
Convection; is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and
the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the
combined effects of conduction and fluid motion, convection is divided
into two types:
Pressure distribution along convergent- divergent NozzleSaif al-din ali
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
This aim of this practical was to investigate compressible flow in a
convergent-divergent nozzle. Different flow patterns that influence
the results of the investigation are also explored. The different
pressure distributions that occur at varying lengths in the nozzle
were also recorded and analyzed
Characteristics of single pump and pumps in series and parallel use of indust...TOPENGINEERINGSOLUTIONS
The document discusses setting up pumps in series and parallel configurations and measuring their performance. It includes:
- Instructions on connecting a single pump, or two identical pumps in series or parallel, to a water circulation system and software.
- Procedures to operate each configuration at varying flow rates, recording total head and flow from sensors to obtain pump curve data.
- Objectives to analyze and compare the performance of a single pump versus pumps in series/parallel, and suggest appropriate configurations based on given flow and head requirements.
- Background theory that pumps in series double the achievable head rise while maintaining the same flow, and pumps in parallel double the flow while maintaining the same head rise.
This document describes an experiment to determine the stiffness of an open and closed coil spring and the modulus of rigidity of the spring material. A spring testing machine is used to apply loads to the springs and measure the deflection. The stiffness and modulus of rigidity are calculated based on equations that relate the applied load, spring geometry, and measured deflection. Test procedures are outlined for performing compression and tension tests on open and closed coil springs. Measurements of spring dimensions, number of coils, and load-deflection data are collected and used to calculate values for stiffness, shear stress, strain energy, and modulus of rigidity.
Conduction heat transfer | heat transfer | heat | U.O.BSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment conducted to measure the thermal conductivity (K) of a cylindrical iron specimen. The specimen was heated using an electrical heater while thermocouples measured the temperature at three points. Heat transferred from the specimen to surrounding water until steady-state. Calculations were done to determine K values at each point, which were then averaged. The measured K of 7.878 W/m-C was compared to the theoretical value for iron of 80.2 W/m-C, with a high error rate of 91.77% observed. Applications of this experiment include heating processes and heat transfer analysis.
Compressible flows in fluid mechanics in chemical engineeringUsman Shah
This slide will explain you the chemical engineering terms .Al about the basics of this slide are explain in it. The basics of fluid mechanics, heat transfer, chemical engineering thermodynamics, fluid motions, newtonian fluids, are explain in this process.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Density determination of liquids by using hydro...Zanyar qaradaxe
This experiment measured the density and specific gravity of naphtha using a hydrometer. The hydrometer reading for naphtha was 0.695 at an actual temperature of 21°C. The specific gravity was then corrected to the standard temperature of 15.6°C, yielding a value of 0.697592. Calculations were shown to determine the density of naphtha at 15.6°C as 0.697 g/cm3. The hydrometer method was discussed as the simplest way to determine liquid density and specific gravity based on Archimedes' principle.
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil at attack angles of 2 and 14 degrees. Meshes with 15,000 and 40,000 elements were tested, with lift and drag coefficients increasing with higher mesh resolution and attack angle. Pressure contours, velocity vectors, and other flow visualizations were obtained from the CFD simulations in ANSYS. While mesh independence was achieved at 2 degrees, it was not at 14 degrees, which is above the airfoil's stall angle.
1) The document describes an experiment measuring the impact force of a water jet on flat and hemispherical surfaces.
2) The experiment calculates the theoretical and actual jet forces using formulas involving discharge rate, velocity, and surface area.
3) The results show that the force on a hemispherical surface is larger than a flat surface for the same amount of water, and that actual and theoretical forces are linearly related.
Strength of Materials, Lecture - 1.
Introduction + Recommended Books
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology.
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
This document discusses the validity of the no-slip boundary condition at fluid-solid interfaces. It begins with an introduction of the no-slip condition and notes that while successful in macroscopic flows, it is an assumption that cannot be derived from first principles. The document then covers Navier's boundary condition, the traditional no-slip condition, situations where slip may occur like gas flows, non-Newtonian fluids and contact line motion. It concludes that while no-slip is valid for macroscale flows, slip can occur at the micro/nano scale or in special situations like moving contact lines which can lead to singularities.
Heat and Mass Transfer: Free Convection : Formulas and solved examples... Use of Heat and Mass transfer data book is necessary in order to obtain certain values.
This document outlines the procedures and results from an experiment on gas absorption using an absorption column. The experiment examined the air pressure drop across the column as air flow rate was increased for different fixed water flow rates. Pressure drop was recorded and plotted against air flow rate. The experimental flooding points where compared to theoretical calculations, with errors ranging from 11.1% to 20%. The results showed that pressure drop increased with air flow rate as expected, identifying the flooding points where liquid could no longer flow down the column.
1. The document discusses a Marcet boiler experiment conducted by a student to study the relationship between steam pressure and temperature.
2. The Marcet boiler heats water to generate saturated steam and measures the temperature and pressure at different points to plot the saturation pressure curve.
3. The methods section explains that the experiment uses the Marcet boiler to measure the slope of the graph of temperature versus pressure and compare it to theoretical values from steam tables to understand the relationship between steam pressure and temperature at different levels.
This document discusses an experiment on agitation and determining the relationship between speed of rotation, impeller diameter, and power requirement for baffled tanks. It also examines the relationship between power number and Reynold's number. The experiment used a baffled tank and found that power requirement increased with speed. While it could not directly compare baffled and unbaffled tanks, literature shows power numbers are higher for baffled tanks as Reynold's number increases. Greater impeller diameters also require more power.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted by a group of students at Koya University to measure the density and specific gravity of different liquids using two methods: by weight and by hydrometer. The experiment aims to provide information about light and heavy crude oils. It outlines the theory, tools used, procedures for each method, sample calculations, and discussions from various group members. The document contains the typical sections of an experiment report including an introduction, methodology, results, and conclusions.
The document describes an experiment to determine the volumetric efficiency of an air compressor at different speeds and pressures. It provides background on compressors and defines volumetric efficiency. The procedures, calculations, results and analysis are presented. Key findings include that volumetric efficiency varies with load and speed, is reduced from theoretical by clearance volume, and is affected by factors like induction/exhaust friction. Suggestions to minimize errors in the experiment are also provided.
Nonlinear integral control for dc motor speed control with unknown and variab...Saif al-din ali
This document discusses nonlinear integral control for DC motor speed control with unknown and variable external torque. It begins with an introduction to DC motors and common speed control techniques. It then provides the basic model of a DC motor and derives the transfer function. It discusses nonlinear control systems and elements like saturation, deadband, and friction. It describes methods for solving nonlinear transient responses, nonlinear system stability, and provides a Simulink model example comparing PI and P controller performance for speed and error. References for DC motor speed control and optimization of PI controllers are also provided.
The document provides design specifications for a mechanical system that uses pulleys, gears, a shaft, and bearings. It includes details on the power input and output requirements for different components, material properties, and design considerations. The author is tasked with designing: 1) Pulleys B and K with a belt to transmit power from pulley K to B; 2) Spur gears C and G to transmit 65% of power; 3) Helical gears E and H to transmit the remaining power; 4) The shaft connecting the components; 5) Bearings A and D to support the shaft. Calculations and checks are required to validate the design meets stress, wear, and reliability requirements.
Evaluation of thermal performance of a typical vapor compression refrigeratio...Saif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment conducted to evaluate the thermal performance of a typical vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The objectives were to learn about the components and analyze the cycle. Readings were taken of various temperatures and pressures. Calculations were done to determine compressor work, refrigeration effect, and coefficient of performance. Questions were asked about how to increase COP, the influence of temperatures, detecting refrigerant leaks, processes in the condenser, and functions of cycle components.
Refrigeration air conditioning laboratory Moist Air Properties and Air-Condi...Saif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment analyzing the properties of moist air using an air conditioning laboratory unit. Measurements of dry and wet bulb temperature were taken at different sections of the unit as air passed through a humidifying and preheating section and reheating section. The experimental results demonstrated how air conditioning processes can condition air to desired levels of temperature and humidity for occupant comfort regardless of external conditions. Calculations using psychrometric charts and equations were performed to determine air properties at each section.
Characteristics of a simply converging nozzle through which steam is passesSaif al-din ali
1. The document describes experiments conducted on converging and converging-diverging nozzles. It discusses the theory behind how these nozzles work and how properties like pressure and velocity change within the nozzles.
2. Calculations are shown for the mass flow rate through the nozzles under different pressure ratios. The critical pressure ratio where the nozzle becomes choked is also calculated.
3. Results show the mass flow rate and critical pressure ratio for two test cases of varying inlet pressures.
This document summarizes an experiment conducted on a steam condenser to evaluate its thermal operation under co-current and counter-current modes. It includes an abstract, introduction, apparatus description, calculations and results from testing the condenser under parallel and counter flow with constant pressure and steam flow rate. Charts show changes in temperature, heat transfer rate, efficiency and overall heat transfer coefficient for each test configuration.
Performance of the four strokes diesel engineSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment to study the performance of a four-stroke diesel engine at various speeds. It includes the objective to analyze the effect of speed on engine parameters. The document outlines the test procedure which involves taking readings like speed, torque, temperature and fuel consumption at different water flows through the dynamometer to vary the engine speed. Calculations are shown to determine values like power, efficiency, air-fuel ratio based on the experimental readings. Results are presented in a table for one engine speed setting as an example.
The document discusses internal combustion (I.C.) engines. It begins by outlining the objective of identifying types of I.C. engines, their parts, and how each part works. It then provides classifications of I.C. engines and lists their major components. The working principles of four-stroke and two-stroke engines are explained, including diagrams of their cycles. Key aspects covered are intake, compression, combustion, power and exhaust strokes in four-stroke engines and the use of crankcases and ports to enable intake and exhaust in two strokes.
This document describes an experiment on flow system control. The objectives are to obtain the system characteristics like peak overshoot, rise time, and settling time. It introduces PID controllers and discusses their proportional, integral and derivative modes. The theory section explains the transfer function of a PID controller and the effects of the P, I, and D terms. It also describes second-order system responses. The apparatus section lists the steps to operate the flow system and record the response. Calculations are shown to determine the system response based on the controller terms.
This document describes an experiment performed on a DC motor to determine its steady state gain. Measurements were taken of the motor's angular velocity and input voltage over time. The steady state gain (Ks) was calculated from these measurements for both the motor and generator configurations. Ks was found to be 7.36356 rpm/V on average for the motor and 5.596616 rpm/V for the generator. A proportional relationship between voltage and angular velocity was observed from the plotted data. The DC motor model and experimental results showed some non-linear behavior, likely due to load and operating conditions.
1. The document discusses experiments performed on converging and converging-diverging nozzles.
2. Converging nozzles accelerate fluid flow to supersonic speeds at the nozzle exit, while converging-diverging nozzles can accelerate fluids to both subsonic and supersonic regimes depending on pressure ratios.
3. Calculations are shown for mass flow rates through a nozzle at different pressure ratios using theoretical equations.
performance of the four strokes diesel engineSaif al-din ali
This document describes an experiment to test the performance of a four-stroke diesel engine at varying speeds. It includes sections on the objective, engine performance, test procedure, calculations, results, and discussion. The objective is to study the effect of engine speed on performance parameters. The test procedure involves varying the engine speed using a water dynamometer and recording speed, torque, temperatures, and fuel consumption. Calculations are presented for power, specific fuel consumption, air-fuel ratio, efficiencies, and heat losses. Results are reported for two engine speeds.
The document discusses internal combustion (I.C.) engines. It begins by identifying the objective of understanding I.C. engine types, parts, and how each part works. It then provides classifications of I.C. engines based on application, design, cycle, valves/ports, fuel type, ignition, combustion chamber, load control, and cooling. Details are given on common engine components and how four-stroke and two-stroke engines operate through intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes. In conclusion, the document provides a discussion question about writing a short report on I.C. engines.
The document describes an experiment on flow system control using a PID controller. The objectives are to obtain the system characteristics like overshoot, rise time, settling time, period, and transport delay. It introduces PID controllers and how they work in a closed loop system using proportional, integral, and derivative modes. The apparatus section outlines the experimental setup, which uses a flow system with a square wave input and adjustable setpoint and proportional gain. Calculations are shown for analyzing the system response based on these parameters.
Using the convergent steam nozzle type in the entranceSaif al-din ali
This document discusses using a convergent steam nozzle in the entrance region of a steam turbine. It provides background on steam turbines and how they work, describing how steam is expanded through nozzles to convert heat energy to kinetic energy. It then discusses different types of steam nozzles, focusing on convergent nozzles, and how nozzle shape affects steam velocity and pressure distribution. A numerical simulation will be performed to analyze pressure and velocity within a simple convergent nozzle design.
The document discusses different types of hybrid vehicles. It describes the key components of a gasoline-electric hybrid car, including a gasoline engine, fuel tank, electric motor, generator, batteries, and transmission. Hybrid vehicles are classified into three main types: micro hybrids, which have a motor to assist with starting and accessories; mild hybrids, which have a more powerful motor to support starting and provide supplementary torque; and full hybrids, where the electric motor can power the vehicle on its own as well as charge via regenerative braking.
Nonlinear integral control for dc motor speed controlSaif al-din ali
This document discusses nonlinear integral control for DC motor speed control with unknown and variable external torque. It begins with an introduction to DC motors and common speed control techniques. It then provides the basic model of a DC motor and derives the transfer function. It discusses nonlinear control systems and elements like saturation, deadband, and friction. It describes methods for solving nonlinear transient responses, nonlinear system stability, and provides a Simulink model example comparing PI and P controller performance for speed and error. References for DC motor speed control and optimization of PI controllers are also provided.
This document discusses Prandtl-Meyer expansion fans in compressible fluid flow. It begins with an example problem involving a flow with a Mach number of 3. It then derives the governing equations for Prandtl-Meyer expansion fans mathematically. Several examples are worked through demonstrating how to calculate flow properties after an expansion wave using the Prandtl-Meyer function. The document concludes by discussing the maximum turning angle achievable with an expansion fan and assigning homework problems.
1) The document discusses oblique shock waves in compressible fluid flow, providing equations for continuity, momentum, and energy that must be satisfied across an oblique shock.
2) It derives an equation to relate the shock angle θ to the freestream Mach number M1 and wedge angle β, allowing calculation of flow properties downstream.
3) The total downstream Mach number M2 is expressed in terms of Mn2 and Mt2 using geometric arguments.
This document presents explicit analytical solutions for pressure across oblique shock and expansion waves in supersonic flow. It begins by introducing the need for explicit pressure-deflection solutions in solving aerodynamic problems. It then presents:
1) Exact explicit solutions for pressure coefficient and ratio across weak and strong oblique shock waves as functions of deflection angle.
2) Third-order accurate explicit unitary solutions for pressure coefficient and ratio across oblique shocks and expansions as functions of deflection angle.
3) Numerical validation showing good agreement of the new explicit solutions with exact solutions for a range of Mach numbers and deflection angles.